PhysicsSE 10 Ch08 PowerPoints

Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Storyline
Tenth Edition
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8
Conservation of Energy
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy) (1 of 3)
Nonisolated system: energy crosses the boundary

of the system during some time interval due to
interaction with environment
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Energy Transfer Mechanisms
Energy is always conserved.
Esystem   T
K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT  TET  TER
If only change in system is speed of one or more components:

Work-kinetic energy theorem: K  W
Quick Quiz 8.1 Part I (1 of 2)
Consider a block sliding over a horizontal surface with friction. Ignore any
sound the sliding might make. If the system is the block, this system is
(a) isolated
(b) nonisolated
(c) impossible to determine
Quick Quiz 8.1 Part I (2 of 2)
sound the sliding might make. If the system is the block, this system is
(a) isolated
(b) nonisolated
Quick Quiz 8.1 Part II (1 of 2)
sound the sliding might make. If the system is the surface, this system is
(a) isolated
(b) nonisolated
Quick Quiz 8.1 Part II (2 of 2)
sound the sliding might make. If the system is the surface, this system is
(a) isolated
(b) nonisolated
Quick Quiz 8.1 Part III (1 of 2)
sound the sliding might make. If the system is the block and the surface, this
system is
(a) isolated
(b) nonisolated
Quick Quiz 8.1 Part III (2 of 2)
sound the sliding might make. If the system is the block and the surface, this
system is
(a) isolated
(b) nonisolated
Esystem   T
K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT  TET  TER
Conceptual Example 8.1: Reducing the Conservation of Energy
Equation in Specific Situations (1 of 4)
When using the energy conservation equation to solve a problem, the

following steps should be remembered:
(1) define the system
(2) identify the beginning and end of the time interval of interest
(3) identify initial and final configurations of the system (positions of objects in
gravitational situations, extensions of springs, etc.) and assign appropriate
reference values of potential energy
(4) write the energy conservation equation, eliminating or setting terms equal
to zero that do not apply in the situation
Consider the following examples. For each example, the system is provided
and the time interval is from before the device is turned on until it has been
operating for a few moments.
(A) Your television set.
K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT  TET  TER 

Eint  Q  TMW  TET  TER
(B) Your gasoline-powered lawn mower. The time interval includes the process
of filling the tank with gasoline.

K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT
(C) A cup of tea being warmed in a microwave oven.

Eint  Q  TER
Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy) (1 of 2)
K  U g  0
K  U  0
Transformation mechanism: work done

on book within system by the
gravitational force
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Emech  K  U
Emech  0
K f  K i   U f  U i   0
K f  U f  Ki  U i
1 1
mv f  mgy f  mvi 2  mgyi
2
2 2
Emech  Einternal  Etotal,i  Etotal,f Esystem  0
Quick Quiz 8.2 (1 of 2)
A rock of mass m is dropped to the ground from a height h. A second rock,

with mass 2m, is dropped from the same height. When the second rock strikes
the ground, what is its kinetic energy?
(a) twice that of the first rock
(b) four times that of the first rock
(c) the same as that of the first rock
(d) half as much as that of the first rock
(e) impossible to determine
A rock of mass m is dropped to the ground from a height h. A second rock,

with mass 2m, is dropped from the same height. When the second rock strikes
the ground, what is its kinetic energy?
(a) twice that of the first rock
(b) four times that of the first rock
(c) the same as that of the first rock
(d) half as much as that of the first rock
(e) impossible to determine
Three identical balls are thrown from the top of
a building, all with the same initial speed. As
shown in the figure, the first is thrown
horizontally, the second at some angle above
the horizontal, and the third at some angle
below the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance,
rank the speeds of the balls at the instant each
hits the ground.
Three identical balls are thrown from the top

of a building, all with the same initial speed.
As shown in the figure, the first is thrown
horizontally, the second at some angle
above the horizontal, and the third at some
angle below the horizontal. Neglecting air
resistance, rank the speeds of the balls at
the instant each hits the ground.
v1 = v2 = v3
Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy) (2 of 2)
Esystem  0
If no nonconservative forces act: Emech  0
Example 8.2: Ball in Free Fall (1 of 4)
A ball of mass m is dropped from a height h
above the ground as shown in the figure.
(A) Neglecting air resistance, determine the
speed of the ball when it is at a height y above
the ground. Choose the system as the ball and
the Earth.
K  U g  0
1 
 mv f  0    mgy  mgh   0
2
2 
v f  2g h  y   v f  2g h  y 
2
(B) Find the speed of the ball again at height y by choosing the ball as the
system.
K  W
1 2    ˆj  yˆj
 mv f  0   Fg   r   mg
2 
  mg y   mg  y  h   mg  h  y 
v f 2  2g h  y   v f  2g h  y 
What if the ball were thrown downward from its highest position with a speed
vi? What would its speed be at height y?
v f  vi  2 g  h  y 2
Example 8.3: A Grand Entrance (1 of 4)
You are part of the stage crew for a theatrical

company and are designing an apparatus to
support an actor of mass 65.0 kg who is to “fly”
down to the stage during the performance of a
play. You attach the actor’s harness to a 130-kg
sandbag by means of a lightweight steel cable
running smoothly over two frictionless pulleys as
in the figure. You need 3.00 m of cable between
the harness and the nearest pulley so that the
pulley can be hidden behind a curtain.
For the apparatus to work successfully, the

sandbag must never lift above the floor as the
actor swings from above the stage to the floor.
Let us call the initial angle that the actor’s cable
makes with the vertical . What is the maximum
value  can have before the sandbag lifts off the
floor?
K  U g  0
1 
 mactor v f  0    mactor gy f  mactor gyi   0
2
2 
v f  2 g  y f  yi 
2
v f 2  2 gR 1  cos  
y f  yi  R  R cos 
 R 1  cos  
vf 2
F y  T  mactor g  mactor
R
2
vf
T  mactor g  mactor
R
T  mbag g and v f 2  2 Rg 1  cos  
2 gR 1  cos  
 mbag g  mactor g  mactor
R
3mactor  mbag 3  65.0 kg   130 kg
cos     0.500
2mactor 2  65.0 kg 
  
Example 8.4: The Spring-Loaded Popgun
The launching mechanism of a popgun consists

of a trigger-released spring. The spring is
compressed to a position yA, and the trigger is
fired. The projectile of mass m rises to a
position yC above the position at which it leaves
the spring, indicated in the figure as position yB
= 0. Consider a firing of the gun for which m =
35.0 g, yA = –0.120 m, and yC = 20.0 m.
(A) Neglecting all resistive forces, determine the

spring constant.
Example 8.3: The Spring-Loaded Popgun (1 of 2)
K  U g  U s  0
 1 2
 0  0    mgyC  mgyA    0  kx   0
 2 
2mg  yC  yA 
k
x2
2  0.0350 kg  9.80 m/s 2   20.0 m   0.120 m 

k
0.120 m 
2
 958 N/m
Example 8.3: The Spring-Loaded Popgun (2 of 2)
(B) Find the speed of the projectile as it moves through the equilibrium
position B of the spring.
K  U g  U s  0
1   1 2
  A 
2
 mvB  0  0  mgy  0  kx   0
2   2 
kx 2
vB   2 gyA
m
958 N/m 0.120 m 
2
vB   2 9.80 m/s 2   0.120 m 

 0.0350 kg 
 19.8 m/s
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction (1 of 6)
 
W other forces    Fother forces  dr 
 
Wother forces   fk  dr
   
 
   Fother forces  dr +  fk  dr
  

   Fother forces  fk  dr 
   
W other forces   f k  dr    F  dr
   
W other forces   f k  dr    F  d r
   
W other forces   fk  dr   ma  dr
 
dv  t dv 
  m  dr   m  vdt
f
dt ti dt
  
d   dv   dv dv 
v  v   v  v   2  v
dt dt dt dt

dv  1 d   1 dv 2
v = v  v 
dt 2 dt 2 dt

dv  1 d   1 dv 2
v = v  v  
dt 2 dt 2 dt
   
W other forces   fk  dr   ma  dr
 
dv  t dv 
  m  dr   m  vdt
f
dt ti dt
  tf  1 dv 2 
Wother forces   fk  dr  ti m  2 dt  dt
 
1 1 1
 m  d  v   mv f  mvi 2  K
vf
2 2
2 vi 2 2
 
W other forces   f k  d r  K
W other forces   f k dr  K
W  f k d  K
K  Eint  0  f k d  Eint  0 Eint  f k d
Work done on system by forces other than friction:

W  K  Eint
You are traveling along a freeway at 65 mi/h. Your car has kinetic energy. You
suddenly skid to a stop because of congestion in traffic. Where is the kinetic
energy your car once had?
(a) It is all in internal energy in the road.
(b) It is all in internal energy in the tires.
(c) Some of it has transformed to internal energy and some of it transferred
away by mechanical waves.
(d) It is all transferred away from your car by various mechanisms.
You are traveling along a freeway at 65 mi/h. Your car has kinetic energy. You
suddenly skid to a stop because of congestion in traffic. Where is the kinetic
energy your car once had?
(a) It is all in internal energy in the road.
(b) It is all in internal energy in the tires.
(c) Some of it has transformed to internal energy and some of it
transferred away by mechanical waves.
(d) It is all transferred away from your car by various mechanisms.
Example 8.5: A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface (1 of 4)
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right

along a horizontal surface by a constant horizontal
force of magnitude 12 N.
(A) Find the speed of the block after it has moved
3.0 m if the surfaces in contact have a coefficient
of kinetic friction of 0.15.
K  Eint  W W  F x  Fd
F y  0  n  mg  0  n  mg
f k   k n   k mg
1 2 
 mv f  0    k mgd  Fd
2 
2
vf    k mgd  Fd 
m
 12 N 
v f  2 3.0 m     0.15  9.80 m/s 2   1.8 m/s
 6.0 kg 

 B  Suppose the force F is applied at an angle  as
shown in the figure. At what angle should the force be
applied to achieve the largest possible speed after the
block has moved 3.0 m to the right?
K  Eint  W W  F x cos   Fd cos 

F y  n  F sin   mg  0
n  mg  F sin 
K f  0  fk d  W  K f  W  fk d
K f  Fd cos   k nd  Fd cos   k  mg  F sin   d

dK f
  Fd sin    k  0  F cos   d  
d
 sin   k cos     tan   k
  tan 1  k   tan 1  0.15   8.5

Example 8.6: A Block-Spring System (1 of 4)
A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a horizontal

spring that has a force constant of 1000 N/m as
shown in the top figure. The spring is compressed
2.0 cm and is then released from rest as in the
bottom figure.
(A) Calculate the speed of the block as it passes
through the equilibrium position x = 0 if the surface
is frictionless.
vi = 0 at xi = –2.0 cm, what is vf at xf = 0?
1 2
K  Ws Ws  kxmax
2
1 2 1 2 k
mv f  0  kxmax  v f  xmax
2 2 m
1000 N/m
v f   0.020 m   0.50 m/s
1.6 kg
(B) Calculate the speed of the block as it passes through the equilibrium
position if a constant friction force of 4.0 N retards its motion from the moment
it is released.
1 2 
K  Eint  Ws   mv f  0   f k d  Ws
2 
2 2 1 2 
vf  Ws  f k d  vf   kxmax  f d
k 
m m2 
2 1 
     
2
vf   1000 N/m 0.20 m  4.0 N 0.020 m
1.6 kg  2 
 0.39 m/s
What if the friction force were increased to 10.0 N? What is the block’s speed
at x = 0?
f k d  10.0 N  0.20 m   0.20 J
Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
K  U g  Eint  0
Example 8.7: Crate Sliding Down a Ramp (1 of 4)
A 3.00-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp

is 1.00 m in length and inclined at an angle of
30.0 as shown in the figure. The crate starts
from rest at the top and experiences a constant
friction force of magnitude 5.00 N. The crate
continues to move a short distance on the
horizontal floor after it leaves the ramp, and
then comes to rest.
(A) Use energy methods to determine the
speed of the crate at the bottom of the ramp.
K  U g  Eint  0
1 
 mv f  0    0  mgyi   f k d  0
2
2 
2
vf   mgyi  f k d 
m
2
vf  3.00 kg  9.80 m/s 2   0.500 m   5.00 N 1.00 m 
3.00 kg  
 2.54 m/s
(B) How far does the crate slide on the horizontal floor if it continues to
experience a friction force of magnitude 5.00 N?
K  U g  Eint  0
0  0   0  mgyi   f k d total  0
mgyi  3.00 kg  9.80 m/s 2
 0.500 m 
d total    2.94 m
fk 5.00 N
A cautious worker decides that the speed of the crate when it arrives at the
bottom of the ramp may be so large that its contents may be damaged.
Therefore, he replaces the ramp with a longer one such that the new ramp
makes an angle of 25.0 with the ground. Does this new ramp reduce the
speed of the crate as it reaches the ground?
0.500 m 0.500 m
sin 25.0  d   1.18 m
d sin 25.0
2
vf  3.00 kg  9.80 m/s 2  0.500 m   5.00 N 1.18 m 
3.00 kg  
 2.42 m/s
Example 8.8: Block-Spring Collision (1 of 4)
A block having a mass of 0.80 kg is given an

initial velocity vA = 1.2 m/s to the right and
collides with a spring whose mass is negligible
and whose force constant is k = 50 N/m as
shown in the figure.
(A) Assuming the surface to be frictionless,
calculate the maximum compression of the
spring after the collision.
K  U  0
 1 2 1 2 
 0  mvA    kxmax  0   0
 2  2 
m 0.80 kg
xmax  vA  1.2 m/s   0.15 m
k 50 N/m
(B) Suppose a constant force of kinetic friction acts between the block and the
surface, with k = 0.50. If the speed of the block at the moment it collides with
the spring is vA = 1.2 m/s, what is the maximum compression xC in the spring?
f k   k n  k mg
K  U  Eint  0
 1 2  1 2 
 0  mvA    kxC  0    k mgxC  0
 2  2 
kxC 2  2 k mgxC  mvA 2  0
k mg  kvA2 
xC    1  2 2  1
k  k mg 

xC  0.092 m or  0.25 m
Example 8.9: Connected Blocks in Motion (1 of 2)
Two blocks are connected by a light string that

passes over a frictionless pulley as shown in
the figure. The block of mass m1 lies on a
horizontal surface and is connected to a spring
of force constant k. The system is released
from rest when the spring is unstretched. If the
hanging block of mass m2 falls a distance h
before coming to rest, calculate the coefficient
of kinetic friction between the block of mass m1
and the surface.
Example 8.9: Connected Blocks in Motion (2 of 2)
U g  U gf  U gi U s  U sf  U si
K  U g  U s  Eint  0
1 2 
 0  0  
 0  m2 gh  
 kh  0   fk h  0
2 
1 2
m2 gh  kh  k m1 gh  0
2
1
m2 g  kh
k  2
m1 g
Conceptual Example 8.10: Interpreting the Energy Bars (1 of 2)
The energy bar charts in the figure show three

instants in the motion of the system described
in the previous example. For each bar chart,
identify the configuration of the system that
corresponds to the chart.
Conceptual Example 8.10: Interpreting the Energy Bars (2 of 2)
Power
dE W
P Pavg 
dt t
Instantaneous Power
W dW
P  lim 
t  0 t dt
 
dW  F  dr

dW  dr  
P  F  Fv
dt dt

 dr
v
dt
Units of Power
2 3
1 W  1 J/s  1 kg  m /s
1 hp  746 W
1 kWh  10 W  3600 s   3.60 10 J

3 6
 0.100 kW 1.00 h   0.100 kWh  3.60  10 5

J
Example 8.11: Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor (1 of 4)
An elevator car has a mass of 1600 kg and is

carrying passengers having a combined mass of
200 kg. A constant friction force of 4000 N retards its
motion.
(A) How much power must a motor deliver to lift the
elevator car and its passengers at a constant speed
of 3.00 m/s?
F y  T  f  Mg  0
T  Mg  f
 
P  T  v  Tv   Mg  f  v
P  1800 kg  9.80 m/s 2    4000 N  3.00 m/s 

 6.49  104 W
(B) What power must the motor deliver at the instant the speed of the elevator
is v if the motor is designed to provide the elevator car with an upward
acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?
F y  T  f  Mg  Ma
T  M a  g   f
P  Tv   M  a  g   f  v
P  1800 kg  1.00 m/s 2  9.80 m/s 2   4 000 N  v
  2.34  104 N  v
P   2.34  10 4
 3.00 m/s   7.02 10 4
W

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Physics for Scientists and Engineers

Nonisolated system: energy crosses the boundary

Energy is always conserved.

K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT  TET  TER

If only change in system is speed of one or more components:

K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT  TET  TER

When using the energy conservation equation to solve a problem, the

(A) Your television set.

K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT  TET  TER 

K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT  TET  TER 

(C) A cup of tea being warmed in a microwave oven.

K  U  Eint  W  Q  TMW  TMT  TET  TER 

Transformation mechanism: work done

A rock of mass m is dropped to the ground from a height h. A second rock,

A rock of mass m is dropped to the ground from a height h. A second rock,

Three identical balls are thrown from the top

You are part of the stage crew for a theatrical

For the apparatus to work successfully, the

The launching mechanism of a popgun consists

(A) Neglecting all resistive forces, determine the

2  0.0350 kg  9.80 m/s 2   20.0 m   0.120 m 

vB   2 9.80 m/s 2   0.120 m 

K  Eint  0  f k d  Eint  0 Eint  f k d

Work done on system by forces other than friction:

A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right

K  Eint  W W  F x cos   Fd cos 

K f  Fd cos   k nd  Fd cos   k  mg  F sin   d

  tan 1  k   tan 1  0.15   8.5

A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a horizontal

vi = 0 at xi = –2.0 cm, what is vf at xf = 0?

f k d  10.0 N  0.20 m   0.20 J

A 3.00-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp

A block having a mass of 0.80 kg is given an

kxC 2  2 k mgxC  mvA 2  0

Two blocks are connected by a light string that

The energy bar charts in the figure show three

1 kWh  10 W  3600 s   3.60 10 J

 0.100 kW 1.00 h   0.100 kWh  3.60  10 5

An elevator car has a mass of 1600 kg and is

P  1800 kg  9.80 m/s 2    4000 N  3.00 m/s 

P  1800 kg  1.00 m/s 2  9.80 m/s 2   4 000 N  v

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