PhysicsSE 10 Ch09 PowerPoints

Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Storyline
Tenth Edition
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 9
Linear Momentum and
Collisions
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Linear Momentum (1 of 4)
A 60-kg archer stands at rest on frictionless

ice and fires a 0.030-kg arrow horizontally at
85 m/s. With what velocity does the archer
move across the ice after firing the arrow?
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
System is isolated:
internal forces only
 
F12  F21
 
F12  F21  0
 
m1a1  m2 a 2  0
 
dv1 dv 2
m1  m2 0
dt dt
 
d  m1 v1  d  m2 v 2 
 0
dt dt
d  
 m1 v1  m2 v 2   0
dt

The linear momentum p of a particle or an object
that can be modeled as aparticle of mass m
moving with a velocity v is defined to be the
product of the mass and velocity of the particle:
 
p  mv
px  mvx p y  mv y pz  mvz
Linear Momentum and Force
 
 dv
 F  ma  m dt
 
 d  mv  dp
F  dt

dt
The time rate of change of the linear momentum of a particle is equal to the net
force acting on the particle
Quick Quiz 9.1 (1 of 2)
Two objects have equal kinetic energies. How do the magnitudes of their
momenta compare?
(a) p1 < p2
(b) p1 = p2
(c) p1 > p2
(d) not enough information to tell
Two objects have equal kinetic energies. How do the magnitudes of their
momenta compare?
(a) p1 < p2
(b) p1 = p2
(c) p1 > p2
(d) not enough information to tell
Your physical education teacher throws a baseball to you at a certain speed

and you catch it. The teacher is next going to throw you a medicine ball whose
mass is ten times the mass of the baseball. You are given the following
choices: You can have the medicine ball thrown with
(a) the same speed
(b) the same momentum
(c) the same kinetic energy
as the baseball.
Rank these choices from easiest to hardest to catch.
(1) the same momentum

(2) the same kinetic energy
(3) the same speed
Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum) (1 of 3)
d   d  
 m1 v1  m2 v 2   0  p1  p 2   0
dt dt

p tot  constant

p tot  0
   
p1i  p 2i  p1 f  p 2 f
p1ix  p2ix  p1 fx  p2 fx p1iy  p2iy  p1 fy  p2 fy
p1iz  p2iz  p1 fz  p2 fz
Whenever two or more particles in an isolated system interact, the total

momentum of the system does not change.
For energy: system isolated if there are no transfers of energy

across boundary of system
For momentum: must be no external forces on system

p tot  0
Example 9.1: The Archer (1 of 3)
A 60-kg archer stands at rest on frictionless ice and fires a 0.030-kg arrow
horizontally at 85 m/s. With what velocity does the archer move across the ice
after firing the arrow?

m1  60 kg, m2  0.030 kg, and v 2 f  85î m/s
    
p  0  p f  p i  0  p f  p i
 
 m1 v1 f  m2 v 2 f  0
 m2 
v1 f   v2 f
m1
 0.030 kg 
 
 60 kg 
ˆ 
 85 i m/s 
 4.25 î cm/s
What if the arrow were fired in a direction that makes an angle  with the
horizontal? How will that change the recoil velocity of the archer?
m1v1 f  m2 v2 f cos   
m2
v1 f  
m1
v2 f cos    4.25 cm/s î cos   
Example 9.2: Can We Really Ignore the Kinetic energy
of the Earth? (1 of 2)
Earlier, we claimed that we can ignore the kinetic energy of the Earth when
considering the energy of a system consisting of the Earth and a dropped ball.
Verify this claim.
Example 9.2: Can We Really Ignore the Kinetic energy
of the Earth? (2 of 2)
2 2
KE mE vE 1
2
 mE   vE 
 2
  
Kb mb vb 1
2  mb   vb 

p  0  pi  p f vE mb

 0  mb vb  mE vE vb mE
2
K E  mE  mb  mb
   
K b  mb   mE  mE
K E mb 1 kg
  25 1025
K b mE 10 kg
Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum) (1 of 2)
 dp
 F  dt
 
dp   Fdt
   tf 
p  p f  p i  
ti
 Fdt
 tf 
Impulse: I  
ti
 Fdt
Impulse
 1 tf 
 F 
avg

t ti
 Fdt
 
I  F avg
t
  
 F 
avg
 F   F constant 
 
I   F t constant net force 
Impulse and Momentum
The change in the momentum of a particle is equal to the impulse of the net
force acting on the particle:
 
p  I
Impulse, Momentum, and Average Force
Impulse approximation:
assume one of the forces exerted
on particle acts for a short time but
is much greater than any other
force present
  
p  I   F avg
t
Quick Quiz 9.3 Part I (1 of 2)
Two objects are at rest on a frictionless surface. Object 1 has a greater mass
than object 2. When a constant force is applied to object 1, it accelerates through
a distance d in a straight line. The force is removed from object 1 and is applied
to object 2. At the moment when object 2 has accelerated through the same
distance d, which statements are true?
(a) p1 < p2 (c) p1 > p2 (e) K1 = K2

(b) p1 = p2 (d) K1 < K2 (f) K1 > K2
than object 2. When a constant force is applied to object 1, it accelerates through
a distance d in a straight line. The force is removed from object 1 and is applied
to object 2. At the moment when object 2 has accelerated through the same
distance d, which statements are true?
(a) p1 < p2 (c) p1 > p2 (e) K1 = K2

(b) p1 = p2 (d) K1 < K2 (f) K1 > K2
Quick Quiz 9.3 Part II (1 of 2)
than object 2. When a force is applied to object 1, it accelerates for a time interval
t. The force is removed from object 1 and is applied to object 2 for the same
time interval t. Which statements are true?
(a) p1 < p2 (c) p1 > p2 (e) K1 = K2

(b) p1 = p2 (d) K1 < K2 (f) K1 > K2
than object 2. When a force is applied to object 1, it accelerates for a time interval
t. The force is removed from object 1 and is applied to object 2 for the same
time interval t. Which statements are true?
(a) p1 < p2 (c) p1 > p2 (e) K1 = K2

(b) p1 = p2 (d) K1 < K2 (f) K1 > K2
An automobile dashboard, seat belt, and air bag, are each used alone in
separate collisions from the same speed. In terms of impulse, rank these from
greatest to least.
separate collisions from the same speed. In terms of impulse, rank these from
greatest to least.
All three are the same.
separate collisions from the same speed. In terms of the average force each
delivers to a front-seat passenger, rank these from greatest to least.
separate collisions from the same speed. In terms of the average force each
delivers to a front-seat passenger, rank these from greatest to least.
dashboard, seat belt, air bag
Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum) (2 of 2)
 
p  I
Example 9.3: How Good Are the Bumpers? (1 of 3)
In a particular crash test, a car of mass 1 500 kg collides with a wall as shown
in the figure. The initial and final velocities of the car are
 
v i  15.0 i m/s and v f  2.60 î m/s,
ˆ
respectively. If the collision lasts 0.150 s, find the impulse on the car during the
collision and the average net force exerted on the car.
       
I  p  p f  pi  mv f  mv i  m  v f  v i 
 1500 kg   2.60 î m/s  15.0 î m/s 
   
4 ˆ
 2.64  10 i kg  m/s
 4 ˆ
 I 2.64  10 i kg  m/s
 F 
avg

t

0.150 s
5 ˆ
 1.76  10 i N
What if the car did not rebound from the wall? Suppose the final velocity of the
car is zero and the time interval of the collision remains at 0.150 s. Would that
represent a larger or a smaller net force on the car?
   
I  p  p f  p i

 0  1500 kg  15.0 î m/s 
 2.25  104 î kg  m/s

 I 2.25  104 î kg  m/s
 F  avg

t

0.150 s
 1.50  105 î N
smaller net force
Collisions in One Dimension
Perfectly Inelastic Collisions

p  0
 
pi  p f
  
m1 v1i  m2 v 2i   m1  m2  v f
 
 m1 v1i  m2 v 2i
vf 
m1  m2
Elastic Collisions (1 of 6)
pi  p f  m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
K i  K f  m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
m1  v1i 2  v1 f 2   m2  v2 f 2  v2i 2 
m1  v1i  v1 f v 1i  v1 f   m2  v2 f  v2i  v2 f  v2i 
pi  p f  m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
m1  v1i  v1 f   m2  v2 f  v2i 
v1i  v1 f  v2 f  v2i  v1i  v2i    v1 f  v2 f 

m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
v1i  v2i    v1 f  v2 f 
 m1  m2   2m2 
v1 f    v1i    v2i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
 2m1   m2  m1 
v2 f   v1i    v2i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
 m1  m2   2m2 
v1 f    v1i    v2i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
 2m1   m2  m1 
v2 f   v1i    v2i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
mm  2m 
v1 f    v1i    v2i  v2i
mm mm
 2m  mm
v2 f    v1i    v2i  v1i
mm mm
 m1  m2   2m2   m1  m2 
v1 f    v1i    v2i v1 f    v1i
 m1  m2   m1  m2   m1  m2 

 2m1   m2  m1  v2 i  0
 2m1 
v2 f   v1i    v2i v2 f    v1i
 m1  m2   m1  m2   m1  m2 
m1  m2  m1  m2  m1 and m1  m2  m1
 m1   2m1 
v1 f    v1i and v2 f    v1i
 m1   m1 
 v1 f  v1i and v2 f  2v1i
 m1  m2   2m1 
v1 f    v1i and v2 f    v1i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
m1  m2  m1  m2  m2 and m1  m2  m2
  m2 
v1 f    v1i and v2 f  0
 m2 
 v1 f  v1i and v2 f  0
In a perfectly inelastic one-dimensional collision between two moving objects,

what condition alone is necessary so that the final kinetic energy of the system
is zero after the collision?
(a) The objects must have initial momenta with the same magnitude but
opposite directions.
(b) The objects must have the same mass.
(c) The objects must have the same initial velocity.
(d) The objects must have the same initial speed, with velocity vectors in
In a perfectly inelastic one-dimensional collision between two moving objects,

what condition alone is necessary so that the final kinetic energy of the system
is zero after the collision?
(a) The objects must have initial momenta with the same magnitude but
(b) The objects must have the same mass.
(c) The objects must have the same initial velocity.
(d) The objects must have the same initial speed, with velocity vectors in
A table-tennis ball is thrown at a stationary bowling ball. The table-tennis ball

makes a one-dimensional elastic collision and bounces back along the same line.
Compared with the bowling ball after the collision, the table-tennis ball has
(a) a larger magnitude of momentum and more kinetic energy.
(b) a smaller magnitude of momentum and more kinetic energy.
(c) a larger magnitude of momentum and less kinetic energy.
(d) a smaller magnitude of momentum and less kinetic energy.
(e) the same magnitude of momentum and the same kinetic energy.
A table-tennis ball is thrown at a stationary bowling ball. The table-tennis ball

makes a one-dimensional elastic collision and bounces back along the same line.
Compared with the bowling ball after the collision, the table-tennis ball has
(a) a larger magnitude of momentum and more kinetic energy.
(b) a smaller magnitude of momentum and more kinetic energy.
(c) a larger magnitude of momentum and less kinetic energy.
(d) a smaller magnitude of momentum and less kinetic energy.
(e) the same magnitude of momentum and the same kinetic energy.
Problem-Solving Strategy: One-Dimensional Collisions
1. Conceptualize
2. Categorize
3. Analyze
perfectly inelastic collision:
 
 m v  m2 v 2i
v f  1 1i
m1  m2
elastic collision:
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f and v1i  v2i    v1 f  v2 f 
inelastic collision:
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
4. Finalize
Example 9.4: The Executive Stress Reliever (1 of 6)
An ingenious device that illustrates conservation of momentum and kinetic energy is

shown in the photo. It consists of five identical hard balls supported by strings of equal
lengths. When ball 1 is pulled out and released, after the almost-elastic collision
between it and ball 2, ball 1 stops and ball 5 moves out as shown in the lower figure. If
balls 1 and 2 are pulled out and released, they stop after the collision and balls 4 and 5
swing out, and so forth. Even if four balls (14) are pulled out and released, four balls
(2  5) swing out after the collision!
Is it ever possible that when ball 1 is released, it stops after the collision and
balls 4 and 5 will swing out on the opposite side and travel with half the speed of
ball 1 as in the figure?
v v 1 2
m    m    mv K i  mv
2 2 2
2 2
1 v 1 v 1 2
K f  m    m    mv
2 2 2 2 4
Consider what would happen if balls 4

and 5 are glued together. Now what
happens when ball 1 is pulled out and
released?
pi  p f
mv1i  mv1 f  2mv4,5
Ki  K f
1 1 1
mv1i  mv1 f   2m  v4,5 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 1
v4,5  v1i v1 f   v1i
3 3
Example 9.5: Carry Collision Insurance ! (1 of 3)
An 1 800-kg car stopped at a traffic light is struck from the rear by a 900-kg car.
The two cars become entangled, moving along the same path as that of the
originally moving car. If the smaller car were moving at 20.0 m/s before the
collision, what is the velocity of the entangled cars after the collision?

p  0  pi  p f  m1v1   m1  m2  v f
m1v1 900 kg  20.0 m/s 

vf    6.67 m/s
m1  m2 900 kg  1800 kg
Suppose we exchange the masses of the cars. What if a stationary 900-kg car
is struck by a moving 1800-kg car? Is the final speed the same as before?
Final speed is higher
m1v1 1800 kg  20.0 m/s 

vf    13.3 m/s
m1  m2 1800 kg  900 kg
Example 9.6: The Ballistic Pendulum (1 of 2)
The ballistic pendulum is an apparatus used to measure the speed of a

fast-moving projectile such as a bullet. A projectile of mass m1 is fired into a large
block of wood of mass m2 suspended from some light wires. The projectile
embeds in the block, and the entire system swings through a height h. How can
we determine the speed of the projectile from a measurement of h?
Example 9.6: The Ballistic Pendulum (2 of 2)
 
 m1 v1 A  m2 v 2 A m1v1 A
vB   vB 
m1  m2 m1  m2
1 m12 v1 A 2
K B   m1  m2  vB 2  KB 
2 2  m1  m2 
U B  0 and U C   m1  m2  gh
K  U  0   KC  K B   U C  U B   0
 m12 v1 A 2 
0     m1  m2  gh  0   0
 2  m1  m2  
 m1  m2 
v1 A    2 gh
 m1 
Example 9.7: A Two-Body Collision with a Spring (1 of 6)
A block of mass m1 = 1.60 kg initially moving to the right with a speed of 4.00 m/s
on a frictionless, horizontal track collides with a light spring attached to a second
block of mass m2 = 2.10 kg initially moving to the left with a speed of 2.50 m/s as
shown in the figure on the left. The spring constant is 600 N/m.
(A) Find the velocities of the two blocks when they are again moving separately
after the collision.
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
v1i  v2i    v1 f  v2 f 
m1v1i  m1v2i   m1v1 f  m1v2 f
2m1v1i   m2  m1  v2i   m1  m2  v2 f
2m1v1i   m2  m1  v2i
v2 f 
m1  m2
2 1.60 kg  4.00 m/s    2.10 kg  1.60 kg  2.50 m/s 

v2 f   3.12 m/s
1.60 kg  2.10 kg
v1 f  v2 f  v1i  v2i  3.12 m/s  4.00 m/s   2.50 m/s   3.38 m/s
(B) Determine the velocity of block 2 during the collision, at the instant block 1 is
moving to the right with a velocity of +3.00 m/s as in the figure.
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f

v2 f 
m2
1.60 kg  4.00 m/s    2.10 kg  2.50 m/s   1.60 kg 3.00 m/s 

v2 f 
2.10 kg
 1.74 m/s
(C) Determine the distance the spring is compressed at that instant.
K  U  0
 1 2 1 2  1 2 1 2  1 2 
m v
 2 1 1 f  m v 
2 2f   m v
1 1i  m v
2 2i     kx  0 0
 2  2 2   2 
1
x   m1  v1i 2  v1 f 2   m2  v2i 2  v2 f 2 
2
k
 1 
x2   
 600 N/m 

 1.60 kg   4.00 m/s   3.00 m/s     2.10 kg   2.50 m/s   1.74 m/s  

2 2
 
2 2
 
 x  0.173 m
Collisions in Two Dimensions (1 of 2)
m1v1ix  m2 v2ix  m1v1 fx  m2 v2 fx

m1v1iy  m2 v2iy  m1v1 fy  m2 v2 fy
Collisions in Two Dimensions (2 of 2)
px  0  pxi  pxf  m1v1i  m1v1 f cos   m2 v2 f cos 
p y  0  p yi  p yf  0  m1v1 f sin   m2 v2 f sin 
1 1 1
K i  K f  m1v1i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f 2
2 2
2 2 2
Problem-Solving Strategy: Two-Dimensional Collisions
1. Conceptualize
2. Categorize: elastic? perfectly inelastic? inelastic?
3. Analyze

p  0  pix  p fx and piy  p fy
4. Finalize
Example 9.8: Collisions at an Intersection (1 of 2)
A 1500-kg car traveling east with a speed of

25.0 m/s collides at an intersection with a
2500-kg truck traveling north at a speed of
20.0 m/s as shown in the figure. Find the
direction and magnitude of the velocity of
the wreckage after the collision, assuming
the vehicles stick together after the collision.
Example 9.8: Collisions at an Intersection (2 of 2)
px  0   pxi   pxf  m1v1i   m1  m2  v f cos 
p y  0   p yi   p yf  m2 v2i   m1  m2  v f sin 
m2 v2i sin 
  tan 
m1v1i cos 
1  2500 kg  20.0 m/s 

 m2 v2i
1   
  tan    tan    53.1
 m1v1i   1500 kg  25.0 m/s  
m2 v2i  2500 kg  20.0 m/s 

vf    15.6 m/s
 m1  m2  sin  1500 kg  2500 kg  sin 53.1
Example 9.9: Proton-Proton Collision (1 of 3)
A proton collides elastically with another proton that is

initially at rest. The incoming proton has an initial
speed of 3.50  105 m/s and makes a glancing
collision with the second proton as in shown in the
figure (At close separations, the protons exert a
repulsive electrostatic force on each other.) After the
collision, one proton moves off at an angle of 37.0 to
the original direction of motion and the second deflects
at an angle of  to the same axis. Find the final speeds
of the two protons and the angle .
1 v1i  v1 f cos   v2 f cos 
 2  0  v1 f sin   v2 f sin 
3 v1i 2  v1 f 2  v2 f 2
v2 f cos   v1i  v1 f cos 
v2 f sin   v1 f sin 
v2 f 2 cos 2   v2 f 2 sin 2  
v1i 2  2v1i v1 f cos   v1 f 2 cos 2   v1 f 2 sin 2 
  2f
4 v 2
 v1i
2
 2v v
1i 1 f cos   v1f
2
v1 f 2   v1i 2  2v1i v1 f cos   v1 f 2   v1i 2
  1 f  v1i v1 f cos   
5 v 2
v1 f  v1i cos   3.50  105 m/s  cos 37.0

 2.80  105 m/s
3.50 10 m/s    2.80  10 m/s 

2 2 5 2 5 2
v2 f  v1i  v1 f 
 2.11 105 m/s
 v1 f sin     2.80  105 m/s  sin 37.0 

1 1
  sin    sin    53.0
 v
 2f    2.1110 m/s  
5
The Center of Mass (1 of 5)
m1 x1  m2 x2
xCM 
m1  m2
Let x1  0, x2  d , m2  2m1
m1  0    2m1  d 2d
xCM  
m1  2m1 3
m1 x1  m2 x2  m3 x3  ...  mn xn
xCM 
m1  m2  m3  ...  mn
m x m x i i i i
1
 i i
 m x
m
i i
M i M i
i
1 1
yCM 
M
m y
i
i i and zCM 
M
m zi
i i

rCM  xCM î  yCM ˆj  zCM kˆ
1 î  1 ˆj  1 ˆ

M
i i i M
m x i i i M
m y  ii
m z
i
k
 1 
rCM 
M
 mi ri
i
1
xCM 
M
 x m
i
i i
1
xCM  lim
mi  0 M
i xi mi
1

M  xdm
1
yCM 
M  ydm
1  1 
and zCM 
M  zdm rCM 
M  rdm
The Center of Gravity
A baseball bat of uniform density is cut at the location of its center of mass as
shown in the figure. Which piece has the smaller mass?
(a) the piece on the right

(b) the piece on the left
(c) both pieces have the same mass
(d) impossible to determine
A baseball bat of uniform density is cut at the location of its center of mass as
shown in the figure. Which piece has the smaller mass?
(a) the piece on the right

(b) the piece on the left
(c) both pieces have the same mass
(d) impossible to determine
Example 9.10: The Center of Mass of Three Particles (1 of 2)
A system consists of three particles located as shown in the figure. Find the
center of mass of the system. The masses of the particles are m1 = m2 = 1.0 kg
and m3 = 2.0 kg.
Example 9.10: The Center of Mass of Three Particles (2 of 2)
1 m1 x1  m2 x2  m3 x3
xCM 
M
 mi xi 
i m1  m2  m3
1.0 kg 1.0 m   1.0 kg  2.0 m    2.0 kg 0 


1.0 kg  1.0 kg  2.0 kg
3.0 kg  m
  0.75 m
4.0 kg
1 m1 y1  m2 y2  m3 y3
yCM 
M
 mi yi 
i m1  m2  m3
1.0 kg 0   1.0 kg 0    2.0 kg  2.0 m 


1.0 kg  1.0 kg  2.0 kg
4.0 kg  m
  1.0 m
4.0 kg

rCM  xCM î  yCM ˆj  0.75î  1.0ˆj m 
Example 9.11: The Center of Mass of a Rod (1 of 4)
(A) Show that the center of mass of a rod of mass M and length L lies midway
between its ends, assuming the rod has a uniform mass per unit length.
2 L
1 L  x  L2
xCM 
M  xdm   0
x dx 
M 2

2M
0
2
L M 
xCM   
2M  L 
1
 L
2
(B) Suppose a rod is nonuniform such that its mass per unit length varies
linearly with x according to the expression  = x, where  is a constant. Find
the x coordinate of the center of mass as a fraction of L.
dm   dx,    x
1 1 L
xCM 
M  x dm  M  0
x dx
3
1 L  L  L

M  0
x x dx 
M  0
x 2 dx 
3M
L L  L2
M   dm    dx    x dx 
0 0 2
 L3 2
xCM  2
 L
3 L /2 3
Systems of Many Particles (1 of 2)
 
 drCM 1 dri 1 
v CM 
dt

M
i i dt M
m   i i
m
i
v
   
Mv CM   mi v i   p i  p tot
i i
 
 dv CM 1 dv i 1 
aCM 
dt

M
i mi dt  M  mi ai
i
  
MaCM   mi a   Fi
i i
 
 Fext  MaCM
Systems of Many Particles (2 of 2)
  
 d v CM d v CM 
  Fext dt   MaCM dt   M dt dt  M  dt dt  M v CM
 
p tot  I

 dv CM
Ma CM M 0
dt
   
p tot  0 Mv CM  p tot  constant when   Fext  0 
A cruise ship is moving at constant speed through the water. The vacationers on
the ship are eager to arrive at their next destination. They decide to try to speed
up the cruise ship by gathering at the bow (the front) and running together toward
the stern (the back) of the ship. While they are running toward the stern, the
speed of the ship is
(a) higher than it was before.
(b) unchanged.
(c) lower than it was before.
(d) impossible to determine.
the stern (the back) of the ship. While they are running toward the stern, the
speed of the ship is
(a) higher than it was before.
(b) unchanged.
(c) lower than it was before.
the stern (the back) of the ship. The vacationers stop running when they reach the
stern of the ship. After they have all stopped running, the speed of the ship is
(a) higher than it was before they started running.
(b) unchanged from what it was before they started running.
(c) lower than it was before they started running.
the stern (the back) of the ship. The vacationers stop running when they reach the
stern of the ship. After they have all stopped running, the speed of the ship is
(a) higher than it was before they started running.
(b) unchanged from what it was before they started running.
(c) lower than it was before they started running.
Conceptual Example 9.12: Exploding Projectile (1 of 2)
A projectile fired into the air suddenly explodes into several fragments.
(A) What can be said about the motion of the center of mass of the system
made up of all the fragments after the explosion?
Center of mass follows the

same parabolic path as if no
explosion had occurred.
Conceptual Example 9.12: Exploding Projectile (2 of 2)
(B) If the projectile did not explode, it would land at a distance R from its
launch point. Suppose the projectile explodes and splits into two pieces of
equal mass. One piece lands at a distance 2R to the right of the launch point.
Where does the other piece land?
 
Example 9.13: The Exploding Rocket (1 of 2)
A rocket is fired vertically upward. At the instant it reaches an altitude of 1 000 m

and a speed of vi = 300 m/s, it explodes into three fragments having equal mass.
One fragment moves upward with a speed of v1 = 450 m/s following the
explosion. The second fragment has a speed of v2 = 240 m/s and is moving east
right after the explosion. What is the velocity of the third fragment immediately
after the explosion?
Example 9.13: The Exploding Rocket (2 of 2)
    M  M  M 
p  0  pi  p f  mv i  v1  v2  v3
3 3 3
   
v 3  3v i  v1  v 2

  
v 3  3 300ˆj m/s  450ˆj m/s  240î m/s   
  240î  450ˆj m/s
Deformable Systems
K  U  0
   
p tot  I  mv   Fwall dt
Example 9.14: Pushing on a Spring (1 of 2)
As shown in the top figure, two blocks are at rest on a frictionless, level table. Both
blocks have the same mass m, and they are connected by a spring of negligible mass.
The separation distance of the blocks when the spring is relaxed is L. During a time
interval t, a constant force of magnitude F is applied horizontally to the left block,
moving it through a distance x1 as shown in the bottom figure. During this time interval,
the right block moves through a distance x2. At the end of this time interval, the force F is
removed.
(A) Find the resulting speed vCM of the center of mass of the system.
p x  I x   2m  vCM  0   F t
2mvCM  F t
1
2  x1  x2 
t 
vCM,avg
1
2 x1  x2   x1  x2 
t  
2  0  vCM  vCM
1
 x1  x2   x1  x2 
2mvCM  F  vCM  F
vCM 2m
(B) Find the total energy of the system associated with vibration relative to its
center of mass after the force F is removed.
K  K CM  K vib
K CM  K vib  U vib  W
K vib  U vib  Evib  KCM  Evib  W
K CM  Evib  W  Fx1
1  x1  x2 
Evib  Fx1  K CM  Fx1   2m  vCM  F
2
2 2
Rocket Propulsion (1 of 3)
Rocket Equation
p    pi  p f  Mv   M  m  v  v   m  v  ve 
M v  mv  ve m
ve m
v 
M  m
Mdv  ve dm  ve dM
vf Mf dM

vi
dv  ve 
Mi M
 Mi 
v f  vi  ve ln  
M
 f 
Thrust
dv dM
Thrust  M  ve
dt dt
Example 9.15: A Rocket in Space (1 of 3)
A rocket moving in space, far from all other objects, has a speed of 3.0  103 m/s
relative to the Earth. Its engines are turned on, and fuel is ejected in a direction
opposite the rocket’s motion at a speed of 5.0  103 m/s relative to the rocket.
(A) What is the speed of the rocket relative to the Earth once the rocket’s mass is
reduced to half its mass before ignition?
 Mi 
v f  vi  ve ln  
M
 f 
 M 
 3.0  10 m/s  5.0  10 m/s  ln 
3

3
 0.50 M i 
3
 6.5  10 m/s
(B) What is the thrust on the rocket if it burns fuel at the rate of 50 kg/s?
dM
Thrust  ve
dt
 5.0  10 m/s  50 kg/s   2.5 10 N
3 5
Example 9.16: Fighting a Fire
Two firefighters must apply a total force of 600 N to steady a hose that is
discharging water at the rate of 3600 L/min.
Estimate the speed of the water as it exits the nozzle.
dM Thrust
Thrust  ve  ve =
dt dM /dt
600 N
ve =  10 m/s
60 kg/s

PhysicsSE 10 Ch09 PowerPoints

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PhysicsSE 10 Ch09 PowerPoints

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics for Scientists and Engineers

A 60-kg archer stands at rest on frictionless

Your physical education teacher throws a baseball to you at a certain speed

(1) the same momentum

Whenever two or more particles in an isolated system interact, the total

For energy: system isolated if there are no transfers of energy

(a) p1 < p2 (c) p1 > p2 (e) K1 = K2

(a) p1 < p2 (c) p1 > p2 (e) K1 = K2

(a) p1 < p2 (c) p1 > p2 (e) K1 = K2

(a) p1 < p2 (c) p1 > p2 (e) K1 = K2

All three are the same.

dashboard, seat belt, air bag

smaller net force

m1  v1i  v1 f v 1i  v1 f   m2  v2 f  v2i  v2 f  v2i 

pi  p f  m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f

v1i  v1 f  v2 f  v2i  v1i  v2i    v1 f  v2 f 

m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f

In a perfectly inelastic one-dimensional collision between two moving objects,

In a perfectly inelastic one-dimensional collision between two moving objects,

A table-tennis ball is thrown at a stationary bowling ball. The table-tennis ball

A table-tennis ball is thrown at a stationary bowling ball. The table-tennis ball

An ingenious device that illustrates conservation of momentum and kinetic energy is

Consider what would happen if balls 4

m1v1 900 kg  20.0 m/s 

Final speed is higher

m1v1 1800 kg  20.0 m/s 

The ballistic pendulum is an apparatus used to measure the speed of a

m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f

2 1.60 kg  4.00 m/s    2.10 kg  1.60 kg  2.50 m/s 

m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f

m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f

1.60 kg  4.00 m/s    2.10 kg  2.50 m/s   1.60 kg 3.00 m/s 

(C) Determine the distance the spring is compressed at that instant.

m1v1ix  m2 v2ix  m1v1 fx  m2 v2 fx

A 1500-kg car traveling east with a speed of

1  2500 kg  20.0 m/s 

m2 v2i  2500 kg  20.0 m/s 

A proton collides elastically with another proton that is

v1 f  v1i cos   3.50  105 m/s  cos 37.0

3.50 10 m/s    2.80  10 m/s 

 v1 f sin     2.80  105 m/s  sin 37.0 

(a) the piece on the right

(a) the piece on the right

1.0 kg 1.0 m   1.0 kg  2.0 m    2.0 kg 0 

1.0 kg 0   1.0 kg 0    2.0 kg  2.0 m 

Center of mass follows the

A rocket is fired vertically upward. At the instant it reaches an altitude of 1 000 m

K vib  U vib  Evib  KCM  Evib  W

You might also like