Herman - Standard - Chapter Overview - ch13

Section 4
Small Sources of Electricity
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Unit 13
Magnetic Induction
Objectives
• After studying this unit, you should be able to:

• Discuss electromagnetic induction
• List factors that determine the amount and polarity of an
induced voltage
• Discuss Lenz’s law
• Discuss an exponential curve
• List devices used to help prevent induced voltage spikes
Preview
• Electromagnetic induction
• One of the most important concepts in the electrical field
• Basic operating principle for alternators, transformers, and
most AC motors
• Anyone working in the electrical field must understand
the principles involved
Electromagnetic Induction
• Basic law of electricity

• Whenever current flows through a conductor, a magnetic
field is created around it
• Electromagnetic induction
• Whenever a conductor cuts through magnetic lines of flux, a
voltage is induced into the conductor
FIGURE 13–1 Current flowing through a conductor
produces a magnetic field around the conductor.
FIGURE 13–2 Voltage is induced when
a conductor cuts magnetic lines of flux.
FIGURE 13–3 Reversing the direction of
movement reverses the polarity of the voltage.
FIGURE 13–4 Reversing the polarity of the
magnetic field reverses the polarity of the voltage.
Fleming’s Left-Hand Generator Rule
• Used to determine the

relationship of conductor
motion in a magnetic field
to the induced current
direction
FIGURE 13–5 Left-hand generator rule.
Moving Magnetic Fields
• Electromagnetic
induction
• Important factors
• A conductor, magnetic
field, and relative motion
FIGURE 13–6 Voltage is induced by a moving magnetic field.
Determining the Amount of Induced Voltage
• Number of turns of wire

• Strength of the magnetic field (flux density)
• Speed of the cutting action
FIGURE 13–7 A single-loop generator.
FIGURE 13–8 Increasing the number of turns increases the induced voltage.
Lenz’s Law
• Induced voltage or
current opposes the
motion that causes it
• Inductors always oppose
a change of current
FIGURE 13–9 An induced current

produces a magnetic field around the coil.
FIGURE 13–10 No current flows through the coil.
FIGURE 13–11 Induced current produces a magnetic field around the coil.
FIGURE 13–12 The induced voltage forces current to flow in the opposite direction.
Rise Time of Current in an Inductor
FIGURE 13–13 The current rises instantly in a resistive circuit.
Rise Time of Current in an Inductor (Cont’d)
FIGURE 13–14 Current rises through an indicator at an exponential rate.
Rise Time of Current in an Inductor (Cont’d)
• Induced voltage
• Proportional to the rate of
change of current
FIGURE 13–15 The applied voltage is

opposite in polarity to the induced voltage.
The Exponential Curve
• Describes the rate of

certain occurrences
• Divided into five time
constants
FIGURE 13–16 An exponential curve.
FIGURE 13–17 Exponential curves can be found in nature.
FIGURE 13–18 Water flows from a bucket at an exponential rate.
Inductance
• Henry (H): unit of measurement for inductance

• A coil has an inductance of 1 henry when a current change
of 1 ampere per second results in an induced voltage of 1
volt
Inductance (Cont’d)
• To determine inductance
of a coil:
• L = 0.4πN2μA/I
FIGURE 13–19 Inductance is determined by

the physical construction of the coil.
R-L Time Constants
• Time necessary for current in an inductor to reach its

full Ohm’s law value
• T = L/R
• Computes the time of one time constant
Induced Voltage Spikes
• May occur when current

flow through an inductor
stops, and current
decreases at an
exponential rate
FIGURE 13–20 Current flow through an

inductor decreases at an exponential rate.
FIGURE 13–21 The resistor helps prevent voltage spikes caused by the inductor.
FIGURE 13–22 When the switch is opened, a series path is formed by the resistor and inductor.
FIGURE 13–23 A diode is used to prevent induced voltage spikes.
FIGURE 13–24 Metal oxide varistor used to suppress a voltage spike.
FIGURE 13–25 When the switch is closed, a magnetic field is established around the inductor.
FIGURE 13–26 The MOV prevents the spike from becoming too high.
FIGURE 13–27 An inductor is used to produce a high voltage for an electric fence.
Summary
• Magnetic field: created around the conductor when

current flows through
• Voltage: induced in the conductor when it is cut by a
magnetic field
• Polarity of induced voltage: determined by magnetic field
polarity in relation to direction of motion
Summary (Cont’d)
• Factors that determine amount of induced voltage

• Number of turns of wire
• Strength of magnetic field
• Speed of cutting action
• One volt is induced in a conductor when magnetic lines
of flux are cut at a rate of 1 weber per second
Summary (Cont’d)
• Induced voltage: opposite polarity to applied voltage

• Inductors: oppose change of current
• Current: rises in an inductor at an exponential rate
• Exponential curve: divided into five time constants
• Each is equal to 63.2% of some value
Summary (Cont’d)
• Inductance: measured in henrys (H)

• A coil has an inductance of 1 henry when a current
change of 1 ampere per second results in an induced
voltage of 1 volt
• Air-core inductors: wound on cores of nonmagnetic
material
• Iron-core inductors: wound on cores of magnetic
material
Summary (Cont’d)
• Inductance amount: determined by number of wire

turns and physical coil construction
• Inductors can produce extremely high voltages when
current flow is stopped
• Resistors and diodes help prevent voltage spikes

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Section 4

Small Sources of Electricity

• After studying this unit, you should be able to:

• Basic law of electricity

• Used to determine the

FIGURE 13–6 Voltage is induced by a moving magnetic field.

• Number of turns of wire

FIGURE 13–9 An induced current

FIGURE 13–13 The current rises instantly in a resistive circuit.

FIGURE 13–14 Current rises through an indicator at an exponential rate.

FIGURE 13–15 The applied voltage is

• Describes the rate of

FIGURE 13–16 An exponential curve.

• Henry (H): unit of measurement for inductance

FIGURE 13–19 Inductance is determined by

• Time necessary for current in an inductor to reach its

• May occur when current

FIGURE 13–20 Current flow through an

• Magnetic field: created around the conductor when

• Factors that determine amount of induced voltage

• Induced voltage: opposite polarity to applied voltage

• Inductance: measured in henrys (H)

• Inductance amount: determined by number of wire

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