A Summer Internship Project Report

On
Renewable Energy

Rooftop Solar PV System

at
Satyug Darshan Institute Of
Engineering & Technology -
[SDIET], Faridabad
2022

Under the Supervision of: Submitted By:

Asst Prof Shikha Mittal Shrivastava Harish Negi

Finanance & Accounting MBA 3nd Year Batch:2016-18
MBA Department IILM Institute of Higher Learning

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 IILM ACADEMY OF HIGHER LEARNING
17-18,Knowledge Park-II,Greater Noida-201 306,Distt -Gautam Budh Nagar (U.P.) Tel.: 0120-
2320056 / 57 / 59 / 60, Fax: 0120-2320058
E-mail : iilm_ahl@iilm.ac.in, Website : www.iilm.ac.in

Date:

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that the Summer Internship Project Report, Titled “ Renewable
Energy: Rooftop Solar PV System” submitted by Mr. Pankaj Verma as partial
fulfillment of requirement of the Third Semester MBA course is a bona fide
work carried out by the student at our Institute.

This Summer Internship Project Report is his original work and has not been
submitted to any other University/Institute.

Signature
Name : Asst Prof. Shikha Mittal Shrivastava

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 Summer Internship Completion Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. Pankaj Verma has successfully completed his summer
Internship from 01 Feb 2022 to 30 Apr 2022 with our organization. During the
training, he was exposed to the execution and implementation of 10 kW solar PV
project and control functions such as process planning, job scheduling,
maintenance management, inventory control ,forecasting and quality systems .
During the period of his internship programme with us he was found punctual,
hardworking and inquisitive.

We wish him every success in life

( )
Signature
Name of the issuing authority : Mr Kundan Dave
Designation : Director, Smart Energy Solutions
Official seal :

F31, 5th Floor, Urbtech NPX Business Centre, Plot C-1, Sector 153, Noida Express Way, Noida-201301, U.P.(India)
Mob:9871393194, Email:smartenergysolutions100@gmail.com
GSTN No.:09AFBPD6805N1ZB

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to The Director, Smart

Energy Solutions, Noida for offering me a unique platform to earn exposure and
garner knowledge in the field of Energy Efficiency project for execution and
commissioning of 10 kW Solar Project at Sitaram Bhartiya Higher Secondary
School, Gangagarh,Bulandshahar .(Appendix II)

I wish to extend my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to my mentor Mrs Smriti

who supported and encouraged me during the entire tenure of the project. I am
able to say with conviction that I have been immensely benefited by the
prestigious association as an intern with Smart Energy Solutions, Noida.

I also thank my faculty guide, Asst Prof. Shikha Mittal Shrivastava, who
constantly helped & guided me throughout the duration of my project. I thank the
Associate Prof.Mr Ganesh Khanna and the entire staff for coordinating this
internship for MBA students. Last, but not the least I would like to thank my wife
Mrs Meeta Negi and daughter Miss Ishita Negi for their love and support. There
are many whom I may have left out in the acknowledgement, but whose co-
operation no doubt went a long way in the project completion.

Harish Negi (Roll No 1615070009)

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 ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this project work is to find out how renewable energy can
contribute in creating value, reducing cost and gaining more profit out of the
process. When it comes to methodologies, available literatures on renewable
energy and accrued benefits, the same have been covered to extract the most
plausible information and data related to how renewable energy can contribute in
creating value, reducing cost and overheads. So, an analysis is done on the
economical and technological viability of solar panel in Institutional buildings
particularly in Western Uttar Pradesh.

Though the project work was carried out in an institutional establishment, the
project work is applicable to both, industrial as well as home applications. This
project work has been designed keeping the educational institution in reference .

The three main load centres i.e. The Primary Block, Secondary Block and the
Administrative Block have been identified as the appropriate sites for Solar
Photovoltaic implementation. A total of 10 kWp solar PV installation is
proposed. The Electricity generated shall be fed to the batteries for charging and
to be utilized directly during day time itself and therefore off grid system is
proposed, making it more economical and viable .

The benchmark prices for Solar systems as per the JNNSM norms for the current
year (2016-17) have been considered for determination of subsidy.

Capital subsidy of 30% of the benchmark cost may be available for Sitaram
Bhartiya Intercollege, Gangagarh since it is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh
which is not under a special category state. The feasibility has been assessed and
it is found that the solar implementation would lead to huge savings both in terms
of financial resources as well as environmental resources in the years to come.

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 INDEX

Sr No. Contents Pg No

1. Introduction….....................................................................9-10

2. Company Profile.................................................................11-13

3. Literature Review..............................................................14-16

4. Objective and Scope.........................................................17-19

5. Research Methodology.....................................................20-40

6. Data Analysis.....................................................................41-54

7. Findings / Conclusion.........................................................55-56

8. Recommendations & Limitations....................................57-58

9. Reference /Bibliography...................................................59

10. Appendices........................................................................60-69

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Name Page

Table 3.1.1 Overview of different support schemes for 15

rooftop Solar PV in selected countries

Table 5.5.1.1 The timeline for the survey of all the relevant 28
buildings on campus

Table 5.7.5.1 Location of Gangagarh 36

Table 5.7.6.1 Solar Irradiation of Uttar Pradesh cities 39

Table 6.2.1 Building wise connected load 41

Table 6.2.2 Electricity consumption at various Buildings of 42

Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege
Table 6.2.5.1 Cost of Installing the Solar PV System 46

Table 6.4.1 System overview 49

Table 6.5.1 Implementation Schedule 50

Table 6.6.1 Savings and Payback 52-53

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 LIST OF FIGURES/CHARTS

Figure No Name Page

Figure 3.1 Solar PV-installed capacity till March 2013 14

Figure 5.7.1.1 A typical off grid solution 30

Figure 5.7.2.1 A grid connected system 32

Figure 5.7.3.1 Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and 33

Operation

Figure 5.7.5.1 Trajectory of sun in the Northern Hemisphere 36

Figure 5.7.6.1 Solar Irradiation in Uttar Pradesh 38

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 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

This project report aims at illustrating and describing how renewable energy can
contribute in creating value and reducing overheads associated with the lighting
through adopting and implementing renewable energy solar systems and
applications in an educational institute.

It is an obvious fact that energy efficiency plays a vital role in managing the
electricity load especially now that the growing demand of energy has become
very common in both the domestic and industrial environment around the world.

Electricity is the versatile form of energy which can be transformed to other forms
easily. But it is becoming expensive with each passing day. Its price will increase
heavily as the fossil fuel reserve is decreasing. Dependence on fossil fuel for
energy is the main reason for environmental pollution. Along with this, Power
cuts and dependence on DG sets is making people going for more and better
sources. Renewable energy resources are suitable for this context as most of them
are environment friendly.

Solar PV panels provide a very good alternative. The greatest advantage of solar
power is its versatile availability and abundance all over the earth. But solar
energy is scattered in nature which means more area is required for installation.
As the area increases, installation cost also increases. Majority (58%) of India
receives solar radiations of 5 watts or above per sq meter per day. Solar energy
usage can reduce our dependence on fossil fuel and reduce carbon emission. It can
turn our energy consuming home to producing one.

The solar PV installed can be on grid or off grid depending on daily energy
consumption. There are a lot of people keen in buying solar panels in India.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India is also
promoting solar PV systems under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
in the country. They also provide subsidy (30% - 40%) for buying solar panels
under this scheme. But most of people don't have proper knowledge on economic

9
side and efficient side of PV solar panel. The efficiency of solar panel varies from
12 % to 20% and area of solar panel needed depends on it. The output from PV
panel depends on solar radiation received and the location of panel. The capacity
utilization factor (CUF) determines the performance of PV Panel.

10
 CHAPTER 2- COMPANY PROFILE

Company Profile

Smart Energy Solutions – a Proprietor ship Company registered in 2016 having

specialization in project management and marketing of electrical systems and
supplies with an experience and know-how of 25 Years, Registered at : F31, 5 th
Floor, NPX Urbtech, Sector 153, Noia-201301, U.P.
The company was founded by Mr Kundan Dave & Mrs Smriti Dave having a
vast and in-depth knowledge and experience into Power Sector and worked at
various functional levels with MNC brands like ABB, ALSTOM, SCHNIEDER,
SKF & ENSTO.
Smart Energy Solutions as an organization is young with vast experience in
Power industry offering solutions to Power Generation, Transmission and
Distribution Industry. The Co-operation with the customer is based on knowledge,
ease, enthusiasm and intelligence. The Reliability of the company is based on
strong system Knowledge and Experience, Use of Tested Products of high quality
standards, Knowledge on International Standard like IEC/EN/DIN/VDE and
National Standards & Guidelines like IS, MNRE, CPIB, CEA etc .

The strategy adopted by the company is to provide Energy solutions to the

customers by guiding through the complete process of project feasibility,
finalization and supervision of project execution till successful project
commissioning which meets the strict quality criteria for benefits accrued in
terms of cost savings and to promote save energy campaign around the country.
The company penetrates the market by enlisting itself with NTPC, Power Grid
and MNRE (Min of New and Renewable Energy)

The Smart Energy Solutions Pvt Ltd. Is based on a highly professional and
motivated team of engineers and workers . The Teams are putting their best
efforts to achieve the Corporate, Retail & Production objective of the company.
Smart Energy Solutions Pvt Ltd. has introduced a well-designed corporate &
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 Retail management system and developed a suitable management structure with
well-defined responsibility, delegation of power and true accountability.

The company is having a group of professionals of various disciplines who are

responsible to the management in carrying out their day to day business
responsibilities.

A sound internal and financial control system has also been established which
involves periodical reporting, continuous audit of different segments of business
and budgetary control to ensure optimum utilization of company’s resources.

Highlights of Company
Smart Energy Solutions business operations are divided into the following areas:-
 Projects & Project Management
 Services
 Sales & Marketing

Depending on the nature and size of the project, and retaining project
management skills and system knowledge, the company cater to projects at global
level having understanding with various financial and project partners :-
 M/s Satnam Global Infra Projects, Delhi
 M/s Systemic Electric, Faridabad
 M/s Bubeck Technologies, Greater Noida
 M/s Greenlit Opto Electronics Pvt Limited, Jaipur
 M/s JAPS Power Solutions, Delhi
 M/s ARS Infra Steel, Sonipat
 M/s Solvina International Limited, India (Swedish Company)
 M/s IJB Projects Pvt Limited

The company offers reliable solutions for:-

 Solar Rooftop and Land Mounted Systems – kW to mW Scale
 Solar Street Lights

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  LED Industrial and Residential Lighting
 EHV Transformer Erection Services

Future Plan of the company

 # 500MVA Transformer Unloading & Erection at Power Grid 400KV GSS,

Gurgaon
 # DPR for upcoming 1MW Solar Land Mounted Project at Kishangarh Airport
 # Services for site Survey and Engineering Proposal for 250kW Project at Abu
Road Industrial Area
 # Services for Site Survey and Engineering Proposal for 220 kW Rooftop System
and 48000LPD solar water heating system at Hostel Rooftop in Punjab
 # LED Lighting project at Surajkund Mela awarded by PHD Chamber Of
Commerce
 # LED Lighting at Engineers Park, Greater Noida

Contact Information:
Smart Energy Solutions
F31, 5th Floor, NPX Urbtech, Sector 153, Noida-Expressway, Noida-201301, U.P.
Mail: smartenergysolutions100@gmail.com
Contact No. : +91-9871393194
GSTN NO. 09AFBPD6805N1ZB

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 CHAPTER 3- LITERATURE REVIEW

Global PV Market Review

The global PV installed capacity has reached more than 100GWp in 2013 (Figure
3.1). The leading countries with large capacities in PV installations are Australia,
China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, and USA. The solar PV markets in these
countries are driven by strong PV project pipelines, flexible and innovative
financing mechanisms, and proactive government policies. Major chunk of solar
PV installations in the countries such as Germany, Japan, and USA are on
building rooftops.

Figure 3.1: Solar PV-installed capacity till March 2013

*Rooftop Solar PV installed capacity data is not available for Spain
Support mechanisms
The development of PV in last decades has been powered by the deployment
of supporting policies aimed at reducing the gap between electricity cost from
PV and conventional electricity sources. These schemes took various forms

14
depending on the local specificities. Table 3.1 consolidates different support
schemes to accelerate the deployment of rooftop Solar PV in different countries.
Table 3.1.1: Overview of different support schemes for rooftop Solar PV in
selected countries
Schemes Australia Germany India Italy Japan USA
Direct capital subsidy √ √ √ √ √
Green electricity schemes √ √ √ √
Specific green electricity √
scheme PV
Renewable Portfolio √ √ √ √ √
Standard (RPS)
Solar set aside RPS target √ √
Financing scheme √ √ √ √ √
Tax credits/tax benefits √ √ √ √ √ √
Net metering/net- √ √ √ √ √ √
billing/self consumption
incentives
Sustainable building √ √
requirements

Direct capital subsidy: Direct capital subsidy aimed at tackling the up-front cost
barrier, either for specific equipment (PV modules) or total installed PV system
cost.
Green electricity scheme: Allows customers to purchase green electricity based
on renewable energy from the electricity utility, usually at a premium price.
PV-specific green electricity scheme: Allows customers to purchase green
electricity based on PV electricity from the electricity utility, usually at a
premium price.
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS): A mandated requirement that the
electricity utility source a portion of their electricity supplies from renewable
energy.
Solar set aside RPS target: A mandated requirement that a portion of the RPS be
met by solar electricity supplies.

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Investment funds: Share offerings in private PV investment funds plus other
schemes that focus on wealth creation and business success using PV as a vehicle
to achieve these ends.
Tax credits: Allows some or all expenses associated with PV installation to be
deducted from taxable income streams.
Tax benefits: In India accelerated depreciation on investment in RE devices
(excluding wind power plants) is allowed.
Net metering: The system owner consumes solar electricity and receives retail
value for any excess electricity fed into the grid, as recorded by a bi-directional
electricity meter and obtained over the billing period.
Net billing: The electricity taken from the grid and the electricity fed into the
grid are tracked separately. The electricity fed into the grid is valued at a different
price.
Sustainable building requirements: Includes requirements on new
building developments (residential and commercial) where PV may be included
as one option for reducing the building’s energy foot print or may be specifically
mandated as an inclusion in the building development.

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 CHAPTER 4 - OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Objective

Primary Objective : To determine if Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege,

Gangagarh is a viable option for implementation of a
10 kW Solar PV Project on a standalone mode in terms of
technical feasibility and cost effectiveness and its implementation
to meet the electricity demand.

Secondary Objectives : Positive outcomes that will occur with the

implementation of this study:

 The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the

use of fossil fuel.
 The creation of better air quality
 The increase in cost savings on electricity
 Creation of an awareness amongst the people in
Rural India about Solar energy technologies and its
implementation.

Scope

This job involves design, supply, installation, commissioning of the Solar PV

Systems of 10 kW at Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege Gangagarh,
Bulandshahar.

A total of 10 kWp solar PV installation is proposed. The Electricity generated

shall be fed to the batteries for charging and to be utilized directly during day time
itself due to irregular grid power supply in the area and therefore off grid system
is proposed, making it economical and viable.

17
 In this report, emphasis is given to the off grid system as the same has been
recommended for implementation due to irregular grid power supply in the area.
The Scope of Work shall include the following:-

 Design & supply of Solar PV System.

 Detailed planning for smooth execution of the project.
 Testing, Installation & Commissioning of the complete system.
 Warranty of the system for 1 year faultless operation.
 After sales service, directly or through local
contractual arrangement.
 Risk liability of all personnel associated with implementation
and realization of the project.

Assumption of the Proposal

 The design is proposed on the basis of clear space available at site as per
the design.
 The power conditioning unit and distribution boards shall be housed
inside the Room or canopy provided by customer.

 Scope shall be limited upto inverter and AC Distribution Board output

on the canopy. All AC cabling upto the load shall not be in our
scope.

 Customer to provide shadow free area @ 125 sqft / kWp of solar

array.

Warranty

 1 year faultless operation of the system

 The Inverters offered come with a 3 year factory warranty.
 All other parts (Electrical only) & Battery will come with a 1 year
18
 warranty
 The warranty for modules will be as follows:
i. 90% performance warranty for first 10 years and 80% after that
upto 25 years.
ii. 5 years mechanical warranty

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 CHAPTER 5- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Method of Research

This project can be considered as an exploratory study for the feasibility of

installing solar panels at Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege, Gangagarh. The
information that is gathered through literature reviews, case studies, field trips,
and key informant interviews will be used to make recommendations about
implementing photovoltaic solar system at Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege,
Gangagarh as part of the campus sustainability initiative.

The exploratory nature of this study indicates that the theories are based upon
information gathered through various research sources.

The exploratory phase helps to understand the points of view of actors in the
setting, identify worthy research questions, articulate and operationalize variables
of interest, and allow theory to emerge.
Several research techniques have been employed to ensure that sufficient
information has been gathered to evaluate the feasibility of photovoltaic solar
system at Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege, Gangagarh in terms of
technological, economic, environmental, and social factors.

Types of Research

Literature Review

A literature review was conducted to accumulate background information

for the project implementation. Sources included various books, journals,
internet sites, government publications, building plans of the school and
experiences gained from implementation of similar previous projects. The

20
literature review was used as a starting point for research and as a resource
in forming key informant interview, questions and recommendations.

The literature review was also valuable in explaining and illustrating key
concepts, especially some of the more technical aspects of the project. The
scope of literature review is limited to the technological and economic
aspects of implementing solar projects

Field Trips

Several field trips to gather information about solar projects already

installed by the company have been made and met the users to gain first
hand knowledge about their views on the benefits accrued and satisfaction
level achieved.
Several visit to the project site at Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege,
Gangagarh were conducted to photograph the building’s exterior and
interior and to interact with staff members and children to gain an insight
on the building use and energy requirements.

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A comprehensive analysis to weight the pros and cons of the location,
focusing on understanding the best type of installation possible.

A tour of the Brad Power Solar at Greater Noida was also taken to learn
more about the complete range of solar energy systems and custom
solutions incorporating advanced building integration, passive solar
design, photovoltaic, and solar thermal heating.

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23
24
Technology Research

The project work involved consideration of two different types of solar

based energy systems viz. off grid and grid tied system of solar power
generation. Accordingly, different assumptions and strategies were
considered for each of these systems. The strategy part also involved
visits to nearby facilities and the installed solar projects of the company
in order to get a firsthand experience of the technology and their benefits.

Types of data

To explore and collect information about the latest technologies available

various research centres and universities, data from various sources
considered in order to study the available technology are:-

 Primary Data

 Data and information collected by survey and measurements at the

site.
 During the training session on Technical specification and
Marketing.
 Information collected while visiting the installed and ongoing
projects of Smart Energy Solutions.

 Secondary Data

 Wikipedia .

 Manufacturers website.

 MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) were the major

25
 sources of technical knowledge about the current technologies in
Photovoltaic cells apart from the timely and valuable guidance from
experienced professionals and workers of Smart Energy solutions in this
field.

 MNRE was the sole source used for the assumptions and
standards utilized in the report preparation.

 Renewable Energy India Expo Greater Noida.

Sampling frame, unit, size, method, etc.

In this study, the sampling frame has not been taken as the complete data has
been considered for sizing the system

Data Collection Tools

 Site Survey Form

 Magnetic Compass
 Measurement Tape
 Multimeter
 Radiation Data

Data Collection Tools

Survey

The buildings of the school were surveyed for installation of Solar Electricity
Generation System as per Appendix – III , all the academic buildings and the
administrative block were considered for survey to identify the most suitable
place for the installation of the solar array. Roof plans of all the buildings were

26
 made with every required specification and information including the
approximate placement of the modules on the shadow free roof area along with
the total peak power production possible.

The data from the school site was collected and studied, analyzed and the most
suitable technologies and standards for installation in the school Campus were
used.

In order to find out the most suitable and efficient orientation and location for
installation of the Solar PV modules, the roof of the relevant buildings were
measured and surveyed. The following points were considered while assessing an
area for installation:-

 A flat roof area of minimum 100 sq m must be present

 The roof area should be free of structures and erections
 Shadow free area must be available on the roof.
 In case of shadowing from trees and structures, areas just beyond
the ambit of the shadow is to be considered
 The systems are to be installed facing south, as far as possible

The survey began in earnest fashion on 16 Jun 2017 with the primary aim of
measuring the available roof area and also to ascertain any causes of roof area
occupation like structures and the associated shading on the roof. Dimensions
were measured using standard meter tapes while the length of the shadow cast by
structures and trees was assumed to be 1.5 times the structure height.

27
The timeline for the survey of all the relevant buildings on campus is tabulated as
follows:-

Date Survey

16Jun 17 Building No 1 – Primary Block

17 Jun 17 Building No 2 – Secondary Block

18 Jun 17 Building No 3 – Labs . computer Centre and

Administrative Block

Table 5.5.1.1 The timeline for the survey of all the relevant buildings on
campus
Interviews

These buildings have regular grid electricity supply and in the event of a grid
failure, no backup DG sets are present in these buildings. The electric supply is
not regular and generally power shedding is a common phenomenon here. Data
regarding the power cuts is collected by interacting with the school staff to get a
clear picture about the average power cuts per day and the reasons for the same.

It is emerged that the power cuts is a regular phenomenon especially in summer

months and the average power cut is about 4-5 hours per day in summers during
the school hours. No specific reasons for the power cuts could be ascertained by
interacting with the school staff.

Metrological Data
The metrological data about the location is collected by physical measurements
such as temperature, humidity and sunrise and sunset timings. Other important
metrological parameters such as latitude, average insolation etc were taken from
the internet and MNRE data.

28
Technological Survey
The assistance and guidance of the company professionals is sought to determine
the specific type of panel requirement,(Appendix IV) price and the conversion
efficiency in addition to the literature survey and site visits and internet search.

The dimensions and basic layout of the system studied during site visits was used
as a reference when preparing the detailed plans of solar placement on building
rooftops.
Sampling frame, unit, size, method

The project being smaller in size and confined to one location, it is possible to
measure the relevant aspects of the complete population under study instead of
choosing a sample frame.

All the data collected is based on actual and measured physically on the site such
as the data for load calculations and the actual size of the roof available for
installation of the solar panel array. Other data is collected from the previous
records available with the institution such as records of electricity bills and power
consumption in last one year.

Data Analysis: Results and Analysis

Off-Grid solution

An Off-Grid solution is a system that works independently and is not connected to

the Grid. Grid over here means the wiring network from the electricity
distribution company that provides electricity. An off-grid solution generates
electricity and stores it in a system of batteries and does not provide it back to the
grid.

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A typical off grid solution looks something like shown below:

Figure 5.7.1.1 A typical off grid solution

In an off-grid solution a PV Module generates electricity that charges the batteries

connected to it through a charge controller. The charge controller prevents
overcharging of batteries and also makes sure that the batteries do not get
discharged at night or cloudy days. There are three types of charge controllers
available: 1) Shunt 2) PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) 3) MPPT (Maximum
Power Point Tracking).

MPPT being the most sophisticated and efficient although more

expensive have been considered for the project implementation.

The battery bank is the component that needs regular maintenance. Solar systems
need deep cycle batteries and cannot be operated on batteries used in automobiles.
Life of batteries depends on number of times it is discharged and thus deep cycle
batteries are a must. There are multiple types of batteries available in market. The
maintenance free ones are the most expensive and they also last no longer than 4-
5 years. The other regular lead batteries need to be filled with distilled water
regularly for right operation but if maintained well can run for long and are
cheaper than maintenance free batteries.

The maintenance free batteries have been considered for the project due to
no maintenance requirement and long life.

30
The inverter converts DC current from the battery into AC current that is useful
for various appliances. For using with Solar Panels, it can be the same inverter if
you have one. There are two types of inverters available in the market: 1)
Modified Sine Wave and 2) Pure Sine Wave inverters.

In the proposed system a Solar Power Conditioning unit (PCU) is considered

due to the following advantages:-

 An integrated system consisting of a solar charge controller,

inverter and a Grid charger.

 It provides the facility to charger the battery bank either through Solar

or Grid/DG set at the same time continuously monitors the state of

Battery Voltage, Solar Power output and the loads.

 Due to sustained usage of power, when the Battery voltage falls below

a preset level, the PCU will automatically transfer the load to the Grid/DG
power and also charge the batteries.

 The PCU always gives preference to the Solar Power and will use

Grid/DG power only when the Solar Power/ Battery charger is insufficient
to meet the load requirement.

 Once the Batteries are charged to the preset level, the PCU cuts off the

Grid/DG Power from the system and will restore to feeding the loads
from the battery bank & also restore to charging the battery from the
available Solar power.

PCU consists of a Charge Controller Unit (CCU) and an Inverter.

 CCU will control the charging, discharging of the battery, Load

31
 connection and disconnection and Panel connection and disconnection. In
other words the PCU is the heart of the system and ensures the life of the
battery and optimum usage of the system.

 Inverter will convert the DC energy into alternating energy to meet

the conventional load demand for the predetermined period.It will also
take care of the initial surge current required for inductive loads. The
capacity of the Inverter will always be double the size of the load
demand.

Grid tied solution

A grid-tied solution is simpler and cheaper to install as compared to off-grid

solution. It also requires less maintenance, as there are no batteries involved in it.
So essentially a grid connected system is without a charge controller and a battery
bank.

Figure 5.7.2.1 A grid connected system

However, the Grid tied system has not been considered for the project
implementation despite its advantage due to frequent faults and highly
erratic power supply in the region of installation.

Solar photovoltaic

Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. The structural (load carrying) member of a

32
module can either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer (substrate). The
majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells
based on cadmium telluride or silicon. Crystalline silicon is a commonly used
semiconductor.

Photovoltaic energy conversion in solar cells consists of two essential steps. First
absorption of sunlight generates an electron-hole pair. The electron and hole are
then separated by the structure of the device-electrons to the negative terminal and
holes to the positive terminal-thus generating electrical power.

Figure 5.7.3.1 Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation

33
In order to use the cells in practical applications, they must be:

 Connected electrically to one another as a single solar panel can only

produce a limited amount of power, hence any installations contain
several panels. This is known as a photovoltaic array.

 Protected from mechanical damage during manufacture, transport,

installation and use (in particular against hail impact, wind and snow
loads). This is especially important for wafer-based silicon cells which
are brittle.

 Protected from moisture, which corrodes metal contacts and

interconnections, thus decreasing performance and lifetime.

 Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on
thin-film cells

The project implementation is carried out with Waaree Solar panels

(Appendix V) made from a block of silicon, consisting of a large number of
crystals. It is highly efficient Solar panels for solar power generation which
comes at best price with IEC certification 25 years performance warranty
and 1 year manufacturer warranty. The total power output available for
distribution amongst various loads was considered after placing the modules
on the roof plans.

Sizing of a PV system

Sizing of a solar PV system is not very important in case of grid-connected

solution. That is because in case your usage is more than what the system
installed can generate, then extra electricity required can come from the grid. If
your usage is less than what the system has generated, then the extra will go into

34
the grid and you will get rebates on the electricity you use from the grid. This is
covered under net metering policy of the Discom.

But sizing is very important for an off-grid system. The number of PV modules,
size of battery array and the inverter will depend on the setup that one want to
support on it.

As per the standards taken, it is assumed that on a good day a solar PV system can
generate electricity only for 5-7 hours. Which means a 10 kW system will
generate 50-70 units of electricity on a real good day.

The best thing that can help in sizing the system is the electricity bill. The
monthly electricity bill be divided by 30 (or 31 based on the month) and to get
the daily units usage.

If one do not have the monthly electricity bills, then one need to find out the
wattage of all the appliances that one have and use the formula below to calculate
daily units
Units = (wattage of appliance) x (number of hours of usage in a day)/1000

Sum the units of all appliances to get the daily units.

While sizing make sure to look at the month which have the maximum
electricity consumption. as the electricity consumption changes every month. Size
the system according to the maximum electricity consumption.

The project sizing has been done considering the average monthly bill and
the wattage of all the appliances due to irregular grid power supply thereby
affecting the monthly electricity bills due to non usage of appliances during
the power cuts.
The average monthly bill is Rs 8400/- @ Rs 5.6 per kWh or 1500 units per
month.

35
Basic Solar Energy Calculations

Figure 5.7.5.1: Trajectory of sun in the Northern Hemisphere

Source : https://livingonsolarpower.wordpress.com/

The placement of the panels should be in north-south direction. As shown in the

figure, the sun follows a trajectory tilted towards the south.

The angle of the solar array can be anywhere from the latitude plus 15 degrees to
latitude minus 15 degrees for a yearly fixed mount position. The latitude of the
place offers the best year-round position. By biasing the array "latitude plus 15
degrees", it will get slightly more insolation during winter months. A “latitude
minus 15 degrees" will bias the array to summer months.

The latitude of Gangagarh is 28.17078, hence the angle of the solar panel is
kept at 280 for maximum insolation

Place Ganga Garh

PIN Code 202396
District Bulandshahr
Tehsil/ Taluka Debai
State Uttar Pradesh
Latitude 28.17078
Longitude 78.066

Table 5.7.5.1: Location of Gangagarh

36
The basic unit of power or electricity is Watt. It is actually a measure of rate of
energy. Larger units of power are measured in multiples of 1000. For example,

1000 watts = 1 kilowatt (kW)

1000 kW = 1 megawatt (MW)

If an electrical appliance consumes 1000 watts for one hour, it has consumed 1
kWh of energy or 1 unit of electricity. So, 1000 watt hours = 1 kilowatt hour
(kWh). Thus, a 100 watt bulb for 10 hours will consume 1 kWh.

Solar panels are characterized by number of watts (Wp) they can produce under
Standard Test Conditions (STC) of 1000 W/m 2 irradiation, cell temperature of 25
degree Celsius and air mass of 1.5. This is their peak performance. However, the
amount of power they actually produce in outdoor conditions depends upon the
amount of sunshine.

Air Mass

Air mass is a measure of the distance traveled by sunlight through the Earth’s
atmosphere. Since light intensity is attenuated by scattering and absorption, the
more distance it passes through the atmosphere, the greater is the attenuation.
Consequently, the sun appears less bright at the horizon (morning and late
afternoon) than when at the zenith (noon). An air mass of 1 means the sun is
looking straight down on the sea surface when it is directly overhead.

At any location with latitude greater than 23.5 degrees, the sun is never
directly overhead and so air mass will be always greater than 1. The number
1.5 has been agreed upon for the STC (Standard Test Condition) for testing
solar panels.

Solar Irradiance and Solar Constant

Solar irradiance is the amount of sunshine incident on a unit area and is typically
expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2) or kilowatts per square meter
(kW/m2). Irradiance is measured through an instrument called ‘pyranometer,’
which displays the instantaneous power available from the Sun.

37
Solar constant is the solar irradiance outside the earth’s atmosphere on a 1 square
meter surface oriented normal to the sun’s rays. It is about 1367 W/m 2. This is
attenuated by the atmosphere and the peak solar insolation on earth’s surface
oriented normal to the sun on a clear day is of the order of 1000 W/m2.

This irradiance of 1000 W/m2 corresponds to Standard Testing Conditions

(STC) and is called “peak sun” or “1 sun”. If the incident radiation is
concentrated 10 times using a lens or a mirror assembly and the incident
power increases to 10,000 W/m2, then the irradiance is called “10 Suns.”

Uttar Pradesh receives good amount of sunshine throughout the year.

The annual average solar radiation in Uttar Pradesh is about 4-6 KWh/m2/day.

Figure 5.7.6.1 - Solar Irradiation in Uttar Pradesh

38
 Table 5.7.6.1 –Solar Irradiation of Uttar Pradesh cities

Solar Insolation

Insolation is the amount of solar irradiance that is incident on a fixed area over a
period of time, and hence is a unit of energy. It is typically expressed in watt-
hours per square meter per day (Wh/m2/day) or kilowatt-hours per square meter
per day (kWh/m2/day) or even (kWh/m2/year) for a particular location, orientation
and tilt of a surface.

Since 1000 W/m2 is “1 sun”, one hour of this ideal irradiance produces 1,000
watt-hours per square meter (1 kWh/m2). This is also known as “1 sun hour.”
Colorful maps of solar potential as shown in Appendix 1 display solar energy in
kWh/m2/day, which is equivalent to the number of full sun hours per day. This is
a useful parameter for sizing solar panels in the PV systems. More “sun hours”
means more potential for solar power.

Energy Produced by One Panel

The unit of electrical energy consumed is generally measured in kilowatt-hours

(kWh). If an array of solar panels rated at 1000 Wp produce electricity for 1 hour
under good sunshine, they have produced 1 kWh or 1 unit of electricity. The total

39
amount of energy they produce during the day is governed by things like solar
latitude which is associated with latitude and season, and atmospheric conditions
such as cloud coverage, temperature and degree of pollution apart from panel
orientation and shading.

For same sunshine, panels produce more power in cooler climates than under hot
temperatures. In India, ideal orientation for solar panels is slight tilt towards true
south, in South India placing panels flat (horizontal) will also do.

Space Required to install 10 kW Solar Panels

Under clear skies and good sunshine each square meter is receiving about 1000
watts of solar energy. At typical 15% panel efficiency, a 1.6 sq m area will
generate 240 watts of power.

For 10 kW power output about 41.6 (42) solar panels would be required .
The space required to accommodate 42 panels of size 1.6 m 2 will be 68 m2.
After leaving some free space, about 90-100 sq m(900-1000 sq feet) of clear
roof area will be required.

Power Produced By a 1 kW solar PV system annually in

Gangagarh

Gangagarh has average daily sunshine of 5.5 hours. If we assume loss of 30 days
due to rains and clouds every year, then total annual sun hours are 5.5 x 335 =
1843 hours. Ideally 1843 kWh of energy can be produced. But the actual
performance will be less than 100 percent because the outdoor conditions are
different from standard test conditions of the panels. So, for a 80 percent system
performance the annual power production will be 1474 kWh (ie 1843x 0.8). In
locations where there are shadows and panel tilt is not towards true south, it is
often advisable to consider loss of another 10-15%.

40
 CHAPTER 6 - DATA ANALYSIS

Data Classification

A solar PV system design can be done in four steps:-

 Load estimation
 Estimation of number of PV panels
 Estimation of battery bank
 Cost estimation of the system.

Load Estimation
The building wise connected load has been calculated based on the electrical
appliances and fixtures on each building as under:-

Ser No Connected Load Wattage

1 Light Load (80 x 9W, LEDs ) 720 W

2 Fan Load (80 x 60 W Fan ) 4800 W

3 Computer Lab (10 X Desktop@ 1500 W

150W)

4 Labs 500 W

Total 7,520 W

Table 6.2.1 : Building Wise connected load

Based on the above load, the annual energy consumption in kilo watt
hour(Electrical Units) has been worked out for each building considering 6
working hours per day, 25 working days in a month and a total of 11 working
months in a year.

41
 S.No. Building Electrical
consumption
(kWH p.a.)
1 Primary wing
Load 3119
10 x LED (9W) + 30 x fan(60W) = 1.89
KW X 6 hr per day for 25 days in a month
for 11 months
2 Secondary Wing
Load 4307
10 x LED (9W) + 42 x fan(60W)= 2.61
KW X 6 hr per day for 25 days in a month
for 11 months
3 Administrative Block & Labs
Load 3564
20 x LED (9W) + 8 x Fan(60W) +
Computer Lab (10 X Desktop@ 150W) + =
2.16 kW X 6 hr per day for 25 days in a
month for 11 months
Total 10,990 Units

Table 6.2.2 : Electricity consumption at various Buildings of Sitaram

Bhartiya Intercollege

Estimation of kW Rating of the system

 The total energy requirement of the system (total load) i.e Total
connected load to PV panel system = 7520 watts

 Total watt-hours rating of the system

= Total connected load (watts) × Operating hours

42
 = 7520 × 6 = 45120 watt-hours(45 KWH)

Estimation of Number of PV Panels

 Actual power output of a PV panel

= Peak power rating × operating factor

= 250 × 0.90 = 232 watt

The power used at the end user is less (due to lower combined efficiency of the
system)

= Actual power output of a panel × combined efficiency

= 232 × 0.81 = 188 watts (VA)

 Energy produced by one 250 Wp panel in a day

= Actual power output ×6 hours/day (peak equivalent)

= 188 × 6 = 1128 watts-hour

 Number of solar panels required to satisfy given estimated daily load :

= (Total watt-hour rating (daily load)/(Daily energy produced by a panel)

=45120/1128

= 40 Panels of 250 Wp

43
Estimation of PCU & Batteries

Number of PCUs/Inverter required are calculated as :-

 Total connected load to PV panel system = 7520 watts ≈ 8 kW

 PCU with the rating of 10000 VA(10kVA) is used.
 Therefore, the number of PCU required are
= 1 PCUs
 Number of batteries depends on the backup time required. Calculate
battery backup time as under :-
= Battery Volt X Battery AH rating X Inverter Efficiency
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total watts on Load

= 12 X 150 X 0.85 /8000 = 0.19 hours

For a backup of 4 hrs, 21 X150 Ah batteries are connected to PCU

Assumptions Taken For Design

:
o Inverter converts DC into AC power with efficiency of about 85%.

o Battery voltage used for operation = 12 volts

o The combined efficiency of inverter and battery will be

calculated as :

Combined efficiency = PCU efficiency × battery efficiency

= 0.9 × 0.9 = 0.81 = 81%

 Sunlight available in a day = 6 hours/day (equivalent of peak radiation.

 Operation of lights and fan = 6 hours/day of PV panels.

44
  PV panel power rating = 250 Wp (Wp, meaning, watt (peak), gives
only peak power output of a PV panel)

 A factor called, operating factor is used to estimate the actual output from
a PV module.

[The operating factor between 0.60 and 0.90 (implying the output power is 60 to
80% lower than rated output power) in normal operating conditions, depending on
temperature, dust on module, etc.In the present case efficiency of 90% is taken]

45
Cost of Installing the Solar PV System

Sr. Components Unit Price Cost (INR)

No (INR)

1 Solar PV panel, 40 x 250 W, 8000 3,20,000.00

Waaree Make (Appendix V)

2 Power Conditioning Unit, Statcon 1,05,000 X 1 1,05,000 .00

Make (Appendix VI)

3 Battery, 150 Ah, 12 V, Excide 17,000 X 21 3,57,000.00

Solar Tubular Make

4 ‘Cu’ stranded wires 4/2.5 sq.mm 6,000.00

and switches

5 M.S. angle painted frame 30,000.00

6 Installation & Transportation 40,000.00

Charges

7 Misc. Cement, sand, metal etc 5,000.00

Earthing and Lightening arrester 30,000.00

8 Total 8,93,000.00

9 Subsidy @ 30% on Total Cost 2,67,900.00

10 Net Cost 6,25,100.00

Table 6.2.5.1 Cost of Installing the Solar PV System

46
Data Analysis and Results

From the load estimation, it is revealed that the connected load in the institution is
7520 watt hr. Hence, a solar PV system of 10 kW capacity has been proposed for
installation

Ample roof space is available for installation of the solar panels. Hence, it is
proposed to install solar PV arrays on the rooftops of the school buildings in the
campus.

The Grid power supply in the area is erratic with prolonged power cuts, Hence an
off-grid system has been recommended despite the higher cost of batteries and
maintenance so as to ensure 24X7 power supply availability.

Capital investment by customer is Rs. 6,25,100/- which comes out to Rs 62,510

per kW. The unit rate of electricity generated by this plant will be Rs. 1.60 per
unit. Customer’s present rate of power is Rs. 5.60/- per unit which may increase
substantially in 25 years.

Solar photovoltaic systems have a high capital expense which makes it unviable
for
installation but include several incentives to promote the same. They are outlined
as follows:
 According to JNNSM, for the year 2016-17, the benchmark price for
photovoltaic systems with battery back-up support is considered as Rs.70/- per
Wp.

 Capital subsidy of 90% of the benchmark cost would be available for

special category states, viz. NE, Sikkim, J&K, Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand. In addition, it would be extended for setting up only stand alone
rural solar power plants / packs (both PV and thermal projects) in remote and
difficult areas such as Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and districts
on India's international borders.

47
The benchmark cost for the system is Rs 8,93,000.00. Maximum subsidy that can
be availed @30% = Rs. 2,67,900.00.

As the present conventional energy prices are relatively high, solar electricity
systems are thus cost efficient to install in the long run. It is expected that the
pricing structure of conventional energy will further increase in such a way that
the economic viability of solar panel systems will further improve the future.

48
System overview

Ser System Capacity of Solar 10kW System

No PV

1 Brand name Panels: Waaree

2 Type
3 Weight & Area Required
4 Mounting Structure
5 Energy Generation in kWhr 14,740 kWh (units) annually for a 10kW
Rooftop Off Grid System with batteries
The weight of the Solar system is
@20kg/m2. Total load will be around 2
ton
The area required will be @100sq ft/kW.
Total shadow free area required will be
around 1000 sq ft
for the total system of 10 kW.
Panels shall be mounted on galvanized
frames inclined at 28 degrees to the south.
The structure is designed in such a manner
that module can be replaced easily and in
line with site requirements and it is easy to
install and service in future.
system.

6 Solar PV System Cost Total Turnkey execution cost Rs.

6,25,100/-
7 Benefits Accelerated depreciation benefits.
Government Subsidies for PV: 30% of the
system size.

Table 6.4.1 System overview

49
Implementation Schedule

Implementation Schedule of 10kW SPV Power System in Gangagarh

Activity Week Nos.

1 2 3 4 5 6
Order Finalization
Site Activities
2 Site Survey

3 PV Array site
Preparation
4 Building of Control
Room
Supply
5 Pv modules
6 Support structures
and junction box
7 Interconnecting
Cables
8 PCU & protective
Devices
Installation
9 PV Array
10 Wiring & Cabling
11 PCU incl load
Termination
12 Commissioning

13 Load trials &

Data Collection
Table 6.5.1: Implementation Schedule

50
51
 Savings and Payback

Area
Return on Investment 10 KWp 2500-3000
required
Sq.ft.
Wp to be installed 10kW
Electricity Generation in Unit ( generation
considered for 11 months @ 1340 Units/month) Per Year 14,740
Total Rate With Battery
Fixing & Installation Charges Included

1St Year
Effective Investment Rs. 6,25,100
Cost of Power Generated 5.60 Rs. 82,544
Rs.
Income Tax Savings 80% Depreciation in first year 30 % 1,50,024
Rs.
Closing balance for 1st year 3,92,432
2nd Year

Rs.
Opening balance for 2nd year 3,92,432
Cost of Power Generated (14740X0 .7%) 5.60 Rs. 81,966
Income Tax Savings 20% Depreciation in the second
year(625100X 0.2 X 0.3). 30 % Rs. 37,560

Closing balance for 2nd year Rs. 2,72,906

3rd Year
Rs. .
Opening balance for 3rd year 2,72,906
Cost of Power Generated(14740X0.7% X 0.7%) 5.60 Rs.81,388

52
 Rs.
Closing balance for 3rd year 1,91,517
4th Year
Rs.
Opening balance for 4th year 1,91,517
Cost of Power Generated(14740X0.7% X 0.7% X 0.7%) 5.60 Rs. 80,810
Closing balance for 4th year Rs 1,10,706
5th Year
Opening balance for 5th year Rs 1,10,706
Cost of Power Generated(14740X0.7% X 0.7% X 0.7%
X 0.7%)) 5.60 Rs. 80232
Closing balance for 5th year Rs. 30,473
6th Year 79655
Cost of Power Generated in 4 months and 17 days Rs. 30,473
Closing balance for 5 year & 4 months and 17 days Rs. 0
Table 6.6.1 Savings and Payback
Thus ROI is less than 6 years as per the above calculations.

The total life of solar panel is more than 25 years; it will generate electricity
for 25 years. The solar panel power output will decline annually by not more
than 0.7% of the peak power. Hence power output at the end of 25 years will
be at least 80 % of the peak power. In 25 years it will generate 3,68,500 units
of electricity.

With the subsidized capital costs and annual monetary savings as above, the
overall payback period turns out to be 5 Years and 4 Months and 17 days.

As a result, due to the JNNSM subsidies, the financial viability of the project is
extremely good.

53
Interpretation of result

Initial installation and purchasing prices of PV systems are quite high. For
Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege, it will cost Rs 6,25,100 to purchase and install of a
10 kW Solar System. With such a low payback period of 5 Years 4 Months and
17 days , a high lifecycle of >25 years, this project would pay for itself many
times over. In this, it would be a remarkable technical and financial achievement
for the campus.

The subsidies available from MNRE are valid on the benchmark capital cost set
by MNRE itself according to Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. Hence
this benchmark cost has been considered while calculating the overall financial
analysis of the project.

The annual energy requirement of the school are adequately met by the 10 kW
system. The total energy requirement is 10,990 units as against 14,740 units
generated annually.

If we consider the life of the system as 25 years then The unit rate of electricity
generated by this plant will be Rs. 1.69 per unit(625100/14740X25). Customer’s
present rate of power is Rs. 5.60/- per unit which may increase substantially in 25
years.
Once the initial purchase and installation costs are covered, there are very few
further costs that solar panels encounter. All solar panels have a twenty-five year
warranty, with an expected life span of over thirty years that covers all
maintenance.
(using Graph, Table, Statistical or O.R. tools)

54
 CHAPTER 7 - FINDINGS /CONCLUSION

Findings
Advantages of solar power:
 Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.
 Once a solar panel is installed, solar energy can be produced free
of charge.
 Solar energy will last forever whereas it is estimated that the world’s oil
reserves will last for 30 to 40 years.
 Solar energy causes no pollution. Solar cells make absolutely no noise
at all. On the other hand, the giant machines utilized for pumping oil are
extremely noisy and therefore very impractical.
 Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells running. There are
no moving parts in a solar cell which makes it impossible to really
damage them.
 In the long term, there can be a high return on investment due to the
amount of free energy a solar panel can produce, it is estimated that the
average household will see 50% of their energy coming in from solar
panels.
Disadvantages of Solar Power
 Solar panels can be expensive to install resulting in a time-lag of many
years for savings on energy bills to match initial investments.
 Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to
sunlight; this could be limited by a countries climate.
 Solar power stations do not match the power output of similar sized
conventional power stations; they can also be very expensive to
build.
 Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices
can be used at night. The batteries can often be large and heavy, taking
up space and needing to be replaced from time to time.

55
Conclusion
The installation of solar panels at the school is economically feasible for
the management; due to the fact that accelerated depreciation and subsidy
are available . Installing these panels will not only decrease the costs of
conventional energy, it will also provide many benefits for society and the
environment. The overruling opinion in the case of environmental aspects
of a PV array is that they are essentially harmless. They produce minimal
amounts of pollutants which can lead to climate change, ozone depletion,
smog, or human health problems. This amount is especially significant in
comparison to traditional energy sources, which are the leading source of
greenhouse gases today. From a social standpoint, implementing solar
panels on Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege are not only feasible, but
beneficial. Solar panels would enhance the school’s image, promote
environmental awareness, act as an educational tool, and generate
commitment to the community.

56
 CHAPTER 8- RECOMMENDATIONS& LIMITATIONS

Considering the overwhelming benefits of utilizing alternative energy sources, the

simplicity of installing solar paneling, and the cost savings the school will attain,
It is recommended that solar panels be installed at the school.

• When technically and economically feasible, older buildings on campus

should be retrofitted with solar technology.
• Economics should not be the sole deciding factor for projects such as these.
When the feasibility of a certain project is being examined, and economics play a
large role, the management policies should be adjusted to attain the best possible
solution.
Recommendations
This sector needs
 • Standard configurations
 • Initial support from the government in terms of soft loan to stabilize
the market.
 Soft loans could be implemented through banks and home finance
companies which have established business processes for client
assessment, loan security, disbursal and recovery. This can be done in
line with MNRE’s solar water heating programme in which, MNRE is
providing soft loan at 5 per cent interest rate.
 Bulk purchasing of individual systems could help in reducing the
upfront capital cost. Soft loan coupled with standardized system
configurations would create right market conditions for larger off-take of
roof top solar PV systems.
 • Certification of installer and developers along with specialized training
and certification of technicians for installation of roof top solar systems
would infuse confidence in clients and would also enhance the quality of
installations.

57
Limitations
The key barriers to large scale adoption of rooftop SPV across various consumer
categories are:
 • High upfront cost
 • Limited financing schemes by banks
 • Lack of awareness among consumers
 • Limited standardized rooftop solar PV systems
 • Inadequate supply chain for rooftop solar PV systems
 • Inadequate experience of grid connectivity at low voltage
 • Limitations of solar systems to function during power outage.
 • Higher cost of dual function inverter (which allows consumption of
solar electricity during power outage) in India
 Apart from above mentioned barriers, few challenges specific to
market are:
 • Cost reduction for small capacity SPV systems
 • Few companies in the market deal with small capacity solar
PV systems; utility scale system integrators (EPC providers) are
reluctant to enter into the small SPV domain.

58
 REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.energy.wsu.edu/Documents/SolarPVforBuildersOct2009
2. mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/TERI-Technical-Manual-Banks-FIs
3. mnre.gov.in/.../Best-Practices-Guide-on-State-Level-Solar-Rooftop-
Photovoltaic-Prog.
4. smartcities.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Solar%20Rooftop
5. https://www.nrel.gov
6. mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/solar_radiant_energy_over_India

59
 Appendix I

India stands second in the solar energy attractiveness index after US

with a rating index of 64

60
 Appendix II

Sitaram Bhartiya School rooftop

61
 Appendix III
Site Assessment Checklist

S.No. Information to be collected Value/Data

1 General Information
1.1 Date of Survey
1.2 Name of Building
1.3 Address
1.4 City
1.5 Latitude / Longitude of Site N S
1.6 Surveyed By
1.7 Checked By
2 Roof Type-RCC
2.1 Items installed on the roof
2.2 Usable area for installation of solar
modules
2.3 Age of the roof
2.4 Accessibility to the roof
2.5 Load bearing capacity
2.6 Building Orientation
3 Roof Type-Pitched / Slant Roof
3.1 Roof Orientation
3.2 Roof Tilt angle
3.3 Roof material
3.4 Roof age
3.5 Roof structure-material , load bearing
capacity
3.6 Accessibility and convenience to work in
the roof
4 Assess potential source for near and far
shadow
4.1 Shadow from trees & vegetation
4.2 Shadow from other buildings
4.3 Shadow from objects
4.4 Shadow from natural landscape in hilly
areas
5 Maximum wind velocity, occasion of
cyclone
6 Environment: salinity ,humidity, dust,
pollution
7 How is the building separated from the
roof?
8 Activities under the roof
9 Are there any inflammable materials
inside?
10 Space available for the installation of
inverter

62
S.No. Information to be collected Value/Data
11 Load Details-list of appliances and working
hours
12 Details of standby power supply system if
any
13 Location of balance of system equipment
14 Health, safety & environmental risks

63
 Appendix IV

List Solar PV Manufacturers and Dealers

Manufacturer / Dealer Contact Details
Moserbaer Solar 3B, Okhla Industrial Estate, New Delhi
110020, India
Tel.: +91-11-40594444, 26911570 / 74
Fax:+91-11-41635211, 26911860
Email:pvsystems@moserbaer.in
Bharat Heavy Electronics Ltd., SC&PV dept, P.B. No. 2606, Mysore
Electronics Division Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 560
026
Tel: 0918026740158
Titan Energy Systems 16 Aruna Enclave, Trimulgherry,
Secunderabad-500015, Andhra Pradesh
Tel: +91-40-2779 1085 / 0751
Email: infotitan-energy.com
Maharishi Solar A-14, Mohan Co-operative Industrial
Area,
Mathura Road, New Delhi, NCR Delhi
India 110 044
Tel: 011 26959529
Central Electronics Ltd 781, Desh Bandhu Gupta Road, Karol
Bagh,New Delhi-110005, India
Tel: +91- 11- 23526836
Euro Multivision Ltd Boston House, Ground Floor, Suren
Road, Chakala, Andheri (E), Mumbai,
Maharashtra,India 400093
Tel: 91 22 4036 4036
Flexitron 1234, 22A main, 11A cross, Sector-1, HSR
Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka India
560102
Tel: +91-80-25721284

64
Manufacturer / Dealer Contact Details
Microsol Power Plot No; 15 A Phase 4 Extn Ida
Jeedimetla,
Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
India 500055
Tel: +91-40-27766917
NEPC India Ltd 35, WALLAJAH ROAD, CHENNAI,
TAMIL NADU INDIA 600002
Tel: 91-44-28524041
Usha Solar Ltd 12/1, Delhi Mathura Road, Faridabad,
Haryana India 121003
Tel: 0091-129-5277641

65
 Appendix V

66
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 Appendix VI

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