BLACK START RESTORATION

(BSR)
Overview/ General Procedure

SRLDC, Bangalore
Outline
 Introduction
 Largest outages in History
 State Transition
 BSR in IEGC & RLDC documents
 Grid Incident & Grid Disturbance
 Start up power requirement
 Restoration problems
 Restoration strategies
 Restoration tasks- steps to be followed
 Do’s & Don’ts
Introduction

• Definition Of Blackout
• Need for Black start restoration procedures
• Causes For Blackout
Blackout??
It refers to the total loss of power to an area
and is the most severe form of power outage
that can occur
How long it takes ??
Outages may last from a few minutes to a few
weeks depending on the nature of the blackout
and the configuration of the electrical network
Need for Black Start Restoration
Procedures (BSRP)

To achieve restoration and re-synchronization of

constituent systems effected, in the shortest possible
time
Causes For Blackout
• Persistent Fault Condition
• Malfunctioning of Protection System
• Violation of Grid Discipline, High demand and
deficit generation, mismanagement of outages
• Un planned Outages (due to extreme unforeseen
storm, hurricane, snow), loss of data and
communication.
• Inadequate Training & Manual Error
LARGEST POWER OUTAGES -WORLDWIDE

People
Sl. Year Cause affected Country Restorati
No. on time
1 Oct.2012 Hurricane Sandy- 8.2 million 17 states 2 weeks
Flooding & downed in US
trees cut power to

2 July 30/31, High demand, poor 670 North/east 15 hrs

2012 supply coordination, million(10% /north east
transmission outages world
population)

3 June 2012 Wind storm cut power 4.2 million 12 states 7-10 days
to in USA

4 Oct.2011 Early snow storm 3 million USA 7-10 days

brought down trees &
wires
JULY 30/31 2012 BLACK OUT- INDIA

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State Transition Diagram
Normal(Secure)

Restorative Alert(In-Secure)

Extremis Emergency

11
Power System Restoration Cycle
Actual
Actual
Restoration
Restoration
Event
Event

Restoration
RestorationDrills
Drills

Assess
Assess
Restoration Lessons
Lessons
RestorationTraining
Training Learned
Learned

Revise
Revise Engineering
Restoration Engineering
RestorationPlan
Plan Analysisand
Analysis andStudies
Studies
And Procedures
And Procedures
 Emphasis of Black Start Restoration in
IEGC
5.2 (n) System Security Aspects:
Procedures shall be developed to recover from partial/total
collapse of the grid and periodically updated in accordance
with the requirements given under section 5.8. These
procedures shall be followed by all the Regional
constituents to ensure consistent, reliable and quick
restoration.
5.8 (a) Recovery Procedures:
Detailed plans and procedures for restoration of the
regional grid under partial/total blackout shall be
developed by RLDC in consultation with all Regional
constituents / RPC Secretariat and shall be 12
Emphasis of Black Start Restoration in IEGC

(5.8.b) Detailed plans and procedures for restoration after

partial/total blackout of each Constituents system within a
Region, will be finalised by the concerned constituents in
coordination with the RLDC. The procedure will be
reviewed, confirmed and/or revised once every
subsequent year. Mock trial runs of the procedure for
different sub-systems shall be carried out by the
constituents at least once every six months under
intimation to the RLDC.
(5.8.c) List of generating stations with black start facility, inter-
State/inter regional ties, synchronizing points and essential
loads to be restored on priority, should be prepared and be
available with RLDCs. 13
Emphasis of Black Start Restoration in IEGC

(5.8.d) The RLDC is authorized during the restoration

process following a blackout, to operate with reduced
security standards for voltage and frequency as
necessary in order to achieve the fastest possible
recovery of the grid.

(5.8.e) All communication channels required for

restoration process shall be used for operational
communication only, till grid normalcy is restored.
BSRP Documentation at RLDC websites

 Detailed procedure For restoration of system/

Subsystems for constituent states
 Details of subsystems
 List of Generators with black start /
Self startfacility
 Synchronizing points
 Essential Loads to be restored ( Traction/
Industrial/Hospitals/ Emergency supply)
 Mock trial run of the procedure (biannual)
 GRID INCIDENT

 Tripping of one or more power system elements which requires

re-scheduling of generation or load, without total loss of supply
at a sub-station or loss of integrity of the grid at 220 KV and
above.
 Category GI-1
Without total loss of supply at 'a sub-station or loss of integrity
of the grid at 220 KV.
 Category GI-2
Without total loss of supply at a sub-station or loss of integrity
of the grid at 400 KV and above.
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GRID DISTURBANCE

"Grid Disturbance" is tripping of one or more power system

elements of the grid resulting in total failure" of supply at a
sub- station or loss of integrity of the grid, at the level of
transmission system at 220 KV and above.

The power system in different regions is being

interconnected and very often an incident initiated in one
region can lead to a disturbance in other region also.

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Categorization of Grid Disturbance (GD)

 Category GD-1
When less than 10% of the, antecedent generation or load
in a regional grid is lost.
 Category GD-2
When 10% to less than 20% of the antecedent generation
or load in a regional grid is lost.
 Category GD-3
When20% to less than 30% of the antecedent generation
or load in a regional grid is lost.
 Category GD-4
When 30% to less than 40% of the antecedent generation
or load in a regional grid is lost.
 Category GD-5
When 40% or more of the antecedent generation or load
in a regional grid is lost.
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Plant Start-up Power Requirement

Nuclear/Thermal: 7 to 8% of the unit capacity

Hydro: 0.5 to 1% of the unit capacity
Gas: 1.5 to 2%of the unit capacity

Preferred Type: Hydro or Gas not Thermal/Nuclear

21
Restoration Strategies

1. TOP DOWN/ BUILD DOWN

OR
SEQUENTIAL STRATEGY

2. BOTTOM UP/ BUILD UP

OR
PARALLEL STRATEGY

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“TOP DOWN” STRATEGY

• Usually selected when Partially blackout systems (strong

neighbouring Inter-Connection Assistance available)
• Preferred for Small Systems (Not having Long EHV Lines)
• Predominantly Hydro System with High Reactive absorption
Capability
• For Large Systems with very Compact Service Territories
• Inter-connection status is to be Assessed, Hence time consuming
& Tasking.

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Steps involved in the
“Top-down Strategy”

1) Restore backbone transmission system, usually from

outside assistance.
2) Restore critical generating station and substation load
from transmission system.
3) Connect more generation.
4) Restore underlying transmission system.
5) Continue restoring load.

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“Bottom up” Strategy

• Simultaneous Restoration of Islands / Sub-Systems

followed by their Mutual Synchronisation

• Usually selected in case of a Complete System Collapse

• Relatively Quick Process

• Requires Several Operating Teams and Adequate

Communication Facilities For Mutual Co-ordination

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Steps involved in the
“Bottom-up Strategy”

1) Select units for black-start/ Self start.

2) Start and stabilize black-start/Self start units.
3) Determine restoration transmission path.
4) Begin expanding island(s) by restoring
transmission and load.
5) Synchronize island(s) when appropriate.

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RESTORATION TASKS- STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED

 System Status Determination

 Network Preparation

 Start up Generating Units with Black start facility

 Network Energization

  Load Restoration

 System Rebuilding

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 System Status Determination

 Extent of Blackout and Actual Requirement

 Identification of Boundaries of Energised Areas
 Status of Generating Plants ( Hot / Cold / House Load )
 Non-availability of Elements (LC / Fault etc., )
 Overloading of Elements
  Loads Interrupted by Under Frequency Relays

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 Network Preparation
• De- energise all buses

• Open of all the Circuit Breakers

• Sectionalising a system into sub-systems

• Automatically Switched Capacitors and Under Frequency

Relays may have to be kept out of service at the initial
stage

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Starting up Black start/ Self start Units

• Initiate start up of Units identified with Black start facility

• Extend supply to identified substations

•Find the optimal path to supply Auxiliary power to non self

start Units

• Prepare Units with no black start facility

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Network Energization - Considerations
• Identify the Important and Essential Loads to be
Restored First
• At Every Stage it Should Satisfy
– Reactive Power Balance (Voltage Control)
– Load Generation Balance (Frequency Control)
– Protection and Plant Control System Requirements
• Paralleling of Islands through Strong Links

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Network Energization – Reactive Power Balance

• Energizing fewer high voltage lines (small lines)

• Operating generators at minimum voltage levels
• Deactivating automatic switched static capacitors,
connecting shunt reactors
• Adjusting transformer taps

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Network Energization– Load Generation Balance

• Type of the Load

– Peak or Off-Peak
– Cold Load Inrush
• Generator Capacity
• Minimum Loading capability of Generator
• Response to Sudden Load Pick-up

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Network Energization – Protection &Plant Control
System Considerations

• Protective Relays such as Volts per Hz (Flux), Out of Step

(OOS), Under Excitation, Distance & Frequency can initiate
an undesirable Response or Generator Trip during start-up

• Voltage Regulator to be switched to Automatic Control (From

Manual) only when the unit reaches a Minimum Operating
Point and a sufficient VAR generation is established

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 Load Restoration

 Generator Loading (Load Angle), Rate of Loading

 Transmission Line Loading

 Change in System Frequency

 Operation of Under Frequency Relays

 Fluctuating Loads – Example: Traction, Furnace, etc.,

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Load Restoration-Considerations

• Strong Inter-connection between the Sub-Systems

• Firm Generation Capacity in each Sub-System to be ensured during
early stages of Restoration
• Deactivation of Automatic Load Shedding and Automatic Switched
Capacitors during initial stages
• Restoration of Smaller Radial Loads followed by Low Voltage AC
network loads
• Picking-up Small Blocks of Loads followed by as Large as possible
• Keeping Generator Terminal Voltages relatively Low initially, and
Adjusting Transformer Taps, subsequently as Restoration proceeds

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Restoration Planning – Common Concerns

 Time Consuming nature of Switching Operations

 Frequency Response of Prime Movers to Sudden Load

Pick-up

 Cold Load inrush, Power Factors and Coincident Demand

Factors

 Availability of Governor Facilities of Units

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Do’s and Don’ts during Black Start Restoration

• Readily have the Single Line • Do not Panic

Diagrams of the Station
• communication channels busy
Readily have the Black Start
Restoration Scheme Diagrams
• Readily have the outage details
• Communicate the Concerned
Station in-charge and Load
Despatch Centre immediately
• Assign the Responsibilities to
the available staff clearly
• Follow the instruction of Load
Despatch Centre in full
• Send the preliminary report /
observation to LD
• Do not keep all the
simultaneously
• Do not entertain external
enquiries till the restoration
complete
• Direct the enquiries to the
designated nodal officer in HQ
PR
• Do not indulge in argument
during restoration

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Thank You