PhysicsSE 10 Ch04 PowerPoints

Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Storyline
Tenth Edition
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 4
Motion in Two Dimensions
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
PositionVector
  
r  r f  ri
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Velocity Vector
  
 r   r dr 
v avg  v  lim  v v
t t  0 t dt
Acceleration Vector
 v  v
 v f i
aavg  
t t f  ti
 
 v dv
a  lim 
t  0 t dt
Quick Quiz 4.1 (1 of 2)
Consider the following controls in an automobile in motion: gas pedal, brake,

steering wheel. What are the controls in this list that cause an acceleration of
the car?
(a) all three controls
(b) the gas pedal and the brake
(c) only the brake
(d) only the gas pedal
(e) only the steering wheel
Consider the following controls in an automobile in motion: gas pedal, brake,

steering wheel. What are the controls in this list that cause an acceleration of
the car?
(a) all three controls
(b) the gas pedal and the brake
(c) only the brake
(d) only the gas pedal
(e) only the steering wheel
Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (1 of 5)
 ˆ ˆ
r  xi  yj
Motion in two dimensions can be modeled as two independent motions in each

of the two perpendicular directions associated with the x and y axes.

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v  i j  vx î  v y ˆj
dt dt dt
vxf  vxi  ax t and v yf  v yi  a y t

  
v f   vxi  ax t  î   v yi  a y t  ˆj  vxi î  v yi ˆj  ax î  a y ˆj t 
   
v f  v i  at  for constant a 
1 2 1 2
x f  xi  vxi t  ax t y f  yi  v yi t  a y t
2 2
  1 2 ˆ  1 2 ˆ
r f   xi  vxi t  ax t  i   yi  v yi t  a y t  j
 2   2 
1 ˆ
    
 xi i  yi j  vxi i  v yi j t  ax i  a y ˆj t 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2

   12 
r f  ri  v i t  at for constant a 
2
  
v f  v i  at 
 
   1  2 for constant a 
r f  ri  v i t  at 
2 
Example 4.1: Motion in a Plane (1 of 5)
A particle moves in the xy plane, starting from the origin at t = 0 with an initial
velocity having an x component of 20 m/s and a y component of 15 m/s. The
particle experiences an acceleration in the x direction, given by ax = 4.0 m/s2.
(A) Determine the total velocity vector at any later time.
vxi  20 m/s, v yi  15 m/s, ax  4.0 m/s, a y  0

  
v f  v i  at   vxi  ax t  î   v yi  a y t  ˆj

v f   20   4.0  t  î   15   0  t  ˆj

v f   20   4.0  t  î  15ˆj
(B) Calculate the velocity and speed of the particle at t = 5.0 s and the angle
the velocity vector makes with the x axis.


v f   20  4.0 5.0  î  15ˆj  40î  15ˆj m/s 
 v yf
1
 1  15 m/s 
  tan    tan    21
v  40 m/s 
 xf 

 40    15 
2 2
v f  v f  vxf 2  v yf 2   43 m/s
(C) Determine the x and y coordinates of the particle at any time t and its
position vector at this time.
   1 2  1 2 ˆ  1 2 ˆ
r f  ri  v i t  at   xi  vxi t  a x t  i   yi  v yi t  a yt  j
2  2   2 
  1 2ˆ  1 2ˆ
r f  0   20  t   4.0  t  i  0   15  t  0  t  j
 2   2 

r f   20t  2.0t  i  15tˆj
2 ˆ
What if we wait a very long time and then observe the motion of the particle?
How would we describe the motion of the particle for large values of the time?
Path becomes more and more parallel to x axis.


v f   20   4.0  t  î  15ˆj
Projectile Motion (1 of 3)
   12
r f  ri  v i t  gt
2
vxi  vi cos i v yi  vi sin i
v yf  v yi  gt
x f  xi  vxi t
v yi  v yf
v y ,avg 
2
1
y f  yi   v yi  v yf  t
2
1 2
y f  yi  v yi t  gt
2
v yf  v yi  2 g  y f  yi 
2 2
Quick Quiz 4.2 Part I (1 of 2)
As a projectile thrown at an upward angle moves in its parabolic path (such as

in the figure), at what point along its path are the velocity and acceleration
vectors for the projectile perpendicular to each other?
(a) nowhere
(b) the highest point
(c) the launch point
As a projectile thrown at an upward angle moves in its parabolic path (such as

in the figure), at what point along its path are the velocity and acceleration
vectors for the projectile perpendicular to each other?
(a) nowhere
Quick Quiz 4.2 Part II (1 of 2)
At what point are the velocity and acceleration vectors for the projectile parallel
to each other?
(a) nowhere
At what point are the velocity and acceleration vectors for the projectile parallel
to each other?
(a) nowhere
Horizontal Range and Maximum Height of a Projectile
Height of a Projectile
vi sin  i
v yf  v yi  gt  0  vi sin  i  gt A  t A 
g
1 2
y f  yi  v yi t  gt 
2
2
vi sin  i 1  vi sin  i 
h   vi sin  i   g 
g 2  g 
vi 2 sin 2  i
h
2g
Horizontal Range of a Projectile
x f  xi  vxi t  R  vxi tB   vi cos   2t A
2vi sin  i 2vi 2 sin i cos i
  vi cos i  
g g
2sin  i cos i  sin 2 i
2
vi sin 2 i
R
g
vi 2
Rmax 
g
Trajectories of a Projectile
Rank the launch angles for the five paths in the figure with respect to time of
flight from the shortest time of flight to the longest.
Rank the launch angles for the five paths in the figure with respect to time of
flight from the shortest time of flight to the longest.
15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°

Problem-Solving Strategy: Projectile Motion (1 of 2)
1. Conceptualize
2. Categorize
2 2 2
vi sin  i vi sin 2i
h R
2g g
Problem-Solving Strategy: Projectile Motion (2 of 2)
1. Analyze
1
x f  xi  vxi t y f  yi   v yi  v yf  t
2
v yf  v yi  gt 1 2
v yi  v yf 2
vy,avg 
2 v yf  v yi  2 g  y f  yi 
2 2
2. Finalize
Example 4.2: The Long Jump (1 of 2)
A long jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0° above the horizontal and
at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(A) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction?
vi 2 sin 2 i
R
g
 
2 o
11.0 m/s sin 2(20.0 )

9.80 m/s 2
 7.94 m
Example 4.2: The Long Jump (2 of 2)
(B) What is the maximum height reached?
vi sin i 11.0 m/s  sin 20.0 

2 2 2 2
h 
2g 2 9.80 m/s 
2
 0.722 m
Example 4.3: A Bull’s-Eye Every Time (1 of 2)
In a popular lecture demonstration, a

projectile is aimed directly at a target in
such a way that the projectile leaves the
gun at the same time the target is dropped
from rest. Show that the projectile hits the
falling target as shown in the figure.
Example 4.3: A Bull’s-Eye Every Time (2 of 2)
1 2 1
yT  yiT   0  t  gt  xT tan  i  gt 2
2 2
1 2 1 1
yP  yiP  v yiP t  gt  0   viP sin i  t  gt 2  viP sin i  t  gt 2
2 2 2
xP  xiP  vxiP t  0   viP cos i  t   viP cos i  t
xP
t
viP cos i
 xP  1 2
yP   viP sin i     gt
 viP cos i  2
1
 xP tan i  gt 2
2
Example 4.4: That’s Quite an Arm (1 of 4)
A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30.0°
to the horizontal with an initial speed of

20.0 m/s as shown in the figure. The
height from which the stone is thrown is
45.0 m above the ground.
(A) How long does it take the stone to
reach the ground?
xi  yi  0, y f  45.0 m, a y   g , vi  20.0 m/s

vxi  vi cos i   20.0 m/s  cos 30  17.3 m/s
v yi  vi sin i   20.0 m/s  sin 30  10.0 m/s
1 2
2
1
45.0 m  0  10.0 m/s  t   9.80 m/s  t
2 2
2
t  4.22 s
(B) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground?
v yf  v yi  gt
v yf  10.0 m/s   9.80 m/s 2   4.22 s   31.3 m/s
2 2
v f  vxf  v yf
17.3 m/s    31.3 m/s 

2 2
  35.8 m/s
What if a horizontal wind is blowing in the same direction as the stone is

thrown and it causes the stone to have a horizontal acceleration component ax
= 0.500 m/s2? Which part of this example, (A) or (B), will have a different
answer?
Time does not change.
2
ax  0.500 m/s  vxf  19.4 m/s and v f  36.9 m/s
Final speed will be larger.
Example 4.5: The End of the Ski Jump (1 of 5)
A ski jumper leaves the ski track moving in the horizontal direction with a
speed of 25.0 m/s as shown in the figure. The landing incline below her falls
off with a slope of 35.0°. Where does she land on the incline?
x f  d cos  and y f  d sin 
1 x f  vxi t   2  d cos   vxi t

1 2 1 2
3 y f  v yi t  gt   4   d sin    gt
2 2
2
1  d cos  
 d sin    g  
2  vxi 
2vxi 2 sin 
d
g cos 2 
2  25.0 m/s  sin 35.0
2
  109 m
9.80 m/s  cos 35.0
2 2
x f  d cos   109 m  cos 35.0  89.3 m

y f  d sin    109 m  sin 35.0  62.5 m
Suppose everything in this example is the same except the ski jump is curved
so that the jumper is projected upward at an angle from the end of the track. Is
this design better in terms of maximizing the length of the jump?
1 2
x   vi cos   t y  vi sin   t  gt
2
1
vi sin   t  gt 2   vi cos   tan   t
2
2vi
t  sin   cos  tan  
g
2vi2
x
g
 sin  cos   cos 2
 tan  
2vi2
x
g
 sin  cos   cos 2  tan  
d  2vi2 
0
d
  sin  cos   cos  tan   
2
 g 
2vi2

g
 cos 2   sin 2   2 cos  sin  tan  
2vi2

g
 cos  2   sin  2  tan  
1 1 1
 tan 1  cot    90     45  
2 2 2
Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion (1 of 2)

 dv
a
dt
Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion (2 of 2)
   
v r  v v r
 a avg  
v r t r t
Centripetal Acceleration
2
v
ac 
r
Particle in Uniform Circular Motion
2 r 2 r
v  T
T v
2

T
 v  v
  2     v  r
 2 r  r
 r 
2
ac   r 2
r
A particle moves in a circular path of radius r with speed v. It then increases

its speed to 2v while traveling along the same circular path.
The centripetal acceleration of the particle has changed by what factor?
Choose one:
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 4
(e) impossible to determine
A particle moves in a circular path of radius r with speed v. It then increases

its speed to 2v while traveling along the same circular path.
The centripetal acceleration of the particle has changed by what factor?
Choose one:
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 4
A particle moves in a circular path of radius r with speed v. It then increases its
speed to 2v while traveling along the same circular path.
By what factor has the period of the particle changed?
Choose one:
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 4
A particle moves in a circular path of radius r with speed v. It then increases its
speed to 2v while traveling along the same circular path.
By what factor has the period of the particle changed?
Choose one:
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 4
Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion
2
v
ac 
r
2 r
T
v
2

T
Example 4.6: The Centripetal Acceleration of the Earth (1 of 2)
(A) What is the centripetal acceleration of the Earth as it moves in its orbit
around the Sun?
2
 2 r 
v 2   2
4 r
 T 
ac    2
r r T
4 1.496  10 m  
2 11
1 yr 
2
3 2
ac     5.93  10 m/s
1 yr 
2 7
 3.156  10 s 
Example 4.6: The Centripetal Acceleration of the Earth (2 of 2)
(B) What is the angular speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun?
2  1 yr  7 1
  7   1.99  10 s
1 yr  3.156  10 s 
Tangential and Radial Acceleration
   dv v2
a  a r  at at  ar  ac  
dt r
a  ar 2  at 2
A particle moves along a path, and its speed increases with time. In which of
the following cases are its acceleration and velocity vectors parallel?
(a) when the path is circular
(b) when the path is straight
(c) when the path is a parabola
(d) never
A particle moves along a path, and its speed increases with time. In which of
the following cases are its acceleration and velocity vectors parallel?
(d) never
A particle moves along a path, and its speed increases with time. In which
case are its acceleration and velocity vectors perpendicular everywhere along
the path?
(d) never
A particle moves along a path, and its speed increases with time. In which
case are its acceleration and velocity vectors perpendicular everywhere along
the path?
(d) never
Example 4.7: Over the Rise (1 of 2)
A car leaves a stop sign and exhibits a constant acceleration of 0.300 m/s2
parallel to the roadway. The car passes over a rise in the roadway such that
the top of the rise is shaped like an arc of a circle of radius 500 m. At the
moment the car is at the top of the rise, its velocity vector is horizontal and
has a magnitude of 6.00 m/s. What are the magnitude and direction of the
total acceleration vector for the car at this instant?
Example 4.7: Over the Rise (2 of 2)
6.00 m/s 
2 2
v
ar      0.072 0 m/s 2
r 500 m
a  ar 2  at 2
  0.072 0 m/s   0.300 m/s 

2 2 2 2
 0.309 m/s 2
2
a   0.072 0 m/s 
  tan 1 r  tan 1  2   13.5
at  0.300 m/s 
Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration (1 of 2)
Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration (2 of 2)
Relative Velocity
  
rPA  rPB  v BA t
 
drPA drPB 
  v BA
dt dt
  
u PA  u PB  v BA
Relative Acceleration
     
u PA  u PB  v BA  du PA du PB dv BA
 
dt dt dt
  
dv BA du PA du PB
0 
dt dt dt
 
 du PA  du PB
a PA  and a PB 
dt dt
 
a PA  a PB
Example 4.8: A Boat Crossing a River (1 of 4)
A boat crossing a wide river moves with a

speed of 10.0 km/h relative to the water. The
water in the river has a uniform speed of 5.00
km/h due east relative to the Earth.
(A) If the boat heads due north, determine the
velocity of the boat relative to an observer
standing on either bank.
ubE  ubr 2  urE 2
10.0 km/h   5.00 km/h 

2 2

 11.2 km/h
1 vrE 
  tan  
 ubr 
1  5.00 
 tan    26.6
 10.0 
(B) If the boat travels with the same speed of 10.0 km/h relative to the river
and is to travel due north as shown in the figure, what should its heading be?
ubE  ubr 2  vrE 2
10.0 km/h   5.00 km/h 

2 2

 8.66 km/h
 vrE
1  1  5.00 
  tan    tan    30.0
 ubr   8.66 
Imagine that the two boats in parts (A) and (B) are racing across the river.
Which boat arrives at the opposite bank first?
Assessing to Learn (1 of 4)
Consider the following situations:
• a car slowing down at a stop sign
• a ball being swung in a circle at constant speed
• a vibrating string
• the Moon orbiting the Earth
• a skydiver falling at terminal speed
• an astronaut in an orbiting space station
• a ball rolling down a hill
• a person driving down a straight section of highway at
constant speed with her foot on the accelerator
• a molecule in the floor of this room
In how many of the situations is the object accelerating?
A pendulum is released from rest at position A and swings toward the vertical
under the influence of gravity as depicted below. When at position B, which
direction most nearly corresponds to the direction of the acceleration?
Consider the following situations:
• a car slowing down at a stop sign
• a ball being swung in a circle at constant speed
• a vibrating string
• the Moon orbiting the Earth
• a skydiver falling at terminal speed
• an astronaut in an orbiting space station
• a ball rolling down a hill
• a person driving down a straight section of highway at
constant speed with her foot on the accelerator
• a molecule in the floor of this room
In how many of the situations is the object accelerating?
A pendulum is released from rest at position A and swings toward the vertical
under the influence of gravity as depicted below. When at position B, which
direction most nearly corresponds to the direction of the acceleration?

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PhysicsSE 10 Ch04 PowerPoints

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Physics for Scientists and Engineers

Consider the following controls in an automobile in motion: gas pedal, brake,

Consider the following controls in an automobile in motion: gas pedal, brake,

Motion in two dimensions can be modeled as two independent motions in each

vxf  vxi  ax t and v yf  v yi  a y t

(A) Determine the total velocity vector at any later time.

vxi  20 m/s, v yi  15 m/s, ax  4.0 m/s, a y  0

Path becomes more and more parallel to x axis.

As a projectile thrown at an upward angle moves in its parabolic path (such as

As a projectile thrown at an upward angle moves in its parabolic path (such as

2sin  i cos i  sin 2 i

15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°

(B) What is the maximum height reached?

vi sin i 11.0 m/s  sin 20.0 

In a popular lecture demonstration, a

xP  xiP  vxiP t  0   viP cos i  t   viP cos i  t

A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30.0°

to the horizontal with an initial speed of

xi  yi  0, y f  45.0 m, a y   g , vi  20.0 m/s

v yf  10.0 m/s   9.80 m/s 2   4.22 s   31.3 m/s

17.3 m/s    31.3 m/s 

What if a horizontal wind is blowing in the same direction as the stone is

Time does not change.

Final speed will be larger.

1 x f  vxi t   2  d cos   vxi t

x f  d cos   109 m  cos 35.0  89.3 m

A particle moves in a circular path of radius r with speed v. It then increases

A particle moves in a circular path of radius r with speed v. It then increases

  0.072 0 m/s   0.300 m/s 

A boat crossing a wide river moves with a

ubE  ubr 2  urE 2

10.0 km/h   5.00 km/h 

ubE  ubr 2  vrE 2

10.0 km/h   5.00 km/h 

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