SOE – BIPSU Laplace Transform of Derivatives

Laplace Transform of Derivatives MATH 223 SOE – BIPSU Laplace Transform of Derivatives MATH 223

Cross Product of Two Vectors

The vector product or cross product of two Also, the anti-commutativity of the cross product and the distinct absence of
vectors A and B is denoted by A × B, and its linear independence of these vectors signifies that:
resultant vector is perpendicular to the i×i=j×j=k×k=0
vectors A and B. The cross product is mostly
Now,
used to determine the vector, which is
A × B = (ai + bj + ck) × (xi + yj + zk)
perpendicular to the plane surface spanned
= ax (i × i) + ay (i × j) + az(i × k) + bx(j × i) + by(j × j) + bz(j × k) + cx(k × i)
by two vectors, whereas the dot product is
+ cy(k × j) + cz(k × k)
used to find the angle between two vectors
By applying the above-mentioned equalities,
or the length of the vector. The cross
A × B = ax (0) + ay(k) + az(-j) + bx(-k) + by(0) + bz(i) + cx(j) + cy(-i) + cz(0)
product of two vectors, say A × B, is equal to
= (bz – cy)i + (cx – az)j + (ay – bx)k
another vector at right angles to both, and it happens in the three-dimensions.

Cross Product Formula Cross Product Matrix

If θ is the angle between the given two vectors A and B, then the formula for We can also derive the formula for the cross product of two vectors using the
the cross product of vectors is given by: determinant of the matrix as given below.
A × B = |A| |B| sin θ A = a1i + b1j + c1k
⃗
A×⃗ B =|| ⃗
A || || ⃗
B || sinθ n^ B = a2i + b2j + c2k
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Here, A , B are the two vectors, || A || || B || are the magnitude given Thus,

| |
vector. θ is the angle between two vectors and n^ is the unit vector perpendicular i j k
to the plane containing the given two vectors, in the direction given by the a 1 b1 c1
right-hand rule. a 2 b2 c2

Cross product of two vectors Formula

Consider two vectors,
¿
| || || |
b1 c1 a 1 c1 a 1 b1
+ +
b2 c 2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2
A = ai + bj + ck ¿( b1 c2 −b 2 c 1) i+(a 2 c 1−a 1 c2) j+(a 1 b2−a2 b 1) k
B = xi + yj + zk ¿F × G
We know that the standard basis vectors i, j, and k satisfy the below-given
equalities.
Cross Product Properties
i × j = k and j × i = –k
To find the cross product of two vectors, we can use properties. The properties
j × k = i and k × j = –i
such as anti-commutative property, zero vector property plays an essential role in
k × i = j and i × k = –j

SOE – Biliran Province State University Prepared by: Engr. Maria Rebecca C. Flores
 SOE – BIPSU Laplace Transform of Derivatives
Laplace Transform of Derivatives MATH 223 SOE – BIPSU Laplace Transform of Derivatives MATH 223

finding the cross product of two vectors. Apart from these properties, some other
properties include Jacobi property, distributive property. The properties of cross- Hence, the cross product of the parallel vectors become
product are given below: ⃗
X×⃗
Y=0, which is a unit vector
1. Anti-commutative Property ⃗ A×⃗B =−⃗ B× ⃗A
2. Distributive Property: ⃗
A× (⃗B ×C⃗) = ⃗A× ⃗ B+ ⃗ ⃗
A ×C Magnitude of Cross Product
3. Jacobi Property: ⃗
A× (⃗ ⃗) + ⃗
B ×C B × (C⃗ ×⃗A) + ⃗ C× ( ⃗
A×⃗
B) = 0 Let us assume two vectors, then the magnitude of two vectors is given by the
4. Zero Vector Property: a x b = 0 if a = 0 or b = 0. formula,
⃗
A=A x + Ay + Az and ⃗
B=Bx +By + Bz, then the magnitude of the vectors is the
Cross Product of Perpendicular Vectors given by the formula,
Cross product of two vectors is equal to the product of their magnitude, which A | = √ A x2 + A y2 + Az 2 and
|⃗
represents the area of a rectangle with sides X and Y. If two vectors are B | = √ Bx2 + By2 +Bz2 Hence, the magnitude of the cross product of two vectors
|⃗
perpendicular to each other, then the cross-product formula becomes: are given by the formula.
θ = 90 degrees ⃗
A×⃗
B =| ⃗
A || ⃗
B ||sin θ|
We know that, sin 90° = 1
So, Cross Product Example
⃗
X×⃗ Y =| ⃗
X|∙ |⃗ Y |sin θ Example:
⃗
X × Y =| X | ∙ | ⃗
⃗ ⃗ Y |sin 90 X =5 ⃗i + 6 ⃗j + 2 ⃗k and
Find the cross product of the given two vectors: ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
X × Y=| X | ∙ | Y | , which is equal to the area of a rectangle. Y=i⃗ + ⃗j + ⃗k
⃗
Hence, the cross product of the perpendicular vectors become Solution:
⃗
X×⃗
Y=| ⃗
X| ∙ |⃗
Y |,
Given:
Cross Product of Parallel vectors X =5 ⃗i + 6 ⃗j + 2 ⃗k
⃗
The cross-product of two vectors are zero vectors if both the vectors are Y=i⃗ + ⃗j + ⃗k
⃗
parallel or opposite to each other. Conversely, if two vectors are parallel or To find the cross product of two vectors, we have to write the given vectors in
opposite to each other, then their product is a zero vector. Two vectors have determinant form. Using the determinant form, we can find the cross product
the same sense of direction. of two vectors as:
θ = 90 degree

| |
As we know, sin 0° = 0 and sin 90° = 1 i j k
So, ⃗
X×⃗Y= 5 6 2 By expanding,
⃗
X×⃗ Y =| ⃗
X|∙ |⃗
Y |sin θ 1 1 1
⃗
X×⃗ Y =| ⃗
X|∙ |⃗
Y |sin 0 ⃗
X×⃗Y=( 6-2) ⃗i - (5 -2) ⃗j + ( 5-6 ) ⃗k
⃗
X×⃗
Y =| ⃗
X|∙ |⃗
Y| x 0 ⃗
X×⃗ Y=4 ⃗i - 3 ⃗j + ⃗k

SOE – Biliran Province State University Prepared by: Engr. Maria Rebecca C. Flores
 SOE – BIPSU Laplace Transform of Derivatives
Laplace Transform of Derivatives MATH 223 SOE – BIPSU Laplace Transform of Derivatives MATH 223

SOE – Biliran Province State University Prepared by: Engr. Maria Rebecca C. Flores