Civil Engineering Hydraulics Essential Theory With Worked Examples, 4th Edition

CHAP'IXR 1
Properties of fluids
l.l(b) S h e a r stress, T = c1
du (Newton's law of
-
dY
viscosity)
.'. Dynamic viscosity, p = T I -du
dY
TI-
du is t h e g r a d i e n t o f t h e p l o t
dY
T versus
du -.
A p l o t of
dY
t h e g i v e nd a t as u g g e s t s t h e f l u i d is Newtonianand its
v i s c o s i t y( g r a d i e n to f t h e plot) = 5 Ns/ma.
1.2 F o r c eF
, n, e e d e d t o move t h es l e e v e = shear
r e s i s t a n c e . b e t w e e ns l e e v ea n ds h a f t
= T X area of c o n t a c t
T =
dY
v.- du - - Of
r a d i ac l e a r a n c e
'leeve9
, t
', assuming t h e v e l o c i t y
t o be l i n e a r w i t h t
1
.'. F = cc.-Vt ITDL; Hence
v1
F1 = -:
v2
F1 = 250N
V1 = 0 . 5 m l s
F 2 = 1000N
... V2 = 0.5 X
1000
- 2 m/s
250 = -
V F t - 2 5 0 X 0 . 0 7 5 X 10-3
From F = cc - ITDL, cc = - -
t ITDLV IT X 0 . 3 X 0 . 1 X 0 . 5
= 0.4 Ns/m2
1.3 D = 100 mm, L = 150 mm, t = 0 . 2 mm ( s e e f i g . 1 . 2 )
cc = 0 . 2 0 kglms. A n g u l a r speed of s h a f t , W = 1 2 0 r a d l s
UD 0 1
T a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y of t h e s h a f t , V = - = 1 2 0 X A
2 2
= 6 mls
... v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t across c l e a r a n c e = -
V -- 6 5
-1
0.2~10-~
.'. s h e a r stress, T = v.- Vt = 0.2 X
. 6
= 6 X 103 N/m2
0. 2 x 1 ~ - 3
H e n c es h e a rr e s i s t a n c e t o rotation, F = T X area of
c o n t a c t = 6 X 103 X IT X 0.1 X 0.15 = 283 N
.'. T o r q u e on t h e s h a f t , T =
D
-
2
= 283 X
0 1 = 1 4 . 1 5 Nm
A
2
.*. Power loss i n b e a r i n g = T.u = 14.15 X 1 2 0 = 1696 W
= 1 . 7 kW
1 . 4V i s c o s i t y of o i l cc = 2 . 3 X 10-3 N s / m 2
Mass of t h e block = 3 0 kg
2
G r a v i t yc o m p o n e n ta i d i n gm o t i o n , F = 30 X 9.81 s i n 3 0
= 147.15 N
Frictionalresistancebetweentheblockandinclined
plane,
R = Fluidshear = T X area o f c o n t a c t
-- p
V
. X~ 0.3 X 0.3 where V is t h e
s p e e d of t h e b l o c k .
.'. B a l a n c i n g forces, 147.15 = 2.3 X 10-3 X

V X 0.3 X 0.3
0.03 IO-~
o r V = 21.3 mls
1.5
Water Mefcury
9 = 0 f o r water 9 = 130° fmoer r c u r y
d = 6 mm, s u r f a c et e n s i o n , U = 73 X 10-3 N/m f o r water

and U = 0.5 N l m f o r mercury
Vertical c o m p o n e n to fs u r f a c et e n s i o n = w e i g h t of t h e
f l u i d raised or
depressed
i . e . .rrducos9 = -
.rrda X h X p g
4
p beingthedensityoffluid
.*.h = 4ucose = 4.9 mm f o r water a n d -1.9

pgd
mm f o r m e r c u r y .
3
1.6
6
Internalpressure is t o be b a l a n c e d b y s u r f a c e t e n s i o n
for equilibrium.
... p 4
nd2
= ndu across t h e s e c t i o n .
4
CHAmR4
Flow of incompressible fluids in
pipelines
hf = H - hm i nw h i c hh m = 1 0V 2 / 2 g
I n i t i a l l y s e t hm = 0 ; i.e. h = H = 100.0 m
f
v = - 2J2 X 9.81 X 0.4 X 100/20000
log [ 3.7
OS3
400
+
0.4419.62
2.51 X 1.13 X 10-6
X 0.4 X
i
100/20000
-
= 1.366 m l s
... hm E 10 X 1 . 3 6 6 21 1 9 . 6 2 = 0.95
A b e t t e r estimate o fh f i s t h e r e f o r e 99.05 m
whence V = 1.36 m l s (equation ( i ) )
Afteronefurthercorrection(thedifferencebetween
successive V v a l u e s b e c o m i n g n e g l i g i b l e )
V = 1.36 m / s a n d Q = AV = 170.9 1 1 s .
32
(b) When Q = 160 l/s, V = 1.273 m / s , s o l v e ( i )t o f i n d
t h ec o r r e s p o n d i n gv a l u e of h f . T h i s c a n n o tb e
a c h i e v e de x p l i c i t l y ; t h e r e f o r e i n p u tt h r e e( s a y )
v a l u e so fh f( e . g . 75, 80, 8 5 ) a n ds o l v eb yg r a p h i c a l
interpolation.
S o l u t i o n :h f = 79.0 m , whence h v + 10-V2 = 21.0 m

2g
where hv = h e a d l o s s a t v a l v e
i.e. hv + 10 X 1.272g2/19.62
hv + 0.8258 = 21.0
.. h v = 20.174 m
1. A l t e r n a t i v es o l u t i o nu s i n g Moody d i a g r a m
(ii)
& -- -0.3
- - 0.00075
D 400
VD = 5
Assume V = 2.0 m/s; Re = -V 1 . 1 3 O~e140 - =~ 7.27 X 10
From Moody c h a r t (Fig. 4.2 i nt e x t ) h = 0.019
From e q u a t i o n ( i i ) V =
2gH = 44.3
/F + 10 /0.019~20000 + 1o
J 0.4
= 1.43 m / s
Revised R e = OS4 = 5.2 X 1 0 5 ; h = 0.0192

1.13 X 10-6
whence V = 1.422 m / sa n d Q = 179 l / s
5
(b) V = 1.273 m / s Re = 1.273 X 0.4 = 4.5 10
1.13 X 10-6
h = 0.0193; - 0.0193 X 20000 X 1.2732

hf - 19.62 X 0.4
= 79.7 m
33
.'. hv = 19.5 m. (Note: t h e same a c c u r a c yc a n n o t
beobtained when u s i n g t h e Moody d i a g r a m . )
4.2
7000 = 0.081 m 3 I s ; V = 0.842 m l s

Q = 24 X 3600
Sf = h f / La n d hf = 20.0 m (= m a n o m e t r i c pump h e a d )
V = - 2 J2gD Sf l o g
l k +
L
-
3 *7D
2.51~
DJ2gD S],
T h i s may b e s o l v e d b y i n p u t t i n g a f e wv a l u e s of Sf a n d
u s i n gg r a p h i c a li n t e r p o l a t i o n .
-3
Solution: Sf = 2.3 X 10
-hf- - 2.3 10-3, L = 20

L 2.3 IO-~
where L = 8695 m
Alternativesolutionusing Barr's equation

- XLV2
hf - 2 g D ;
1= - 210g [ k
3.7D
+
5.12861
89
-.
whence X = 0.02217
... hf = 20 =
0.02217 X L X 0.8422
19.62 X 0.35
whence L = 8738 m
34
Moody chart gives X = 0.0222 whence L = 8750 m
Power consumptionP = g' Q Hm watts
rl
H, = 20.0 m; ... P =
0.86 X 9.81 X 0.081
0.6
X 20
= 22.78 kW
20.0
5
Q, = 160 11s; V2 = 2.263; Re = 6 x 1 0
0 06
k/D = L = 0.0002
300
Using Barr's equaticn
/X
- 210g l&
c
+ 5.1286
Re
0.89
-
-
whence X = 0.01531
-
- 0.0153 X 600 X 2.2632 = 7.99 m
19.62 X 0.3
.. -v22
-
2g
- 0.261 m
0. 5V12
.. 2g +hfl
+ 7.99 + 0.261 = 20.0
0. 5V12
.. = 11.75 m
35
v1 - - [ 2.51~
1
2J2gD h /L1 l o g k +
fl
3.7D D1J2gD
h /L1
fl
S e t t i n g hf = 1 1 . 7 5 a n d m a k i n g s u c c e s s i v e a d j u s t m e n t s f o r
O . 5 V l 2 / 2 gy i e l d s V1 = 2 . 5 5 m / s
whence Q = 318 11s a n d Qout = 1 5 8 11s
4.4 L = 10000 m; k = 0.03 m

m; Q = 200 11s
H = 100.0 m
Also Q = - 2A J 2 g D h f / L l o g [A + 2.51~
DJ2gDhf /L]
Set hf = 100.0 m i n i t i a l l y a n d t r y d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s
of D
D(350 mm> 300 250
Q( 11s) 215.0
143.3
88.6
W it3thh5e0 mm p i p e V = 2.234 m/s
V2
Minor l o s s = 1 . 5 - = 0.25hf = 99.75 m
2g
a n dr e v i s e d Q = 214.7 1 1 s
.*. 350 mm p i p e O.K.
With a v a l v e i n p o s i t i o n t o r e g u l a t e f l o w t o 200 l / s
V = 2078 m l s : R e = 6 . 4 4 X 1 05
- -- 0.031350 = 0.00008571
D
From Moody c h a r t A = 0.0139
- ALV2 - 0.0139 X 10000 X 2.0782 = 8 7 . 3 4 m

hf -2gD- 1 9 . 6 2 X 0.35
.’. 1 5v2
1 2 . 6 6 m is lost i n -+ h v ,w h e r eh v
2g
is t h e
36
head loss at the valve
... 12.66 = 0.22 + hv
whence head loss to be provided by valve = 12.44 m
4.5 L = 2000 m; D = 200 mm; k = 0.06 mm

h (=H)=30m
f m
a) New pipe condition

Q = - 2A d2gDhf /L log
= 58.77 l / s
[h Dd2gDhf
2.51~
/L
+
1
b) Rearranging the above equation:
Q X loge(lO)
- +k 2.51~ - ( )
3.7D DJ2gDhfIL = e 2AJ2gDhf/L
Q = 52.89 l/s
whence k = 0.28 mm
4.6
a) Method of solution as Problem 4.1

L = 15000 m; D = 400 mm; k = 0.1 mm; H = 90.0 m
Minor loss = 13.5 V a / 2 g
V = - 2 J2gDhf/L log l&

l-
+ 2.51~
-
DJ2gDhf /L-
Initially set hf = H and successively adjustfor
minor loss.
Solution V = 1.715 m / s ; Q = 215.5 11s
H = hf + hml + h f 2 + hm2
1
Also t h e h e a d losses a l o n g p i p e s 2 and 3 are
i d e n t i c a l ,t h e r e f o r e
Also L2 = L 3 ; D2 = D3
A l s o Q1 = Q, + Q3 (iii)
E q u a t i o n s ( i ) , ( i i ) a n d ( i i i ) e n a b l e t h e l e n g t h L2
tobedetermined.
F i r s t estimate a v a l u e f o r L2 s i n c e t h i s c a n n o t b e
o b t a i n e dd i r e c t l yd u e t o t h em i n o r l o s s terms.
S e c o n d l y estimate Q2 whence Q3 f o l l o w s from
c o n t i n u i t y( e q u a t i o n ( i i i ) ) ; o b t a i n X 2 and X 3 .
N e x tu s ee q u a t i o n (ii)t o o b t a i n a b e t t e r estimate
o f V2, i . e .
V2 = Q1/B
where
B = A
2
I n t h i s case Km = 12 . O a n d K = 1. O
2 m3
38
Next u s e e q u a t i o n ( i ) t o o b t a i n t h e t o t a l h e a d drop
r e s u l t i n g from t h e estimated v a l u e of L a . Repeat f o r two

othervalues of L2 a n d f i n d b y g r a p h i c a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n if
necessarythe v a l u e of L2 w h i c h r e s u l t s i n a t o t a l h e a d
d r o po f9 0 . 0 m.
Examples : Q1 = 0.3 n 3 / s
T r y L2 = 9450 m
T r y Q2 = 0 . 1 5 0m 3 / sw h e n c e Q3 = 0 . 1 5 0m 3 / s
Hence h l = 0.0154; X2 = 0.0161; Xg = 0.0145
( s o l v i n gC o l e b r o o k - W h i t ee q u a t i o n )
R e v i s e dv a l u e s of Q2 = 0 . 1 4 5 m31.5; Q, = 0.155m3/s
X2 = 0.0161; X 3 = 0.0162; X3 = 0.0145
( i . e . l i t t l e c h a n g ei n X values)
From e q u a t i o n ( i ) H = 8 8 . 9 3 m ( f a i r l y c l o s e )
TryL2 = 9300 m whence H = 90.17 m
T r y L2 = 9350 m whence H = 89.76 m
A duplicatedlength of 9350 m s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e be
suitable.
4.7
where V = v eilno c i t y pipe a

V
1
h
R,n
= head l o s s i n nozzle = (7- 1) A
2g
L = 500 m ; D = 0.3 m ; k = 0.03 m
m; CV = 0.98
39
H = 15m: - =
D
0.0001: C
LJ = 1.0
Number of p i p e s = 1: Number o f j e t s ( N ) = 1
Solution: Refer t o Example 4 . 1 1
S i n c e t h e d i s c h a r g e is i n i t i a l l y unknownan estimate
of V must be made i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e X.
5
Estimate V = 2 m / s . Re = 1.32 X 10 ; X = 0.0143
Write E = O S 5 + X = 4870
A2
F = 0.0
a
G = 2 J 2 = o.98r
1 = 1.041
C = E + F = 4870
whence area of j e t ( a m = g, equationvii)
= 0.010338
and jet diameter = 0.1147 m
=/- -1
From ( v i )
Q (C + - = = 0.142 m3/s
(4870 + 0.0103382
V = 2.008 m/s i.e. a s estimate
Power = = 1 3 . 3 7 kW
2 a2
4.8 L = 500 m: D = 100 m

m: k = 0 . 0 6 mm
hf = 15.0 m: V = = 0.07/925 = 0.00007568

P
Assume t u r b u l e n t flow:
V = -2 J 2 g Dh f / Ll o g
= 1.018 m/s
[A + 2.51~
DJ2gD hf /L
1
R e = VD/v = 1 3 4 5 . Hence f l o w is p r o b a b l yl a m i n a r .
.*. Assume l a m i n a r f l o w a n du s i n g the Hagen-Poiseuille
40
equation :
or h p 2
V = -
32VL = 1.215 mls
and
Q = AV = 9.5 11s
For D = 150 mm, assume V = 1.5 mls

Re = = 2973; k/D = 0.0004
7.568 X 10-5
Assume turbulent flow
V = - 2 /2gDhf/L log [A + 2.51~

DJ2gDhf /L]
= 1.4 m l s ; Q = 24.77 l/s
4.9 L = 10000 m: D = 300 mm: k = 0.0

H = 20.0 m: km = 0.0: i.e. hf = H
a(i) Using Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook-White formulae
in combination :
V = 2J2gDhf/L log [h+ D/2gDhf

2.51~
/L
i.e. V = 0.88 m/s and Q = 62.25 l/s

a(ii) Blasius: X = 0.3164
2 5
From Darcy-Weisbach V =& = 0.9 17 m / s
Q = 64.82 11s
b(i) D = 300 m
m: k = 0.06 mm
3.7D)
Karman-Prandtl rough law: - 2 log (7
JX
.*.X = 0.0234
From Darcy-Weisbach V = 0.709 mls
Q = 50.1 11s
41
b ( i i )U s i n ge q u a t i o n ( i )above
V = 0.695 m / s
Q = 49.12 11s
4 . 1 0R e c t a n g u l a rc u l v e r t 1 m wide X 0.6 m d e e p
Q = 2.5 m 3 / s k = 0 . 0 6 mm
V = 2 = 2.5 = 4.167 m/s

A 0.6
R = -A = 1 X 0.6/3.2 = 0.1875 m
P
E q u i v a l e n td i a m e t e r of f u l l c i r c u l a r s e c t i o n :
R = -De whence D e = 4 X R = 0.75 m
4 '
E q u i v a l e n tp i p eR e y n o l d sn u m b e r :
-
- V De p 4.167 X 0 . 7 5
=
V
1 . 1 3 X 10-6
6
= 2.76 X 10
E q u i v a l e n tp i p e relative roughness:
= 0.06/750 = 8 X 10-5
From Moody c h a r t ( F i g . 4 . 2 i n t e x t ) X = 0.0122
From hf = -
2gD
hf / L = 0.0144
A l t e r n a t i v e l y ,e q u a t i o n4 . 1 5
-l -
a
- - 2 l o g -
[14:8R
c a n be s o l v e d t o y i e l d X t o g i v e t h e
' 21 same r e s u l t .
42
CHAPTER 5
Pipe network analysis
5 . 1I n problem 5 . 1a na l t e r n a t i v e way o fe v a l u a t i n gt h e
f l o w rates i nt h ep i p e s is p r e s e n t e d .T h i sa l t e r n a t i v e
m e t h o do fe v a l u a t i n gp i p ef l o w r a t e s may also be u s e d i n
problems5.2-6.
S e eF i g u r e5 . 1 2 i n text
a) Flow r a t e s i n p i p e cs a l c u l a t e df r o m
Q = -2AJ2gDhf/L log l& l-
+ 2.51~
DJ2gDhf / L
-l
w h e r em i n o r losses a r e p r e s e n t h is d e t e r m i n e db y
f
i n i t i a l l ye q u a t i n g h . t o Zi-Z.
and making
f i,J J
SUCCeSSiVe c o r r e c t i o n s as i n C h a p t e r 4 (EXxample 4.2)
i . e . Az = 2(CQ-F)/C Q/H
Estimate ZB = 8 0 . 0 m
43
AB 20.00
167.35
8.367
1st B 80.00 B Cl -20.00 41.11 2.006

13.11
correct ion B C2 2.180

-43.61
-20.00
C 82.63
12.603
AB 96.27
6.89
13.97
2nd B 93.11 B Cl -33.11

-53.43
-1.64
1.61
correction B C2
1.72
-57.01
-33.11
C -14.17
17.30
Afterfurther similar c o r r e c t i o n s u n t i l CQ-F < 0.1 l / s ,

f i n a l v a l u e s:
ZB = 91.48 m
Pipe Q (11s)
AB 107.56
BC 1 52.05
55.51
BC2 KmV a
ALVZ
l(b) S o l u t i o nb ys o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o nh L = -2gD
+ -
2g
i nt h ef o r m Q = AV = A g ( Z -Z hL
/(D + Km)=
I J
i nw h i c h A is d e t e r m i n e df r o m B a r r ' s e q u a t i o n ,o rf r o m
Moody c h a r t , o r C o l e b r o o k - W h i t ee q u a t i o n .
I nt h ef o l l o w i n ge x a m p l e s B a r r ' s e q u a t i o n is u s e d
but the final solution is s i m i l a r t o t h a t of method a).
The d i f f e r e n c e is d u e t o t h e d i f f e r e n t f r i c t i o n f a c t o r
44
formulae used.
Estimate ZB = 80.0 m
h v) E-
1 1 ?
m rl 0
rl I I
E- v) 0 00 Q, W 00 v)
1 "0. ? P- 0
m. 9 rl
rl 0 0 O 4 0 rl rl
Q, 4
2 m
CV Q, S m
00
0
W Q, 00 m
'4
00
9
CV
R!
CV
?
CV
m.W '4
v)
CV
v)
'4
(D
P-
00
'4
rl rl
rl m rl rl W
rl rl
E- CV Q, (D cjl b Q, rl CV W
v)
"0. R! ? 1 '4 E- rl
c9 ?
CV rl m
E-
rl
W
I i W
00
CO
Q, v)
I
v)
0
rl
m
v)
I
(D
v)
I
m
I
W
rl CV W W
(D
m
rl m CV
E-
v) m CV 00 W
R! 01 "0. "0. F4 In
"0.
(D
2
rl
F4
0
rl
W rr)
+
rl
E- m
4
Q,
Q,
rl
v) 0 rl W
W m CV 0 v) E- CV Q,
CD Q, E- E- Q, E-
rl rl rl rl rl
Q, CD
rl rl rl
9
0
0 0
9 0 0 0
9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P- v) 0 0 0
9
CV
9
rl
0
rl
1
rl
m.
0
m.
0
rl
rl
CV
rl
0 0 0 m E-
0 0 00 CV CV
0
9 '4 1 01 9 0
CV
0
CV
0 W m c- CV CV
I
CV m m m
I I I I
CV rl
m U" U m U m U" U"
4 m m 4 m 4 m m
0 P-
0 CV
m 0
0 m
00 CV
Q, Q,
0"
.l+ 8
.l+
m
c,
0
rl
5
k
k
m 2cu m E
m
5E
S S
45
F i n a lv a l u e s
ZB = 91.58 m; QAB = 108.94 l f s ; = 52.78 lfs;

B
'C
QBCz = 56.07 l f s
5.S
2 eF
e i g u r 5e . 1 2 in text
E q u i v a l e n ts y s t e m :
100
The e f f e c t o f t h e pump i n BC1 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e g a i n
inheadacross BC1 p r o d u c e d b y l o w e r i n g t h e l e v e l o f t h e
r e s e r v o i r by t h e pump h e a d , i . e . 5 m.
T h es y s t e m shown i n ( b ) is t h e r e f o r e a n a l y s e d as i n
p r o b l e m 1 w i t hf i n a lv a l u e s :
ZB = 90.98 m; QAB = 1 1 0 . 8 2 l f s ; QBcl = 55.78 l f s ;
QBc, = 55.03 l / s
5.3
SeF
e igur5
e.13 i n text
Method a s i n p r o b l e m 5.l(a)
46
Junction ZJ
Pipe 'I-'J *Zs
I,J (H) 1% QJH (m)
1st A B
9.806 98.06 10.00
correction B5.563
-15.45
C-111.27
-20.00
B 90.00 B D1 -30.00
-83.54
2.785
B D2 -30.00
-58.60
1.953
-155.35
20.107
2nd A B 25.45 158.89

6.243
correction B B C 4.55 -51.96

11.420
74.55 B D1 -14.55
-57.67 3.963 0.77
B D2 -14.55
-39.88
2.741
9.38 24.367
C o n t i n u e ,a n df i n a l l y :
ZB = 7 5 . 3 1 m
QAB = 1 5 6 . 4 3 11s; QBc = 5 6 . 2 9 11s;
QBDl= 5 9 . 2 0 l/s; = 40.98 l/s
5.4 SeF
e igure 5.14 i nt e x t
Note t h a t t h e f l o w a l o n g BC ( 4 0 11s) is s i m p l y t r e a t e d as
a ne x t e r n a lo u t f l o w a t B.
Method as i n p r o b l e m 5.l(a)
E s t i m a t e ZB = 1 3 0 . 0 0 m
AZB = Z(C(Q-F)/C QIH)
47
Pipe H (m)
Junction Q(l1s) QIH AZ ( m )
I,J (Z,-ZJ>
B A B 20.00 126.32 6.316

2.49
(1st c o r r e c t i o n ) D B -40.00 -76.09 1.902
C 50.23
8.218
Z J = 132.49
B A B 17.51 117.69 6.722

-0.2
(2ndcorrection) D B -42.49 -78.54 1.848
C 39.15
8.570
C o n t i n u e ,a n df i n a l l y :
ZB = 132.3 m
Flow r a t e s : QAB = 118 11s; $D = 78.4 11s
The pump i n BC is r e q u i r e d t o o v e r c o m e t h e d i f f e r e n c e in
pressureheadelevationbetweentheendsofthepipe
( i . e . 145.0 - 132.3 = 12.7 m) i n a d d i t i o n t o t h eh e a d
loss a l o n g t h e p i p e .
VBc = 0.8148 m l s ; R e = 2.884 X 105
U s i n g B a r r ' s e q u a t i o n ( o r Moody d i a g r a m )
X = 0.01672 a n dh f =
0.01672 X 4000 X 0.81482
19.62 X 0.25
= 9.05 m
.. Pump t o t a l h e a d ( H m ) = 12.7 X 9.05 = 21.75 m
Power
consumption, P = k~
w h e r e q = e f f i c i e n c y (decimal)
:. P =
9.81 X 0.04 X 21.75
0.6
= 14.22 kW
48
5.5 S e eF i g u r e 5.15 i n t e x t
Estimate ZB = 120.0 m; ZD = 9 0 . 0 m
Junction Pipe 'I-'J Q AzJ

zJ I,J (=H) (11s) (m>
AB 528.96
80.00
6.612
B 120.00 C B -40.00
-122.83
3.071
-6.76
1st c o r r e c t i o n DB -30.00
-494.52
16.484
C -88.39
26.167
D 18.646B433.34
D 23.24
1st c o r r e c t i o n 90.00D E -30.00

-170.77
5.692
10.20
F D -40.00 -122.83
3.071
C 139.74
27.409
B 6.361 A551.85
B 86.76
2nd c o r r e c t i o n 113.24 C B -33.24

-111.56
3.356
6.96
B D -13.04
-320.89
24.608
C 119.40
34.325
D B 400.88
20.044 D 20.00
2nd c o r r e c t i o n 100.20 ED -40.20

-198.78
4.945
4.61
F D -50.20
-138.19
2.753
C 63.91
21.742
F i n a l v a l u e s:
ZB = 126.73 m; ZD = 109.41m; QAB = 505.30 1 1 s ;
%c = 133.20 1 1 s ; QBD = 372.10 1 1 s ;
QDE = 221.20 1 1 s ; 'QDF = 150.80 11s
49
5.6 See F i g u r e 5 . l 5 i n text
E s t i m a t e ZB = 1 2 0 . 0 m ; ZD = 9 0 . 0 m
Pipe 'I-'J Q
Junction
zJ I,J (=H) (l/s) Qm AZJ
A B 3.106
248.48
80.00
120.00B C B -180.45
-40.00 4.511 -13.80
1st c o r r e c t i o n D B 5.220
-156.61
-30.00
C 12.837
-88.58
B D 6.970
112.92
16.20
D E 90.00 -16.70
D 2.851
-85.55
-30.00
1st correct ion F D -138.25

-40.00
3.456
C -110.88
13.277
B 2.880 270.11
AB 93.80
2nd c o r r e c t i o n 106.20 C B -26.20

-144.99
5.534
-5.86
D B -32.90
-164.43
4.998
C 13.412
-39.31
D 148.24
B D 27.04 5.482
2nd c o r r e c t i o n 73.30 E D -13.30

-55.70
4.188
-1.64
F D -23.30
-104.12
4.469
C 14.139
-11.58
F i n a lv a l u e s :
ZB = 1 0 0 . 1 9 m; ZD = 7 1 . 7 1 m ; QAB = 279 l / s ;
QBc = 126.7 l/s; QBD = 1 5 2 . 4l / s ;
QDE = 5 2 . 1 l / s ; QDF = 1 0 0 . 3 l / s
50
5.7 S eF
e igure 5.16 i n t e x t
Analysisbyheadbalancemethod.
Initiallyestimatedpipeflow r a t e s shown i n t a b l e
below.
Frictionhead losses i n p i p e s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e
D a r c y - W e i s b a c he q u a t i o nw i t hf r i c t i o nf a c t o r , A determined
f r o mC o l e b r o o k - W h i t ee q u a t i o n .A l t e r n a t i v e l y A c o u l d be
obtainedfromthe Moody d i a g r a m or B a r r ’ s e q u a t i o n o r
o t h e re x p l i c i tf o r m u l a .
A A&
1 AB 1.5
120.00
6.76
0.0146
27.14
0.2262
1st BE 3.0
5.00
0.56
0.0215
0.89
0.1777
-10.94
correction EA 1.5 -80.00 4.500.0152-15.070.1884
C 12.96 0.5923
2 BC 2.0
55.00
4.13
0.0158
31.20
0.5673
1st CD 5.00
3.0
0.56
0.0215
0.89
0.1777
correction DE 2.0-35.002.630.0166-13.280.3793-7.54
El3 3.0
5.94
0.67
0.0208
1.21
0.2042
C 20.03 1.3285
1 AB 109.06
0.0147
6.14
22.57
0.2070
2nd BE 0.0272
0.18
1.60
0.0719
0.12
-3.54
correction EA -90.94
5.12
0.0150
-19.22
0.2113
C 3.470.4902
2nd CD 0.0246
-2.54
2.86
-0.26
0.1032
correction DE -42.54
3.20
0.0162
-19.14
0.4499
-1.89
El3 0.0837
0.0261
0.16
0.22
1.94
C 4.291.1325
51
After further corrections (% < 0.01 m in any loop)
Pipe Q (l/s) Junction Head E l e v a t i o n ( m)

AB 104.8 B 39.03
F3 0.6 C 17.37
AE 95.2 D 18.14
BC 45.4 E 39.06
M= 4.6
ED 44.6
5.8 S e eF i g u r e5 . 1 7i nt e x t
I n i t i a l estimates of f l o w r a t e s :
= 5 0 l / s ; QBE = 5 0 l / s ; QBDE = 1 0 0 11s

QBCE
1) D e t e r m i n e t h e flowrates i n BCE, BE a n d BDE
p r o c e d u r e a s i np r o b l e m5 . 7 .
BCE 2.0 50.0 0.0173

4.401
1.88 0.088237
1 E 8 6.0 -50.0 0.0192

2.25 0.1625
-8.123 7.4
-3.711
0.2507
BE 1.92
42.66.0 0.0194 0.1398
5.958
2 m 1.71 -100.0 0.0159

3.22 -7.504 0.0750 3.6
-1.546 0.2148
BCE 2.15 57.4 0.01700.0995

5.713
1 E B -46.2 2.08
0.1509
-6.971
0.0193 2.51
-1.258 0.2504
BE 0.1434
6.2664
0.1941.9743.69
-96.40 3.10
0.0160 -7.0174 0.0728 1.74
-0,7510 0.2167
52
F i n a l v a l u e s ( ChL < 0 . 0 1 m i n loop)
Pipe Q(l/s) hL(m)

BCE 61.98 6.58
BE 44.91 6.58
BDE 93.10 6.58
Flow r a t e i n AB = 2 0 0 1 1 s ( = QEF)
V = 1.258 m / s : R e = 5 . 0 1 ~ 1 50
k / D = 0.00033. X = 0.0165.
hf = 2.96 m
T o t a lh e a d loss = 2 X 2.96 + 6.58 = 1 2 . 5 m
5.S
9 eF
e i g u r 5e . 1 i6n text
T h ep r o c e d u r e is i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t of P r o b l e m5 . 7e x c e p t
thatthenethead d r o p a l o n g BC i s h f - Hp ( h f - 1 5 . 0 ) .
Solution:
Pipe Q( 1/ S ) J u n c t iHoeneal d
evation (m)
AB 106.4 B 38.50
EB 6.1 C 25.03
AE 93.6 D 24.77
BC 52.5 E 39.78
CD 2.5
ED 37.5
5 . 1 0S e F
e igur5
e . 1 8i n text
I n i t i a l flow estimates shown i n t a b l e .
53
AB 3.0 120.00 6.76 0.0160 23.800.1983
BH 3.0 20.00 1.13 0.0192 0.300.0149
1 H F -20.00
4.01.50
0.0189
-1.23
0.0617
15.32
FG 4.0 -70.00 5.26 0.0170-36.260.5179
GA 3.0 -110.00 6.20 0.0161-15.090.1372
BC 50.00
0.0174
3.75
4.0
14.20
0.2840
2 0 30.00
4.0
2.25
0.0181
2.66
0.0886
-16.48
DH -10.00
4.0
0.75
0.0208
-0.68
0.0679
HB -35.32
3.0
1.99
0.0178
-0.86
0.0243
C 15.32
0.4648
HD 0.0184
26.48
1.99
0.1590
4.21
4.0
3 DE 20.00
0.0189
1.50
4.0
0.0617
1.23
-4.23
EF -20.00
4.0
1.50
0.0189
-2.47
0.1233
FH 0.0182
0.0238
0.09
0.35
4.68
4.0
C 3.06
0.3622
F i n a l values:
Pipe Flow r a t e ( l / s ) hL (m)

AB 136.41 30.56
l3H 56.57 2.09
HF 2.51 0.03
GF 53.59 21.62
AG 93.59 11.06
BC 29.84 5.26
CD 9.84 0.33
HD 24.06 3.49
54
0 . 6DE
2 13.90
4 . 0FE
9 26.10
Junction B C D E F G H
H e a d Elevation (m) 69.44 64.18

63.85
63.22
67.31
88.94 67.34
5.11 See Figure5.19 in text

Create a 'dunmy' p i p e between A & F with zero flaw and constant head
loss of -10 m.
AB 2.4 100.00 4.51 0.016

13.54 0.1354
1 BE 7.5 20.00 1.13 0.0211

0.65 0.0327 -5.3
EF 2.4 -40.00 1.80 0.0176

-1.91
0.0476
FA - 0.00 - - -10.00 0.0000
C 2.28 0.2157
BC 4.51
80.00
7.5 0.1586
0.0192
12.69
2 CD 10.0 20.00 0.0215

2.81
1.50 0.1404 9.76
DE 10.0 -60.00 4.51 0.0203 -31.81 0.5301
FB 7.5 -14.70 0.83 0.0218

-0.36 0.0248
C -16.67
0.8539
AB 4.2794.70 0.016 12.14 0.1282
1 BE 0.28 4.94 0.0268 0.05 0.0099 0.59
EF 2.04
-45.30 0.0174 -2.42 0.0533
FA - - - -10.00
BC
0.1771
15.89
0.0191
5.0689.76
2 C D 29.76 2.23 0.0210

0.37
0.2040
6.07
DE -50.24 3.77 0.0205 -22.52 0.4483
EB -5.53 0.0253
0.31 -0.06 0.0010
C -0.61
0.8404
55
Final values:
Pipe Q (lis) hL (m)
AB 95.31 12.30
BE 5.17 0.05
FE 44.69 2.35
BC 90.14 16.03
CD 30.14 6.20
FD 49.86 22.18
BE 5.17 0.05
Junction B C D E F
87.70 71.67 65.48 87.66 90.00
H e a d (m)
56
5.12. All the matrixes and vectors needed for the
Gradient are (see Fig.5.18) :
NT = 10
NN=7
NS = 1
[ ~ 1 2 ] = Connectivity matrix; its dimension is

(10 X 7) .
1 0 0 0 0
- 1 0 0 0 0 O
0 7 -1)
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 - 1
0 0 0 0 0
- 1 1 0 0 0
0 - 1 1 0 0
0 0 - 1 0 0
0 0 - 1 1 0
\ 0 0 0 - 1 1
57
[A211 = Transposed matrix of [A121
- 1 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0
-
0 0 0 0 0 1 - 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 - 1 - 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1
0 0 1 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 - 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 - 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
/
[A101 = Topologic matrix node to node;

dimension (10 X 1).
[Q]= Discharges vector; dimension (10 X 1) .
[ H ] = Unknown piezometric head vector;

dimension (7 X 1) .
[H01 = Fixed piezometric head vector;

dimension (1 X 1) .
[q] = Water demand vector; dimension (7 X 1) .
58
[Q] [HI
(m3/s) (m)
-1 -1 0 0.05
0 0 0 0.02
0 0 0 0.02
0 0 0 0.04
1 1 0 0.03
0 0 0 0.04
0 0 0 0.03
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
59
[NI = Diagonal matrix; dimension (10 X 10). It
has 2 in the diagonal (Darcy-Weisbach head loss
equation) .
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
60
[l' = Identity matrix; dimension (10 X 10).
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
61
First i t e r a t i o n :
The previous matrixes and vectors are valid for

a l l theiterations. The followingmatrixes
change i n each i t e r a t i o n .
[All] = Diagonalmatrix;dimension (10 X
1 0 ) . I t has the value C l i Q i ("i -l) on
the diagonal; coefficients p and

yOare zero as no pumps e x i s t i n t h e
network .
The following table shows the calculated values

for a.
AB 16.691 3.1831 0.01615

1669.1 0.116.691
BH 0.1 625.9 6.259 6
HF 0.1 5.6588 0.01661

2!7.223 2122.3 21.223
FG 0.1 5.6588 0.01667

7'2.593 1259.3 12.593
GA 0.1 3.1831 1.2.518

0.01615 12.518 1251.8
1 !; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
BC
CD
0.1
0.1
0.01667
2722.3
21.223
21.223
0.01667
5.6588
5444.5
54.445
54.445
0,01667
5.6588
5.6588
5.6588
54.445
0.01667
54.445
54.445
54.445
5444.5
5444.5
5.6588 0.0
62
0 62.59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 272.23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 725.93 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 125.18 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 544.45 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 272.23 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 544.45 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 272.23 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 544.45
J
[A1 l]' = Diagonal matrix; dimension (10 X 10) It

has the value CXiQi ("i -l) on t.he diagonal.
63
For this network [All1 = [ A l l ] .
F
166.91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 62.59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 272.23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 725.93 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 125.18 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 544.45 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 272.23 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 544.45 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 272.23 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 544.45
L
To find Hi+l by equation (5.17) following a step

by step analysis, the following matrixes can be
found :
333.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 125.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 544.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1451.86 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 250.36 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1088.9 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 544.46 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1088.9 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 544.46 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1088.9
64
0.0030 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.0080 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.0018 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.0007 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.0040 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.0009 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0016 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0009 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0018 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0009
[A211 ([NI [AI l]’ ,

‘)-l
f 0.0030 -0.00800.00000.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 -0.0009 0.00000.0000
0.00000.0000 0.0009 -0.0016 0.00000.0000

0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
7
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0018 -0.0009 -0.0018 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0018 -0.0009
0,0000 0.0000 0.0018 -0,0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009
J
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 -0.0040 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0080-0.0018 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
65
0.0119-0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0080
-0.00090.0028-0.0018 0.0000 0.0000 0.00000.0000
0.0000 -0.0018 0.0046 -0.0018 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0009
0.0000 0.0000 -0.0018 0.0028 -0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0009 0.0034 -0.0007 -0.0018
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.00070.0047 0.0000
-0.0080 0.0000 -0.0009 0.0000 -.0.0018 0.0000 0.0107
r -
-292.9808
-276.7546
-268.6414
-253.7233
-223.8870
-33.0090 -279.3314
-276.7546
-865.4164
-616.2691
-515.6369
-314.3725
-46.3498 -312.5402
-268.6414
-616.2691
-790.0829
-646.5936
-359.6152
-53.0202 -329.1446
-253.7233
-515.6369
-646.5936
-938.0765
-434.0857
-63.9998 -318.5133
-223.8870
-314.3725
-359.6152
-434.0857
-583.0267
-85.9591 -297.2507
-33.0090
-46.3498
-53.0202
-63.9998
-85.9591
-226.3487 -43.0254
-279.3314
-312.5402
-329.1446
-318.5133
-297.2507
-43.8254 -380.0384
-
66
[A1 11[Q]
- Y
16.691 -100 -83.309
6.259 0 6.259
27.223 0 27.223
72.593 0 72.593
12.520 100 112.520
54.445 0 54.445
27.223 0 27.223
54.445 0 54.445
27.223 0 27.223
54.445 0 54.445
d /
( [ A 2 1 ( [ N ] [A1 q -')*
r / -
-0.29957 -0.1( -0.19957
0.02000 0.00 0.02000
-0.03000 -0.10 0.07000
0.04000 0.00 0.04000
0.08000 0.10 -0.02000
-0.35942 0.00 -0.35942
0.08000 0.10 -0.02000

J d
\ -
67
Thus,
Node (m)
B 45. ,615
C 2.955
D -7.486
E -4.879
F 43.890
G 83.206
H 42.642
To find Qi+lby equation (5.18) following a step

found :
68
F
45.615
. r \
-54.385
e \
-0.16292
-2.9723 -2.9723 -0.02374
1.2478 1.2478 0.00229
39.316 39.316 0.02708
-83.206 16.794 0.06708
-42.66 -42.66 -0.03918
-10.441 -10.441 -0,01918
50.128 50.128 0.04604
2.6066 2.6066 0.00479
48.769 0.04479
.48.769 d c d
4
69
-
0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 .5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5
\ d
' i
r
7
0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 .
0 5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5
c 1
70
0.05
7
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
71
Thus,
Pipe Q @/S)
AB 0.21292
BH 0.07374
HF 0.04771
FG 0.02292
GA -0.01708
BC 0.08918
CD 0.06918
DH 0.00396
DE 0 .. 04521
EF 0 ., 00521
72
A f t e r only s i xi t e r a t i o n s thefollowingarethe
r e s u l t s : [m]
Iter 0 Iter 1 Iter 2 Iter 3 Iter 4 Iter 5 Iter 6
Node B 0 45.61E 72.944 69.630 69.511 69.511
Node C 0 2.95E 69.080 64.255 65.287 64.252 64.252
Node D 0 -7.486 71.397 63.924 63.924 63.941 65.645
Node E 0 -4.874 73.308 63.301 63.301 63.345 64.774
Node F 0 43.891: 75.484 67.39C 67.390 67.408 68.069
Node G 0 83.206 96.082 88.981 88.981 88.985 89.075
Node H 0 42.642 71.946 67.418 67.418 67.414 67.685
73
Pipe discharges [m3/sl
lPipe Iter 0 Iter 1 Iter 2 Iter 3 Iter 4 Iter 5 Iter 6 I

I c 7
AB 0.10 0.21292 0.14599 0.13665 0.13641 0.1363E 0.13638
BH 0.10 0.07374 0.04744 0.05451 0.05642 0.0565: 0.05655
HF 0.10 0.04771 0.01080 0.O O O l C 0.00243 0.0025C 0.00251
FG 0.10 0.02292 -0.04401 -0.0533: -0,05359 -0.05362 -0.05362
GA 0.10 -0.0170E -0.08401 -0.0933: -0,09359 -0.09361 -0.09362
BC 0.10 0.0891E 0.04855 0.03211 0.02998 0.02984 0.02983
CD 0.10 0.0691E 0.02855 0.01212 0.00998 0.00984 0.00983
DH 0.10 0.00396 -0.00664 -0.02441 -0.02400 -0.02404 -0.02405
DE 0.10 0.04521 0.01519 0.01655 0.01398 0.0138E 0.01387
EF 0.10 0.00521 -0.02481 -0.02342 -0.02602 -0.02612 -0.02613

-
Finally,
64.253
88.981
67.418
74
Pipe Q (m3/ S IQI
(Us)
AB 136.38 0.13638
I BH 1
I
0.056551
I
56.55
HF 2.51 0.00251
FG -0.05362 53.62
GA -0.09362 93.62
I
BC 29.83 0.02983
I CD 1 0.009831 9.83
DH -0.02405 24.05
I I
DE 13.87 0.01387
I EF I -0.026131 26.13
5 . 1 3 . All the matrixes and vectors needed

for
the Gradient are (see Fig.5 . 3 ) :
NT = 7
NN=5
NS = 1
75
[A121 = C o n n e c t i v i t y matrix; its dimension is
(10 X 7).
F \
1 0 0 0 0
-1 1 0 0 0
0 -1 1 0 0
0 0 -1 1 0
0 0 0 -1 1
0 0 0 0 1
-1 0 0 1 0
L
[&l] = Transposed matrix of [A121
r-
L
1
0
-1
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
1
0
1
0
:1
-1
1
0
[A101 = Topologic matrix node to node;

dimension (7 X 1).
76
[Q]= Discharges vector; dimension (7 X 1) .
[ H ] = Unknown piezometric head vector;

dimension (5 X 1) .
[H01 = Fixed piezometric head vector;

dimension (1 X 1) .
[q] = Water demand vector; dimension

(5 X 1).
77
-1 ’ F 0.1 ’
0 0.1
0 0.1
0 0.1
0 0.1
-1 0.1
0 0.1 ,
IN] = Diagonal matrix; dimension (7 X 7) . It has

2 in the diagonal (Darcy-Weisbach head loss
equation) .
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2
L
78
[ I ] = Identity matrix; dimension (7 X 7).
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
L
First iteration:
The previous matrixes and vectors are valid for

all the iterations. The following matrixes
change in each iteration.
[All] = Diagonal matrix; dimension (7 X 7).

It has the value aiQi ("i -l) on the
diagonal; coefficients p and yare

zero as no pumps exist in the
network .
79
The following table shows the calculated values for
a.
80.916 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1088.9 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2943.3 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1088.9 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1088.9 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 83.454 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2943.3
80
I
[All] = Diagonal matrix; dimension (10 X 10) . It
has the value aiQi ("i on the diagonal.
For this network [A1 l]' = [All].
80.916 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1088.9 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2943.3 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1088.9 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1088.9 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 83.454 0
0 0 0 0
-
81
To find Hi+l by equation (5.17) following a step
found :
161.832 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2177.8 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 5886.6 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 2177.8 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 2177.8 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 166.908 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 5886.6
L
0.00618 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00046 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.00017 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.00046 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.00046 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.00599 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00017
82
[A211([NI [A 11’1-I
f
0.00618
-0.00046 0 0 0 0 -0.00017
0 0.00046
-0.00017 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.00017 -0.00046 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.00046
-0.00046 0 0.00017
0 0 0 0 0.00599
0.00046 0
L
[A211([NI [A1 ll)-l [A121
0.00681
-0.00046 0 -0.00017 0
-0.00046
0.00063
-0.00017 0 0
0 -0.00017
0.00063
-0.00046 0
-0.00017 0 -0.00046
0.00109
-0,00046
0 0 0 0.00645
-0.00046
L
83
-151.6146
-131.0258
-81.3150
-60.1262
-4.3309
-131.0258-1896.0613-113.4514 -358.5138
-25.5121
-81.3150-113,4514-2646.2911-1164.5144-83.0506
-60.1262-358.5138-1164.5144 -1462.3621-104.2925
-4.3309 -25.5121 -83.0506 -104.2925 -162.4161
84
[A1 11 [Q]
r Y - F -
8.092 -70 -61.908
108.890 0 108.890
294.330 0 294.330
108.890 0 108.890
108.890 0 108.890
8.345 -70 -61.655
294.330 0 294.330
- c
- / -
-0.42255 -0.1 -0.32255
0.04000 0 0.04000
0.03000 0 0.03000
0.10000 0.1 0.00000
-0.27939 0.2 -0.47939

4 1 &
85
Thus,
758.758
86
TO find Qi+l by equation (5.18) following a Step
found :
- \ / \
-
44.997 -25.003 -0.1545
-87.749 -87.749 -0.04029
-1.7206 -1.7206 -0.00029
64.698 64.698 0.02971
55.533 55.533 0.0255
75.758 5.7584 0.0345
-24.772 -0.00421
c
-24.772
/ L - c d
87
F Y
0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5
\
-
0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5
88
F
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
c
Thus,
I 1
89
After only seven iterations the following are
the results : [m]
~~ ~~
Iter 0 Iter 1 Iter 2 Iter 3 Iter 4 Iter 5 Iter 6 Iter 7
Node B 54.467 56.288 56.693 56.294
Node C 0 -42.75; 22.703 31.637 32.899 31.650
Node D 34.547 36.381 30.183 30.124
Node E ~
44.009 36.834 40.668 36.795
Node F 68.064 63.423 63.654 63.418
P i p e discharges [ m 3 / s ]
r Pipe Iter 0 Iter 1 Iter 2 Iter 3 Iter 4 Iter 5 Iter 6 Iter 7
AB 0.10 0.20450 0.15155 0.13176 0.13160 0.13156 0.13156 0.13156
BC 0.10 0.09029 0.06123 0.04801 0.04662 0.04654 0.04654 0.04654
CD 0.10 0.05029 0.02123 0.00801 0.00662 0.00654 0.00654 0.00654
DE 0.10 0,02029 .O.0087: -0.02195 -0.0233f -0.02346 -0,02341 -0.02346
EF 0.10 0.02450 .O.02845 -0.04824 -0.0484( -0.04844 -0.04844 -0.04844
AF 0.10 0.01550 D . 06845 0.08824 0.08840 0.08844 0.08844 0.08844
BE 0.10 0.05421 D . 03032 0.02375 0.02498 0.02502 0.02502 0.02502
90
Finally,
Node
Head
C
56.2941
31.650
(m)
I: :
D
E 36.795 14.795
30.1241 10.1241
F 6y.4181
38.4181
P 1 0.13156 1 131.561
I DE I -0.02346'I 23.461
0.02502
91
CHAF’”l3R 6
Pump-pipeline system analysisand
design
6 . 1S t a t i cL i f t = 85.00 - 52.00 = 33.00 m
P i p e l i n el e n g t h = 2000 m , D = 350 mm, k = 0.15 mm.

Km = 10.0
(i) C a l c u l a t et h ec o o r d i n a t e so nt h e‘ s y s t e mc u r v e ’
s h o w i n gt h e t o t a l h e a dr e q u i r e d t o s u p p l ys p e c i f i c
f l o w rates. I t is m o r es t r a i g h t f o r w a r d to specify
thefrictionhead i n t h e p i p e l i n e a n dc o m p u t et h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n gf l o w r a t e from:
Q = - 2AJ2gDhf/L l o g
t h e na d dt h em i n o rh e a d
[A +
2.51~
Dd2gDhf /L
loss at t h i s f l o w
1
rate
a n dt h e static l i f t .
hf (m) 5 30
10 25
15 20
Q (11s) 94.52
135.33
166.73
193.22 216.58
237.70
V (m/s) 0.98 1.41 1.74
2.472.252.01
10v2/2g (m) 0.49 1.01 1.52 2.06 3.11

2.58
Total head 38.49 44.01

49.52 55.06
60.58
66.11
Plot systemcurve and H v Q curve tofindoperating
w n d i t ion.
92
0 50 100 I50 200
Q ( eb)
Q = 136 l/s: Hm = 4 4 m
Efficiency = 66%
Powerconsumption P = e rl
1000 X 9 . 8 1 X 0.136 X 44 kW
0 . 6 6 X 1000
= 8 8 . 9 kW
6.2 Data: as p r o b l e m 6.1. S y s t e mc u r v e i s same.
a) i) Pump H m v Q
c u r vfeopra r a l l eolp e r a t i o n is
o b t a i n e d b yd o u b l i n gt h ef l o w r a t e a t a number of
a r b i t r a r yh e a d s .S e eg r a p h i n p r o b l e m 1.
O p e r a t i n gc o n d i t i o n : Q = 182 l / s .
ii) Pump H m v Qc u r v ef o r s e r i e s o p e r a t i o n is
o b t a i n e db yd o u b l i n gt h eh e a d a t e a c ho f a number
o fa r b i t r a r yf l o w rates. S e eg r a p hi np r o b l e m 1.
O p e r a t i n gc o n d i t i o n : Q = 192 l / s .
b) i) A t Q = 175 l/s i n p a r a l l eol p e r a t i o n ,
Hm = 5 4 m. Q = 8 7 . 5 l / s p e r pump whence
93
efficiency = 62%
power = 138.4 kW
ii) A t Q = 175 11s i n s e r i e s o p e r a t i o n
H = 68 m. At Q = 175 11s t h r o u g he a c h pump
efficiency = 58%
power = 186.3 kW.
6.3 R e q u i r e d Q = 250 1 1 s : Hrn = 6.0 m.
N = 960 r e v l r n i n .
C a l c u l a t es p e c i f i cs p e e d , Ns -
- NJQ
-
H3 l 4
( S e e t a b l e i nC h a p t e r 6)
Mixed flow t y p e r e q u i r e d .
6.4 N = 1450 r e v l m i n .S t a t i cl i f t (HsT = 8.0 m )
Hm ( m ) 20.0 19.2 17.0 13.7 8.7
P i p e l i n e loss ( m ) 0.0 0.7 2.3 4.8 9.0 - System

Curve
Loss + HST (m) 8.0 8.7 10.3 12.8 17.0
Calculatecoordinate of Hm v Q c u r v e s a t N2 (1200 r e v l m i n
and 1000 r e v l m i n ) .
2
N2 N2
Q, = Q (-) : H2 = H (-)
N1 N1
i n w h i c h Q,, HI a r e c o o r d i n a t e s o n t h e Hm v Q c u r v e a t
speed N1, Q, a n d H 2 a r e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o o r d i n a t e s
on t h e Hm v Q c u r v e a t N2.
94
N(rev/min)
Q1 (l/s) 0 10 20 30 40
1450
H1 (m) 20.0 19.2 17.0 13.7 8.7
Q2 (11s) 0 8.3 16.5 24.8 33.1

1200
H2 (m) 13.7 13.1 11.6 9.4 6.0
Q2 ( 1 1 s ) 0 6.9 13.8 20.7 27.6

1000
H2 (m) 9.5 9.1 8.1 6.5 4.1
Operating conditions: (Pump - system curve plot)

Speed ( rev/min) 1450 1200 1000
H (m) 13.2 10.4 8.6
Q (11s) 31 20.8 10.0
6.5 Specificspeed:
Operating conditions (seegraph)

Q = 245 l/s: Hm = 4.2 m
Pump curve at 700 rev/min
H(m) 7.0 6.3 5.5 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.5

960
Q(l/s) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
H(m) 3.72
3.35
2.92
2.66
2.45
2.18
1.86
700
Q(l/s) 0 36.572.9109.4145.8182.3218.8
95
Operating conditions (see graph)
Q = 125 l/s: Hm = 2.55 m
Efficiency = 0.485
9.81 X 0.125 X 2.55 = 6.44 kW
Power = 0.485
50 too I50 200 250 300

RoN rate CC/S)
6.6 H = 5.0; = 60 l/s; E m = 40.0 m.

S
-= 0.986 X 10.198 = 10.055 m of water

Pg
-p, - - 0.023 X 10 .l98 = 0.0235 m of water

Pg
.*.N P S H = 10,055 - 5.0 - 0.0235 = 4.82 m.
Also N P S H = G Hm; 4.82 = U X 40.0

:. U = 0.12
b) Hs - h s 4.
-k 2g
Hs - hs + 0.6
96
p /pg = 0 . 9 5 X 10.198 = 9 . 6 8 8 m
a
p,/pg = 0.0125 X 10.198 = 0.127 m
NPSH = 0 . 1 2 X 3 5 = 4 . 2 m
'a
NPSH = - - P,
Pg Hs- pg
4 . 2 = 9.688 - H - 0.127
S
.'. Hs = 5.36 m
a n d Hs I 5 . 3 6 - 0.6 = 4.76 m
6.7 C a l c u l a t e t h e h e a d l o s s i n t h e p i p e l i n e when t h e
f l o w r a t e is 7 0 l/s.
L = 5000 m; D = 3 0 0 mm; k = 0 . 1 5 mm
5
k/D = 0 . 0 0 0 5 ; Re = 2 . 6 X 10 ; X = 0.0185
- - 15.4 m
h f -2gD-
S a yh e a d loss = 16 m w i t hm i n o r losses
.*.s y s t e mh e a d a t 70 l/s = 26 m
To o b t a i n t h e s p e e do f t h e pump ( N Z ) t h i s is s u c h t h a t t h e
p o i n t Q2 = 70, H 2 = 26 on t h e N 2 c u r v e h a s a homologous
p o i n t which l i e s o n t h e H1-Q1 curve a t 1200 rev/min ( N 1 ) .
OS
L
Q
97
The N 1 c u r v e c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y
H1 = A Q 1 2 + B Q1 + c
C is c l e a r l y 47.0
To o b t a i n A a n d B i n p u t t w o o t h e r p a i r s of c o o r d i n a t e s
e.g. Q = 10 l/s; H = 46 m
and Q = 60 l/s; H = 20 m
to y i e l d A = - 0.007; B = - 0.03
Now
2
N1 N1
Q1 = Q (-1; HI = H (-1
N2 N2
I n ( i >a n d w r i t i n g X =
N-,1
N2
whence X = 0 .g656
and N 2 = 1200/0.8656 = 1386 r e v / m i n
K = 50; b = 20; rW = 0.15 m

Pumping t e s t . Q = 30 l / s = 2592 m 3 / d a y
O b t a i n t h e r a d i u s of i n f l u e n c , e R_.
3.0 =
2592 ROW
271 X 50 X 20 log, 0.15
98
whence R = 215 m
0
Assuming .R a n d Q t h ez w v Q r e l a t i o n s h i pc a n be
obtained.
R /Q = 7 . 1 5
0
Using equation ( i)
60 60 Q (11s)
40 30 20
zW ( m ) 876.5.35.3.1.7058508
D e t e r m i n et h eh e a d loss v Q forthepipeline (see

Chapter 4 ) .
60 5 0 Q (11s)
40 30 20
hR (m) 1.38 3.14 5.54 8.56 12.21
W + (m) 5.26 8.14 11.69 15.91 20.78
S y s t e m head (m) 25.26 28.14 31.69 35.91 40.78
The s y s t e m c u r v e a n d pump c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r v e s f o r
series o p e r a t i o n p l o t g i v e s o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n :
Q = 27.5 l/s, H = 27..5 m.
6 . 9 a) D i s c h a r g eu n d e rg r a v i t yo n l y .
Q = - 2AJ2gD h f / L l o g [A + 2.51v
DJ2gD h f / L
i n w h i c h hf = H - Cm V2 / 2 g
Using t h e i t e r a t i v e p r o c e d u r e of example 4 . 2 ( a ) :
Q = 1 3 7 . 6 11s.
b) With t h e booster pump i n s t a l l e d t h e s y s t e mc u r v e
is n e e d e d i n w h i c h case i t is easier t o e v a l u a t e
e q u a t i o n ( i ) a b o v e f o r Q , f o r a series of hf v a l u e s
99
a n dt h e na d dt h em i n o rh e a d l o s s as i n p r o b l e m 6.1.
hf ( m ) 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100 120 140

Q (l/s> 64.4 92.0 113.2 131.1 146.9 161.2 174.3
h, ( m ) 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.3
Total systen head (m> 20.5 40.9 61.4 81.9 102.4 122.9 143.3
P l o t t h e pump h e a d v s . d i s c h a r g e a n d s y s t e m c u r v e s n o t i n g
t h a t t h ee f f e c t i v eh e a d of t h e pump a n dg r a v i t ys y s t e m is
t h e additionof t h e pump h e a da n d t h e g r a v i t y head o f 9 0 m .
O p e r a t i n gc o n d i t i o n s : Q = 166 l / s ; H
, = 40 m
( N o t et h a tt h ei n t e r s e c t i o n so ft h e H = 90 m l i n e w i t h t h e
systemcurvesimplyyieldsthegravityflowobtainedin a>
by d i r e c t m e t h o d . )
6.10 a ) With pump n o t i n s t a l l e d , p r o c e d u r e a s i np r o b l e m

5.1 ( C h a p t e r 5).
H (m>
J u n cPtiipoen ZI-ZJ
(l/s)
Q Q/H *’( m )
B AB 20.0 84.163
4.208
1st CB -20.0
-30.949
1.547
11.88
correction DB -30.0 -15.892 0.530
C37.321
6.285
ZB = 91.88 m
100
JunctP
i oi np e H (m)
zI-z Q QIH
J (11s) (m)
B AB 6.456
52.423
8.12
2nd CB -31.80
-39.421
1.237
-1.45
correction DB - 4 1-. 1
8 8 . 900. 485 1
C-5 - 9 0 6 8.144
Finally :
zB = 90.46 m
QAB = 5 7 . 1 11s; &Bc = 38.50 11s; %D = 18.6 11s
b )w i t h pump o p e r a t i n gi n BD b o o s t i n gf l o wt o D, t h e
h e a dp r o d u c i n gf l o w is ZD - ZB - H w h e r e H is t h e
P P
h e a dd e l i v e r e db yt h e pump. T h i s i s e q u i v a l e n tt o
l o w e r i n gt h el e v e li nr e s e r v o i r D by H An
P'
i n i t i a l estimate o f H c a nb eo b t a i n e df r o mt h e
P
manometric h e a d v . d i s c h a r g e c u r v e b a s e d on an
a s s u m e df l o w r a t e i n BD. S u b s e q u e n t l yt h ec o r r e c t e d
f l o w r a t e c a n be so u s e d ( s e e example 6 . 9 ) .
E s t i m a t e QBD = 20 11s. .'. H P = 27.5 m.
Estimate Z = 80.0 m
B
F l o w r a t e so b t a i n e df r o m
Q = - 2AJ2gD hf / L l o g
w h e r eh f = H.
[h + 2.51~
DJ2gD h f / L
1
101
B AB 20.0 - 84.163
4.208
20.0
1st CB -20.0 - -20.0

-30.949
1.547
10.07
correction DB -30.0
27.5
-57.5
-22.286
0.387
1 3 0 . 9 2 76 . 1 4 3
ZB = 90.07 m
B AB 9.93 - 58.300
5.871
9.93
2nd CB -30.07 - -30.07

-38.246
1.272
-1.06
correction DB -40.07
26.5
-66.57
-24.039
0.361
C-3.9867.504
~~ ~~
B AB 10.99 - 61.498
10.99
5.596
3rd CB -29.01 - -29.01

-37.542
1.294
0.03
correction DB -39.01
26.5
-65.51
-23.841
0.364
C 0.1157.254
~
Finally:
ZB = 89.04 m
QAB = 61.4 lis; &Bc = 37.6 l i s ; QBD = 23.8 11s
E = 26.5 m
P
Efficiency 5 0 per c e n t
=
9 . 8 1 X 0.0238 X 2 6 . 5 = 12.4 kW
Power c o n s u m p t i o n = 0.5
102
C H A m R7
Boundary layers on flat plates andin
ducts
7.1 L = 15 m; B = 4.0 + 2 X 0.5 = 5.0 m
Assuming t h a t t h e t u r b u l e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r d e v e l o p s
a t t h el e a d i n ge d g e :
a) total drag = Cf B L p -
u02
2
(equation 7.5 )
C f = 0.074/(ReL) 'l5 ( e q u a t i o n 7.11)

v = 1.2793 x I O - ~m Z / s
- -
ReL -
uOL
- 2.345 107
V
.*.
n
Cf = 2.4843 X 10-'
Drag = 2.4843 X 10-3 X 5 X 15 X 1024 X 2
= 381.6 N
T h i c k n e s s of b o u n d a r yl a y e r a t downstreamedge:
- 0.37L = 0.186 m ( e q u a t i o n 7.8)

6L - 115
( ReL )
2 v
1 l4
b) T = 0.0225 p V. (-) (equation 7.9 )
0
u06
A t mid-length e= 0.37 X 7.5/(Re0.5L )l15
-
uo X 7.5
Reo. 5L
- = 1.1725 X 10 7
V
= 1.0701 X 10-1 m
103
-6 114
1.2793o.10701
X 10
T = 0.0225 X 1024 X 4 (
0
= 4.56 N / m 2
7.2
Wetted perimeter = 21-0 = 2 X 1 X -

71
180
X 120 = 4.19 m
L = 6.0 m
Cf = 0.074/(ReL)1/5 = 2.4527 X 10-3
= 2.4527 X 10-3 X 4.19 X 6 X 1000 X 2512
= 770.8N
b) Combined drag due to laminar and turbulent boundary

layers (equation 7.12)
2
1.33 xo 0.074 xo
Fs = (
112
+ 0.074 L - 1/5) Bp 2
uO
Re 'l5 Re
X90 ReL X9 0
Re
X 9 0
= 500000; .*. X 0 = 0.12 m
..
e ((500000)112
X + 2.4527 X 10-3 X 6 -
25
6.436 X 10-4) 4.19 X 1000 X
= 748.9 N
104
7.3
( S e se e c t i o n
7.5
of text)
T h ee f f e c t i v e area o f i d e a l ( u n i f o r m ) f l u i d f l o w is
(B - 26*) (D - a*) i nw h i c h B a n d D a r e t h ew i d t ha n d
d e p t ho ft h ed u c ta n d 6* t h ed i s p l a c e m e n tt h i c k n e s s .
6* = 6L/8
- 0*37 L i n which L is t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e
&L - 115
ReL
start o ft h eb o u n d a r yl a y e rt ot h es p e c i f i e d section.
.. = 0.137 m a n d 6 * = 0.0171 m
.‘. E f f e c t i v e area = 0.9658 X 0.4658 = 0.44987 m2
Continuity: .A .U = AL
UL
... UL = 22.23 rnls
7.4 -v - - 5 .l7o5g f + 8
( e. 5q u a t i7o. n
27)
V*
and ”;*” 6
- - 5.75 l o g r; + 8.5 (ii)
0.2 -
From (i) a n d ( i i ) 7 - 5 . 7 5l o g 2
.*. v* = 0.1155 rnls
Substitutingin ( i ) o r ( i i ) y i e l d s k = 0.0019 m ( 1 . 9 5 mm>

A t y = 25 m v = v *( 5 . 7 5l o g 25 + 8.5)
0.00195
= 3.7 rnls
7*5 I-
V*
= 5.75 l o g + 5(.e5q u a t i 7
o .n2 3 )
”;*”
- - - 5.75 log ( v* X 0.05) + 5.5
1 X 10-6
.*. v* = 0.128 m / s ( =
105
Boundary shear stress T~ = 16.38 N / m 2
Hydraulic gradient: Sf = p =cl

g =~ 10004X X 9.81
16.38
X 0.1
(equation 4.3 1
= 0.067
Discharge:
Q = - 2A J2gD Sf log
= 23.65 l/s
Thickness of laminar sub-layer:
6 = -11.6~ (equation 7.33)
V*
6 = 11.6 X 1 X 10-6 = 9.1 x I O - ~m

0.128
= 0.091 mm
7.6
V
-
V*
- 5.75 log E + 8.5
50
At y = 50 m
m: -
V*
- 5.75 log -
k + 8.5 (i)
At y = 150 m
m: -674 -
V*
5.75 log -
150 + 8.5
k
(ii)
150
- - 5.75 log 50
-.251
V*
:. V* = 0,0915 m/s ( = -1
... T~ = 8.3 7 N / m 2
Sf = 0.0114
From (i) i:ti;5 = 5.75 log F + 8.5
whence k = 2.97 mm
Q = - 2A J2gD Sf log
[& + 2.51~
DJ2gD Sf
1
106
= 9 4 . 0 3 11s
2gD A 2 Sf
X =
Q=
-v,ax
- - 5.75 l o g D + 8.5
V*
D
V*
- v = 5.75 log (--)
2Y
(b) smooth 5 = 5.75 log ( F ) 5.5
+
v *D + 5.5
- - 5.75 log (X)
-Vmax
v*
*max - v = 5.75 log (-)

D
V*
2Y
107
CHAPTER 8
Steady flow in open channels
8.1 T~ = pgR S o
R = AIP = 4 X 218 = 1 . 0 m
... T
0
= 1 0 0 0 X 9 . 8 1 X 1 X 1 / 2 0 0 0 = 4.9 N/m2
8.2 a) i) Q = -
A = 5 X 3 . 0 5 = 15.251$;P
A J32gR So log
= 5 + 6.1
1.255~
RJ32gR S
= 1l.lm
J
R = 1.374 m; J32gR So = 0.6567
k +
4Q = - 1 5 . 2 5 X 0.6567 X log 14.8
1.255 X 1 . 1 3 X 10
1 . 3 7 4 X 0.6567
-7
-3.994 = log [20.t352 + 1.5717 X 1G6
1
whence k = 2.027 mm
a ) ii) Manning:
Q = -
n
40 = -
15.25 X
n 1.374213 X (111000)112
n = 0.0149
108
b) A t y = 4.0 m
i) Darcy-Weisbach (equation 8.11)
Q = 5 6 . 2 1 m31s
i i Manning
Q = 5 6 . 5 7 m31s
8.3 Q = -
n
213
.. 36 = ( 3 . 5 + y > y ( ( 3 . 5 + y)y
0.014 3 . 5 + 2 . 8 2 8 ~) (0.0005)112
Solving by trial or graphical interpolation:

y = 2.74 m
8.4 Refer to Figure 8 . 6 of text.

Obtain discharge when depth y= 1.0 m: So = 0.001
Area of flow, A = r2 ( 8 - L sin281
2
Wetted perimeter, P = 21-0
-1
0 = cos ( (r-y)/r )
8 = 1 . 2 3 radians
... A = 2 . 0 6 2 m2
P = 3.693 m
J
r l
1.255~
Q = - AJ32gR So
RJ32gR So
Q = 3 . 7 7 6 m31s
and V = 1.83 m l s
109
Mean b o u n d a r y shear stress, -to = pgR So
= 1000 X 9.81 X 0.558 X 0.001

= 5.48 N / m 2
8.5 a) D e t e r m i n e maximum d i s c h a r g eu n d e ru n i f o r m flow

c o n d i t i o n s .S e eF i g u r e 8.22 i nt e x t .
D = 1.5 m; So = 0.002; k = 0.6 mm
S o l u t i o n :F i g u r e 8.22 s h o w st h ev a r i a t i o no f
d i s c h a r g e w i t h d e p t ho fu n i f o r m f l o w , and that t h e
maximum d i s c h a r g e o c c u r s a t a b o u t 0.95 X pipe
diameter. However &max c a n be o b t a i n e db y
calculatingthedischarges a t u n i f o r mf l o wo v e r a
r a n g e of d e p t h s ,s a yf r o m 1.2 m t o 1.5 m u s i n g t h e
method of p r o b l e m 8.4.
Whence:
Depth, y ( m > 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Discharge m 3 / s 3.26 3.49 3.60 3.37
Qmax = 3.6 m 3 / s
b) A 20% i n c r e a s ei nf l o w rate w i l l cause t h e pipe
to runfullunderpressure:
Q = 4.32 m 3 1 s ; Vf = 2.44 m l s
R e = 3.24 X 106 ; h e n c e h = 0.016 (from Moody
d i a g r a m o r s o l v i n gC o l e b r o o k - W h i t ee q u a t i o n )
AV2 - 0.016 X 2.442 = o.oo324
'.' 'f = - 19.62 X 1.5
110
8 . 6V e l o c i t yd i s t r i b u t i o n 5 = 5 . 7 5l o g
V
A t 0.2 yo f r o mb e d (Oo2 yO) = 5 . 7 5 log
30 X 0.2 yo
V* k
V 30 X 0 . 8 yo
A t 0.8 yo f r o mb e d ( o * 8 y o ) = 5 . 7 5l o g
V*
k
302 X 0.16 X yo2

A v e r a g eo ft h e s e =
5 . 7 5 v* log (
2 k2 1
30 X m yo
= 5 . 7 5v *l o g (
k 1
0.398
1 (i)
Mean v e l o c i t y f r o m v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n
- 5 . 7 5v *
2.303 yo o'[ log'0 - '
0 + '
0
= 5 . 7 5v *l o g
[ k-
30 yo
0.434
which is c l o s e t o ( i )
Note t h a t ( i ) is i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e l o c a l v e l o c i t y at a
d e p t ho f 0.6 f r o mt h es u r f a c e a t w h i c hf i e l dm e a s u r e m e n t s
are commonly t a k e n .
111
8 . 7S e e example 8 . 6a n dF i g u r e8 . 1 9 of t e x t
V2 V2
E n e r g yr e l a t i o n s h i p at inlet: H = y + - + 0.25 -
2g 2g
Uniform flow resistance e q u a t i o n : Q =
b = 3 . 0 m: So = 0.001: s i d e s l o p e s = 1:l
H = 2.0 m; A = (3+y)y: p = 3.0 + 2*; n = 0.014
E v a l u a t e ( i ) a n d ( i i ) f o r a r a n g e of y
1 . 8 1 . 7 y1(.m)
6 1.5 1.0 0.5
m 31/15s17.138.138. 45. 98. 8. 5
Q( i>
2m01 .3814.l613s.44.75. 02 . 1
Q( i i )
From t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n p o i n t of c u r v e s ( i ) a n d ( i i ) ( s e e
example 8 . 6 ) :
y = 1.67 m; Q = 17.6 m 3 / s
8.8 Refer t o example 8 . 4a n dF i g u r e8 . 1 7 of t e x t
n= n3 = 0.013: n2 = 0.025
1
a) E i n s t eei qn u i v a l ernotu g h n e s s :
312
213
P1 = 2.704 m:
1
P = 8 . 4 0 8 m: A = 7.875 m 2
R = 0.937 m
+ 2.704 X 0 . 0 1 3 1 ' 5 ) /8 . 4 0 8
= 0.0177
112
7.875 (0.937)~’~
(0.005)112
Q = 0.0177
= 30.12 m 3 / s
Pavlovskji : n = [ C Pini2
p
112
]
+ 3 . 0 ~ 0 . 0 2 5 +~ 2.704x0.013
2.704~0.013~
8.408
= 0.0182
Q = 29.29 m2/s
PR5
Lotter: n = 513
Pi Ri
n. 1
1
For simple c h a n n e l s e c t i o n s t h e a s s u m p t i o n R1 = R 2
- .....R may be made:
513
8 . 4 0 8 X 0.803
n =
2.704 5-/33. 0 +7L
‘0.013 + 0 . 0 205. 0 1 3
0 4 ) X 0.803
n = 0,0157; Q = 33.95 m 3 / s
Refer t o F i g u r e 8 . 3 4 of t e x t
AI, A3; P1, P relate t o flood p l a i n s
3
A2, P r e l a t e t o m a i nc h a n n e l
2
Ai = A3 = 40 y m 2 ; A 2 = 3 0 0 + 5 0 y m2
P1 = 4 0 + y ; P2 = 6 5 m:
Q = 2470 m 3 / s : So = 0 . 0 0 1 2 5
113
n = n3 = 0,035; n = 0.025
1 2
E v a l u a t e Q f o r series of y :
2 . Y62 . 5(2m. 4)2 . 32 . 22 . 12 . 0

Q (m31s) 2147
2208
2270
2331
2395
2460
2524
.'. y 2.5 m
8 . 1 0F o r' e c o n o m i cs e c t i o n ' b + 2Ny = 2y 41 + N2
N = 0; b = 2y
1 1221 3
= L T ( by )
n b + 2 y
= W (W)
n 4Y
= W . ($)
n
y = 6.13 m; b = 12.26 m
8.11 T r a p e z o i d sael c t i o 'ne:c o n o m si ce c t i o n '
N = 1 b + 2y = 2y&; b = 0.828 y
A = 1.828 y2; P = 3 . 6 5 6y ; R = 0.5 y
75 = y 2 (y0). 25
( 01 .30 0 0 5 ) 1 1 2
Y 813 = 4 0 . 7 8
Y = 4.02 m
b = 3.33 m
114
112 y 8 / 3
Q = 6 0 = 2213 ( 0 . 0 0 0 5 )
n 2
y = 3.67 m; b = 7.34 m
Excavation (including 0 . 1 m lining) = 7.54 X 3.77
= 28.43 m 3 l m
Area of lining = 1 4 . 6 8 m 2 / m
Let X = cost of excavation/m3
... Costlm = 1 4 . 6 8 X 2x + 2 8 . 4 3 ~
= 57.79x
b) Trapezoidal unlined. n = 0.025: N = 1.5
b + 2Ny = 2y J1 + N Z
b = 0.0055 y
A = 2 . 1 0 5 5y 2 : P = 4 . 2 1 1y : R = yI2
2 - 1 0 5 5 ( 0 . 5 ) ~ ’ (~0 . 0 0 0 5 ) 181123
6 o = 0.025 Y
y = 4.35 m
b = 2.64 m
Area = 3 9 . 8 4 m 3 / m
Costlm = 39.84~
Relative cost alb = 57.79139.84 = 1.45:l
8.13 Stable channel design:
Bed shear stress, T~ = 0.98 pgY So I 2 . 5 N / m 2

... depth for critical tractive force on bed
Y Y 2.5/(0.0001 X 0.98 X 1000 X 9.81)

I 2.6 m
115
C h e c kd e p t h f o r c r i t i c a l t r a c t i v e force on s i d e s ;
'c ='c --
sc bc
= 1.69 N/m2
... 0 . 7 5 pgy So 1.69
... y % 2.297
... Adopt y % 2.29 m
and A = ( b + 2 . 1 4 4 5 ~ ) ~P; = b + 2y41 + 2.14452
yields b = 20.5 m
8 . 1 4 Refer t o F i g u r e 8 . 2 9 of t e x t
R e c t a n g u l a rc h a n n e l . .*.y 2 - Cc yo = 0.6 X 1 . 0 = 0.6 m
V2 = q / y 2 = 3.010.6 = 5 . 0 m1s
Froud
n eu m b e r : F = V2 1 = 5.0 1 d9.81 X 0.6
r2
= 2.061
... flow a t vena c o n t r a c t a i s s u p e r c r i t i c a l .

To f i n d upstream d e p t h
a1 V 1 2
+ a2v2a
Y1 2g = y 2 + - 2g + hL
and
= 0.0412 X 1 . 2 V2212g
.'. y1 + V I 2 / 2 g = y 2 + 1 . 2V 2 2 / 2 g + 0.0494 V 2 2 1 2 g
.*.
yl + e
y1 + VI212g = 0.6 + 1.2494 X 25119.62
= 2.192m
whence y1 = 2.09 m
116
8.15 Refer t o example 8 . 1 3a n dF i g u r e s8 . 2 5a n d8 . 2 6 of
text.
c1 V12 c1 V 2 2
+ - - - y 2 + - + z
Y1 2g 2g
When z i s less t h a n z c , y l = y n( u n i f o r mf l o wd e p t h (see
e x a m p l e8 . 1 3 ) ) . I t w i l l t h e r e f o r e be c o n v e n i e n t t o com-
p l e t e b) and c ) first.
b) Yc = 1.45 m
C ) When y 2 = y c , a n dt h e
z = z specific energy a t z
cl
w i l l s t i l l be e q u a l t o t h e e n e r g y of u n i f o r m f l o w .
Es ( Y = Yn) - Yn + c1 V212g
1
y, = 2.5 m; V = 512.5 = 2 . 0 m l s
E = 2.5 + 1.2 X 4119.62

s1
= 2.745 m
.'. VC = q l y , = 5.011.45 = 3.448 m l s
... 2.745 = 1 . 4 5 + 1 . 2 X 3.44g2119.62 + zc

2 . 7 4 5 = 2.177 + zc
... z
C
= 0.568 m
a) F o r z < zC ( < 0.568)
2.745 = y 2 + 1 . 2q 2 1 2 gy 2 2 + z
Result : y1 = 2 . 5
Z 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
2.373 2.24 2.097 1.937 1.739

y2
F o r z > z c' Y2 = Y, a n d Y 1 > Y,
y1 + 1 . 2 9212g y12 = 1 . 4 5 + 1 . 2 q 2 1 2 g yc2 + z
117
+ 1 . 5 2 9 1 ~=~ 2.177
~ + z
Y1
Z 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
3.012.892.782.662.54
Y1
Result :
y2 -
- yc = 1 . 4 5 m
8 . 1 6R e f e rt oF i g u r e8 . 2 7 of t e x t
Q = 1.6 m 3 / s : B = 1 . 5 m: b = 0.5 m
y l + a -v12 - a v22
2g
Y2 + -2g
Assume f l o w i n t h r o a t is c r i t i c a l :
= 1.047 m
S p e c i f i ec n e r g y at throat = 1 . 0 4 7 + 1.1 X 1. 6 2
2g ( 0 . 5 ~ 1 . 0 4 7 ) ~
= 1.5707m
1.1 X 1 . 6 2
S p e c i f i ce n e r g y a t u n i f o r mf l o w = 0.92 +
2g ( 1 . 5 ~ 0 . 9 2 ) ~
= 0.995 m
.. S i n c es p e c i f i ce n e r g y a t t h r o a t at critical depth
( a n dw h i c h is t h e minimum Es f o r t h e g i v e n d i s c h a r g e at
thethroat) is g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t i n t h e u p s t r e a m s e c t i o n
a t u n i f o r mf l o w ,t h ef l o wm u s t be c r i t i c a l i n t h e t h r o a t .
U p s t r e a md e p t h :
aV12
Y1--
- -
- 1.5707 m
2g
1.1 X 1 . 6 a
'1 + 2g(1.5 X y1)2 = m
... y1 = 1 . 5 4a4nyd2 = 1.047 m
118
Q = g m b H 1312 (see example 8.14)
aV1 1.1 X
H1 = y1 + - = 1.0 + Q2
2g(1.5
2g X 1)2
H1 = 1.0 + 0.025 Q2
.. Q = 1.7049 X 0.5 (1.0 + 0.025 Q 2 )

312
Q = 0.8524 (1.0 + 0.025 Q2)312
1st approximation:
Q = 0.8524 (l.0)312 = 0.8524 m 3 I s
2nd approximation:
Q = 0.8524 (1.0 + 0.018) 312 = 0.8755 m3 / S
3rd approximation:
Q = 0.8524 (1.0 + 0.0191) 312= 0.877 m3/ S
4th approximation:
Q = .8524 (1.0 + 0.0192) 312 = 0.877 m 3 / s
8.17 See Figure 8.29 of text
= 3.56 m: Vs = 2514 X 3.56 = 1.756 mls

YS
-- = 1.756 = 0.297
J9.81 X 3.56
0 . Yi = 1.78 (/l + 8 X 1.2 X 0.2972 - 1)

yi = 0.639 ( > depth at vena contracta(0.6 m))
.*.Hydraulic jump occurs

aV 2 aV2
Upstream depth: y1 + 2 =
2g y2 + 2g + hL
v2
hL = (c
1 2
V
- 1) 2g *9 V2 = 2544 X 0.6) = 10.417 m l s
119
... hL = (-2
1
0.98 - 1) 10.4172/19.62 = 0.228 m
+ 1.2 X 252 = 0.6 +

1.2 X 10.4172
'*. 1' 19.62 X (4 X ylI2 19.62
+ 0,228
Yl
+ 2 . 3 8 9 1 ~ ~=~ 7.465 m
yl = 7.42 m: V1 = 25/4 X 7.42 = 0.842 rnls
F o r c eo ng a t e :
Bpg yl2I2 + BpQ(Vl-V2) - Bpg ~ ~ - Fx

~ = 10 2
- 'Oo0 (7.42' - 0.62) + 1.2 X 1000 X 25

Fx - 2
(0.842 - 10.417)
= 786 kN
8.18 S e eF i g u r e 8.30 of t e x t
y2 = 0.6 X 1.5 = 0.9 m
Initialdepthrequired t o s u s t a i nj u m p = 0.639 m
y2 > 0.639; t h e r e f o r e a jump w i l l n o tf o r m .
Apply momentum e q u a t i o n to (2) a n d ( 3 ) ( w h e r e y3 = ys>
BPg yG212 + BpQ(V2-V3) - Bpg ~ ~ ~ 1 2

T h i sy i e l d s yG = y3 J1 + 2BF3a(l - y3/y2) ( s e e p a g e 231)
F 3 = V 3 / G ( = Fs) = 0.297
3.56
1 + 2 X 1.2 X 0.297' (1 -0.91
= 2.176 m
V2 = 2514 X 0.9 = 6.944 mls
UV2' (rV12
-
y1+--
2g
YG + -
2g + hL
.. '1
+ 1 . 2 X 252
1 9 . 6 2 X 16 X y I 2 = 5'25 m
= 5.25 m
Y 1 + 2.389/y12
.*. y1 = 5.157 m ; V1 = 1 . 2 1 m/s
F o r c oe n gate = (y12 - y d 2 ) + Bp& ( V , - V,)
- 4000
-
2
(5.1572 - 2.1762) + 1.2 X 1000 X 25
( 1 . 2 1 - 6.944)
= 257 kN
8.19 b = 8.0 m; So = 0.0002; n = 0.015; a = 1.1;
Q = 40 m 3 / s
C a l c u l a t eu n i f o r mf l o wd e p t hf r o mM a n n i n ge q u a t i o n :
yn = 3 . 5 m : = 5.0 m
YO
A t c o n t r o ls e c t i o n , y = 5.0 m, A = 4 0 . 0 m 2 , R = 2.222 m
Q2
S p e c i f i ce n e r g y = y + 7 = 5.055 m
2gA
U s i n gt h e 'Direct S t e p 'm e t h o d ,s p e c i f y Ay a n dt h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g Ax i s o b t a i n e d f r o m
E2 - E
Ax = - l =
AE
so B, so - sf
w h e r e Ea a n d El a r e e v a l u a t e d a t y 2a n d y1
Note: T h ec a l c u l a t i o n of Ax h a sb e e nc a r r i e do u tb y
c o m p u t e r .T h ev a l u e so ft h eq u a n t i t i e s shown i n t h e
f o l l o w i n g t a b l e h a v eb e e n' r o u n d e do f f 'i n some cases,
p a r t i c u l a r l y E a n dS f ;h o w e v e r Ax h a sb e e ne v a l u a t e d
fromthe more e x a c t v a l u e s .
12 1
Y A R E Ax X
5.055
2.222
40.05.0 7.759~10-~ - - 0
4 . 93 9 . 22 . 2 0 24 . 9 5 88 . 1 7 6 ~ 1 0 - ~7 . 9 6 8 ~ 1 0 - ~8 1 2 . 0 78 1 2 . 0 7
4.838.42.1824.860 8 . 6 2 7 ~ 1 0 - ~8 . 4 0 2 ~ 1 0 - 58 4 1 . 2 31 6 5 3 . 3 1
4 . 73 7 . 62 . 1 6 14 . 7 6 39 . 1 1 5 ~ 1 0 - ~8 . 8 7 1 ~ 1 0 - ~8 7 5 . 2 72 5 2 8 . 5 8
Continuingthisresultsin:
y(m> 4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
4407 x(m> 3 4 4 4
8.20 P r o c e d u r ei d e n t i c a lw i t ht h a t of p r o b l e m 8 . 1 9 .
U n i f o r mf l o wd e p t h = 2.71 m; yo = 4 . 0 m
C o m p u t a t i o n sp r o c e e du p s t r e a mu s i n gd i r e c ts t e pm e t h o d s
w i t hi n t e r v a l s of dy = 0.1 m.
Note: Some q u a n t i t i e s shown h a v eb e e n' r o u n d e d off';
see N o t e i n p r o b l e m 8 . 1 9 s o l u t i o n .
Y A R E Ax X
(m> (m2> (m> (m>

sf 8, (m) (m>
1
4
31.3
1
763
44
.0
3
6. 0
~10-~ - - 0
3 . 91 5 . 61 . 3 2 24 . 0 4 33 . 9 8 2 ~ 1 0 - ~3 . 8 6 2 ~ 1 0 - ~1 5 1 . 4 61 5 1 . 4 6
3 . 81 5 . 21 . 3 1 03 . 9 5 04 . 2 4 5 ~ 1 0 - ~ 4
' . 1 1 4 ~ 1 0 - ~1 5 6 . 9 73 0 8 . 4 4
3 . 71 4 . 81 . 2 9 83 . 8 5 8 4 . 5 3 3 ~ 1 0 - ~4 . 3 8 9 ~ 1 0 - ~1 6 3 . 5 54 7 1 . 9 9
Proceedingyields:
y(m>
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
x(m) 6 4 3 . 68 2 5 . 11 0 1 91 2 3 01 4 6 41 7 3 12 0 5 22 4 6 83 1 1 1
12 2
8.21
Use d i r e c t s t e p method, p r o c e e d i n g u p s t r e a m i n d e p t h
intervalsof 0.05 m.
Note: Some q u a n t i t i e s shown h a v eb e e n' r o u n d e d off';
see Note i n p r o b l e m 8.19 s o l u t i o n .
0.714 1.785 0.454

1.067 7.276~10-~ - - 0
0.764 1.910 0.474 1.072 6.005~10-~ 6 . 6 4 0 6 ~ 1 0.943
0-~ 0.943
0.814 2.035 0.493 1.086 5 . 0 2 3 ~ 1 0 - ~ 5 . 5 1 3 6 ~ 1 02.946
-~ 3.889
0.864 2.160 0.511 1.105 4 . 2 5 1 ~ 1 0 - ~ 4 . 6 3 7 ~ 1 05.357
-~ 9.246
F u r t h e rc o m p u t a t i o n sy i e l d :
y(m> 0.914 0.964 1.014 1.064 1.114 1.164

x(m) 17.52
29.35 45.57 67.27 96.0 134
y(m) 1.214 1.264 1.314 1.364 1.414 1.464
x(m) 184 253 349 493 739 1355
8.22 T h i sp r o b l e m is i d e n t i c a li nn a t u r e w i t h 8.19 a n d
8.20; t h e o n l yd i f f e r e n c e i s t h ec h a n n e lc r o s s - s e c t i o n .
Note: Some q u a n t i t i e s s h o w nh a v eb e e n' r o u n d e d off';
see Note i n s o l u t i o n t o p r o b l e m 8.19.

yn = 4.16 m
12 3
0768
2.409
42.5 5.0 1.3886~10~ - - 0
4.9
41.16
2.371
4.9819 1 . 5 1 2 2 ~ 1 0 1~ . 4 5 0 4 ~ 1 0 ~612.52
612.52
4.8
39.84
2.333
4.8875 1 . 6 4 9 2 ~ 1 0 ~1 . 5 8 0 7 ~ 1 0 ~665.69
1278.21
y(m) 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3
x(m) 2016 2855 3849 5105 6900
124
8.23. Channel inlet level = 101.00 m; Water level at
inlet = 104.00 m
Head available = 104 - 101 = 3 m
Channel outlet level = 101.00 - 1500 X
= ~100.40 m
4~10-
Assuming channel to be with critical slope, the

energy Eqn. at inlet gives:
H = 3 = yc + Vc2/2 g + 0 . 02Vc2/2 g = 1.51 yc
Hence yc = 1.987 m and V, = (gy,) 'I2= 4.415 m/s. From

Mannings Eqn.
S, = (Vcn)2/R4/3 = ....... .> So ( = 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ )
Therefore the channel is of mild slope and the

governing equations at inlet are:
Equations (i) and (ii) give by iteration,

y = 2.800 m (uniform flow depth) and the discharge
rate q = 5.564 m3/s.m.
125
For uniform flow to exist throughout the channel
length the water level in the downstream
reservoir = 100.400 + 2.80 = 1103.20 m
If the d/s reservoir water level = 103.50 m an M1

profile would exist initiating from the downstream
reservoir. If the length of the M1 profile is greater
than the length of the channel. the channel inlet is
drowned with reduced discharge in the channel. The
length of the Ml profile can be obtained by step
method between the depths 3.1 m (103.50 - 100.40)
and 2.80 m.
The calculations suggest that the length of the

channel (=l500 m) is less than. the length of the
profile and hence the inlet is submerged thus
reducing the flow rate.
8.24. For full pipe flow (assumption) the energy

equation gives:
This results in a diameter, D := 2.250 m (H = 3.70 m

< 4 . 0 0 m). Check for the flow conditions
(verification of assumption): H/D = 1.65 > 1.2 -
this suggests inlet submergence. Using Manning’s
E q n . with the maximum discharge (flowing full-non-
pressurised) we can get the allowable D = 2.320 m (<
126
2.250 m, the diameter provided). Hence the barrel
flows full under pressure.
If the entry loss coefficient is 0.25, the solution

of Eqn. (i) gives D = 2.000 m with a maximum head,
H = 3.930 m (< 4 . 0 0 0 m).
8.25. Weir discharge, Qv = 10 m3/s; Channel discharge

(u/s of weir) , Q~ = 100 m3/s.
Discharge in channel d/s of weir, Q2 = 100.00 -

10.00 = 90.00 m 3 / s and solving for its normal depth,
y2 = 2.70 m giving:
Energy d/s of the weir, E2 = 2.723 m.
Assuming constant energy along the weir, El = 2.723 m

u/s of the weir.
From this energy the u/s water depth, y1 = 2.67 m.
Assuming a weir ofsill height, S = 2.0 m, Eqn. 8.30

gives
= -1.071
and
& = -0.685.
127
The weir discharge coefficient:
(8.33)
K = 1.0 for (yl - s)/L >2.0 (8.34)
and
= 0.80 + 0.10 (yl - s ) / L for (yl - S) /L < 2.0 (8.35)
From the spatially varied flow equation ( E q n . 8.31)

we can write:
Assuming a crest length, L = say 1 m, we have (yl -

S) /L = 0.67 (< 2.0) and hence K = 0.867 from E q n .
8.35 and CM = 0.627 from E q n . 8.33. From E q n . (i) we
then get, L = 46 m; this satisfies E q n . 8.35 as (yl -
s)/L < 2.0.
This trial solution suggests a very large crest
length for a discharge of 10 m 3 / s and may be reduced
considerably by decreasing the sill (crest) height,
S from 2.0 m.
128
CHAPTERS
Dimensional analysis, similitude and
hydraulic models
9.1 Dynamical similarity requires equality Qf the
Reynolds numbers in the two systems.

Notation: subscript W relates to water and o to oil.
.. - - --
= '0 Dw 8.5 X 10-6 X 0 . 0 5 =
vW v w Do 1 X 10-6 X 0.25
Ratio of discharges :
... .
Q = 2.0 X 1.7 X (250/50)2 = 85 l/S
Ratio of energy gradients:
Sf,o - l0 Dw
S lw vw2 Do
f ,W
A. = X since Re and k/D are same

W
.. Sf ,o
- 0.25
- X 1.72 X 1
10 X 5
= o.01445
12 9
9.2 For dynamical similarity (Re) = (Re)w
a
:. vw w--' a' - .-
Da a-
'
'
a Dw w'
- 3.0
1.3 I O - ~ 0.2 1.3 = 2.29 m / s
1.77 I O - ~ 0.025 1000
Pressure gradient:
Head loss in air pipe= 10 mm of water

.'. Apa = 1000 X 9.81 X 0.01 = 98.1 N / m 2
.. APw -- 98.1300
X 30 X 1000 X 2.2g2 X 0.2
X 1.3 X 3.02 X 0.025
= 35176 N/m2
9.3 For dynamical similarity with air and water in same

pipe :
:. vw = v ( 'a- . -W' 1
a pw a
'
1.12 I. IO-~ ) = 1.234 m/s

= 2 0 ( m 1.815 X 10-5
.*. % = 2.42 l / s
13 0
a '-
' = Pa 'a2 = 1.12 (-
20 )2
11. 20 30 40
*PW vw2
= 0.294
'
P
,
or - = 3.4
a''
9.4 For equality of Reynolds and Froude numbers in the

two systems:
9.5 HydraulicJump
Dimensional homogeneity: f(ys, yi, q, p , g) = 0
q = specific discharge
v 1 = YsfYi
-
- vi Yi = Froude number
YiJgyi
.. Y, = Yi (9 [Fi]
This is of the same form as the equation derived from

momentum principles.
131
9.6 Vee n o t c h :
Q = 185 Cd G t a n 50 h5/2
-- X 30t0a.'5n 9 X 0 . 1 512
15
= 0.00254 m 3 / s = 2.54 11s

1 1 2H 3 / 2 1 1 2H 3 / 2
Similarity: ( g 1 = (
g
V V
oil water
( s e e page 2 5 2 )
C o r r e s p o n d i n gh e a d of o i l , H. = ( lOI2l3
Hw
= 0.4645 m
512
= &W (g-1
HO
Q. ( s e e example 9 . 3 )
W
0.4645) 512
= 2.54 ( o*l = 118.1 11s
9.7 Force r a t i o :
Dynamicalsimilarity: - (Re)p
(Re)m -
Vm = 30 X (25
7)= 93.75 m l s
* * F = 1 X 252 ( 30 ) 2
8 P 93.75
= 1 1 . 2 kN
13 2
9.8 D y n a m i c asl i m i l a r i t y of rotodynamic
pumps:
NZ D2) -
(- - (-N Z D’) (see page 260)
gH m gH P
N 2 D z
... H
P
= H
m
X ($1
m
(3)
m
1450
= H (-
m 1800) 4z
= 1 0 . 3 8 Hm
i . e . Q = 5 1 . 5 5 Qm
P
T h e r e f o r et h ec o o r d i n a t e so nt h eh e a dv .d i s c h a r g ec u r v e
of t h e p r o t o t y p e c o r r e s p o n d i n g w i t h t h o s e of t h e m o d e l
are :
78.89 66.45 43.61 10.38
Hp(m) 83.06
Q p ( l / s ) 0.0 103.1 206.2 309.3 412.44
9 . f9( P , gH, N , D , B , P , v , Q) = 0
R e p e a t i n gq u a n t i t i e s p, N, D
fl(Tl, T2’ TcJ, = o
U s i n gB u c k i n g h a m T theorem
rl = pa D’ Ny P
TI
1
= (ML-3 )a L B (T-’)’ ML2 T-3
whence 0 = a + 1 ( i n d i c e s of M)
0 = -3a + B + 2 ( i n d i c e s of L )
0 = -y - 3 ( i n d i c e s of T )
13 3
.. y = - 3
a = - l
B = - 5
P
I T =
5 3
p D N
B c1
Similarly I T 3 = D i I T 4 = pND
-
l-
.’. 3 5 -
D pND2
N2D2
’-
P = pN D 9
gH U
D y n a m i c a ls i m i l a r i t y (Froude n u m b e r s )
whence P 3 5
9 = (N!iLLlp
3 5
m
‘ (N D >m
w h e n Pm a n d Hm a r e u n i t y . N m is c a l l e d t h e s p e c i f i c speed,
d e n o t e d by Ns
i.e. N~ = N~ 5 / ( H ~ ) ~ / ~
D
2 Hm
= N Z ( g )-
Nm P Dm
Hp
1 /2
10
Nm = 3 0 0 X (150)
= 1549.2 r e v / m i n
134
= 1 5 4 9 . 2 rev/min
Pm = 1 . 2 kW
= 13.6 l / s
20 3
= 0.0136 X
1549.2
= 21.07 m3/s
3 5
= 20
(1549.2
= 27885 kW
= 2 7 . 8 9 MW
9.10 c =
Prototype: y = 7.0 m; c = J9.81 X 7.0 = 8.287 m / s
L = 8.287 X 9 . 0 = 74.583 m
9.0 JTG X 110 = 2.84 S
13 5
= 4.0 X 1 0 2 X 10
= 4 0 0 0 kN
T h i sf o r c e is on 10.0 X 0 . 5 m l e n g t h of p r o t o t y p e
... f o r c e l u n i t l e n g t h = 8 0 0 kN
13 6
CHAPTER 10
Ideal fluid flow and curvilinear flow
10.1
- = U = Vcosa;. + = Vcosay + f ( x ) + c (ii)

ay
(i) and ( ii) are i d e n t i c a l

.'. I$ = - Vsina X + Vcosa y + c
T h e streamlice + = 0 passes t h r o u g h O , O , : .*. c = 0
... + = Vcosa y - Vsina X
Polar form: y = rsin0; X = rcose
.*. + = Vcosa r s i n e - V s i n ar c o s 8
137
10.2 JI = xy
T h i s is t h e e q u a t i o n t o a set o fr e c t a n g u l a rh y p e r b o l a e
d e f i n e db yx y = C
V e l o c i t yp o t e n t i a lf u n c t i o n : U = a@
- = X
ax
:. i$ = x 2 / 2 + f ( y ) + c
.: 0 = X= l 2 + y2/2
10.3 D r a w t h eu n i f o r mr e c t i l . i n e a rf l o wf i e l di nt h e X
directionwithlinesspacedinthe y direction t o repre-
s e n t 1 . 0 m, s i n c e S Q = - 1 m 3 / s . m and U = - 1 m/s. The
l i n e s w i l l be numbered 0 , - l, - 2 . . . . . e t c .t or e p r e s e n t
f l o w r a t e s of - 1, - 2 , ..... m3/s.m.
Using a g r a p h i c a lc o n s t r u c t i o n i t is c o n v e n i e n t t o
c h o o s et h e same m a g n i t u d e f o r t h e i n t e r v a l o f S$ f o r t h e
source, i.e. 1.0. T h ea n g l eb e t w e e nt h er a d i a ls o u r c e
s t r e a m l i n e s is g i v e nb y
.. 6 0 = 360/12
0
= 30
0
Thegraphicalconstructionandflowpattern are
similar t o t h o s e i n e x a m p l e 10.1.
13 8
10.4
Q01 &Q2
J , = u y + - - -
2lI 21T
-1 -1
Takino
grigin a t 0. O1 = t a ny / x ; 8, = tan
yl(x+a)
.*. = uy + 3
21T [ t a n - y' / x - t a n - y' / ( x + a ) l
F o re a c hv a l u e of J, p a i r s of v a l u e s of y a n d X indiscrete
i n t e r v a l s of X c a n be o b t a i n e d b y c o m p u t e r a n d t h e
streamlines plotted.
J, x(m> 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
0 y(m> 0 0 1.37 2.02 2.61 2.78
- 1 y(m) 1.55 1.96 2.52 3.25 3.27 3.40
- 2 y(m) 2.79 3.12 3.47 4.00 4.05 4.10
- 3 y(m) 3.89 4.13 4.37 4.70 4.74 4.82
13 9
The l i n e JI = 0 which may b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a s o l i d body is
known a s t h e' R a n k i n eO v a l ' . An a l t e r n a t i v eg r a p h i c a l
c o n s t r u c t i o n may be a d o p t e de . g . f i r s t combine t h e s o u r c e
a n du n i f o r mf l o w a s i np r o b l e m 3 a n dc o m b i n et h er e s u l -
tantpatternwith the sink.
10.5 T h er e s u l t a n tf l o wp a t t e r n is t h ec o m b i n a t i o n of a
s i n ka n d a u n i f o r m flow.
S t r e n g t h of s i n k = 3 m 3 / s p e r metre d e p t h
T h ed i s c h a r g eb e t w e e n t h e riverbankandthepollutant
s o u r c e is 7 m 3 / s p e r metre d e p t h .S i n c eo n l y 3 m 3 / s per
metre d e p t h i s drawn i n t o t h e i n t a k e i t c a n be c o n c l u d e d
that thepollutant w i l l notenter t h e i n t a k e( n e g l e c t i n g
dispersion). However i t is u s e f u l t o draw t h e f l o w
p a t t e r nf r o m which t h e e f f e c t o f o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s o u r c e s
c o u l d be i n v e s t i g a t e d . A g r a p h i c a lm e t h o d is i l l u s t r a t e d .
To s t u d y t h e f l o w p a t t e r nd o w n s t r e a m of t h e i n t a k e i n a
c h a n n e l of f i n i t e w i d t h i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s i d e r
t h e r e m a i n i n gd i s c h a r g ei n a d u c tf o r m e db y t h e new l i n e
J, = 0 a n d t h e o p p o s i t e b a n k .
140
10.6 T h ec u r v e db o u n d a r yp r e s e n t sp r o b l e m sf o ra c c u r a t e
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n when u s i n g a r e c t a n g u l a r mesh f o r n u m e r i c a l
analysis; a f i n e mesh w o u l di d e a l l y be r e q u i r e d .
Howeverassuming a linearvariationof $ b e t w e e na d j a c e n t
gridpoints t h e method i l l u s t r a t e d b y F i g u r e 10.8 a n d
e q u a t i o n 10.17 may be u s e d w h e r e g r i d p o i n t s d o n o t
c o i n c i d e w i t h a b o u n d a r y .T h eu p p e rb o u n d a r y is d e n o t e d
arbitrarilyby $ = 1 0 0 a n dt h el o w e rb o u n d a r yb y $ = 0.0.
Using a s q u a r e g r i d o f mesh s i z e 0.5 m andstarting with
a s s u m e di n i t i a lv a l u e so f $ at the interior grid points,
d e f i n e db y I , J (where I = 5, J = 1 denotes the point 0 i n
F i g . 10.19>, t h e f o l l o w i n gv a l u e so f $ a r e o b t a i n e du s i n g
themethodofsuccessivecorrections:
T a b l es h o w i n g $ at grid points
I/J 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.6 76.1 77.2
3 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.5 50.8 51.5 52.9
4 25.0 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.5 26.0 26.9
I JJ 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 51 7 16
2 79.7 85.6 100 100 - - - - -

3 56.0 62.5 76.4 77.0 92.0 100 - - -
4 28.7
32.1
37.1
39.8
45.1
48.7
49.7
49.9
50.0
~ ~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
T h es t r e a m l i n e sd e f i n e db y JI = 75,50 a n d 25 c a nb ed r a w n
b yi n t e r p o l a t i o n .T h er e l a t i v es p a c i n g of t h es t r e a m l i n e s
t o t h a t a t A-A gives the localvelocityand the pressure
at anypoint X ,y is obtainedfrom
1 41
10.7 T h et e c h n i q u e is i d e n t i c a lw i t ht h a to fe x a m p l e 10.2.
Use a s q u a r e meshof s i z e0 . 5 m. T h ev a l u e of )I at the
s u r f a c e is a r b i t r a r i l y a s s i g n e d t h e v a l u e of 1 0 0 a n d t h a t
a l o n gt h eb e d 0.0. The j e t c o n t r a c t s t o a d e p t ho f
0 . 6 X 1 . 5 = 0 . 9 m a t a d i s t a n c e of 0.5 X 1 . 5 = 0.75 m f r o m
t h eg a t e .F i n a lc o r r e c t e dv a l . u e s of JI a r e t a b u l a t e d .
S t r e a m l i n e sc a nb ed r a w n by interpolation.
I na n y stream t u b et h ep r e s s u r e p, at x,y a t a
,Y
height z ~ a b,o v e~t h e b e d is o b t a i n e d f r o m
where y 0 = d e p t ho ff l o w ( 6 . 0 m) a n d .V t h ea p p r o a c h
v e l o c i t y( 1 . 5m / s ) .
1 0 . 8S e eF i g u r e1 0 . 1 3a n de x a m p l e s1 0 . 3a n d1 0 . 4o f
text.
v z P v 2
Free vortex f l o w :-
P A + A = B + - B
Pg 2g Pg 2g
2b r
Q = WJ v rd r = w.K I n (-1B
r
b A
.*. Q = wK I n ( 2 )
142
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rl rl rl rl rl rl
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rl rl rl rl rl rl
0
0 0 0 0 0 ‘3
0 0 0 0 0 m 0
rl rl rl rl rl E-
0
E-
9 rl
CD
f: E:
0
0 h v) W CD
rl m m 03 E- v)
n 0
E-
04 rl
? c?
E-
0
rl
v)
Q,
0
m
CD
E- 8 CD* 0
0
rl
0 9 b! b! -?
m
0
0
rl X E-
W CD
CD
v) *
0 0
“9 ? ? E-
9
0
0
rl
CV
Q,
*
W
*CD rl
v)
CD
m
0
v
0
0 “9 “9 ‘3 v)
0
rl
rl
Q,
m
W
rl
W *
W m
m
0
0 9 “i v)
d! 9
0
rl
rl
Q,
rl
W
Q,
v) *
W rl
m
0
1 1 E-
“!
0
0
rl
0
m
0
W
** 0
m
0
0
E-
1 1 b!
0
rl
m
W
m
P- *
m m
cu
0
0
CV
c? 0
“i
0
rl
m
W
W
b *
CV W
cu
0
0
P-
d! 9 ‘3
0
rl
W
W
E-
E- *
rl E-
CV
0
0 d! b! 9 ?
0
VI
W
W
CD
E- *
0 CD
cu
0
0
0
? rl
c?
0 W CD m CD 0
rl W E- m cu
0 “0. “! 1 ‘4
0 P- v) 0 W v) 0
rl W E- In m ea
0
v)
E-
9
In 0
9 9
E- 0
0 v)
rl W b v) m CV
E E
9
0
“i
0
B
P
143
..
rB = 2 b ; r A = b
.*. Q = W
- h ( 2 ) . 2b2
m
= 3.545 W b fi
10.9 S e ex a m p 1l e0 . 4 .
Q = m log, (F)
rg rB rA
A i r 2 - r 2
B A
= 0.2 m; rA = 0 . 4 m; rB = 0 . 6 m ; Ah = 0 . 1 5 m
.'. Q = 0.0746 m3/s
10.10
r
B
E = c o n s t a n t across r
144
rB K3 1
Q = KE
Rn (-1rA + - (
4 g B'
-
7
L -1
4 O2
E = 2.5 + 2g(2.5 X 5.0)2 = 3.022 m
rB = 1 5 m ; rA = 1 0 m
... 4 0 = K 1 3 . 0 2 2R n ( 1 . 5 )
K2
+ - 1 - 7 11 1
(152
4g 10
K = 40.1
.*. v
A
= 40.1/10 = 4 . 0 1m / s
vB = 40.1/15 = 2 . 6 7 3m / s
yA = E - v A 2 / 2 g = 2.2 m
yB = E - v 2 / 2 g = 2.658 m
B
10.11
A = 15.0 m 2 ; R = A / p = 0.9375 m
Q = Cd A m = 0.65 X 1 5 . 0 X J2g X 6
= 105.8 m 3 / s
V = 1 0 5 . 8 / 1 5 = 7 . 0 5m / s
1 0 5 . 8 = 5.0 K L n ( 2 ) ; K = 30.53
145
V = 30.53/3 = 10.177 m / s ; v = 30.53/6 = 5.088 m / s
0 ,A 0 ,B
v '/2g = 5.278 m ; v '/2g = 1.32 m
e ,A 0 ,B
A v a i l a b l eh e a d a t crest = 0.5 0.2V' -

-- XLV'
-
2g 8gR
.. HA = 0 . 5 - 0.5067 -
0.015 X 7 X 7.05'
8 X g X 0.9375
- - 0.078 m
pA/pg + V ~ , /~2 g' = - 0.078
.'. p A / p g = - 5.36 m
S i m i l a r l y pB/pg = HA - 3 . 0 - 1.32
-- - 4.40 m
10.12 S
F r e e v o r tex, Energy = constant
Also v = K/r ( s e e page 2 7 6 )

B,r
A t r = 0.01 m ; h = 0.10 m , whence
-V a-e - 0.05 (neglecting the velocity head of t h e

2g
radial f l o w )
... v
B
= 0.99 m / s
146
and K = v8 r = 0.99 X 0 . 0 1 = 0.0099
Assume v e n a c o n t r a c t a is 0 . 1 5 m below t h e surface a n d
takingtheoriginon the vertical axis i n l i n e w i t h t h e
surface, ( y = - -K'
2gr2
t h ei n n e r r a d i u s of t h e vena
c o n t r a c t a is
r =- K -- 0*0099 = 0.00577 m
i m 42g X 0.15
Outer radius; assume C

C
X A, -- Ac = nr2
.'. r0 = m ( 0 . 0 1 2 5 ) = 0.00968 m
Mean v e l o c i t y e n e r g y due t o c i r c u l a t i o n
r v ' r
= l- l 0 2nr -
e d r = 21T
n ( r o 2 - r' )i2 g
j o $ r d r
A r 2g
i i
- 0 . 0 0 9 9 2 Rn ( 0 . 9 6 8 / 0 . 5 7 7 )
9.81(0.00968' - 0.00577')
= 0.085 m
.. Vertical v e l o c i teyn e r g=y ( 0 . 1 5 - 0.085) m

= 0.065 m
.'. Q = IT (0.009682 - 0.00577')d2g X 0.065

= 0 . 2 1 4 11s
Compare w i t h p u r e r a d i a l flow: Q = CdAo m

= Q = 0.6 X TI X 0 . 0 1 2 5 2J 2 g X 0.15
= 0 . 5 11s
Strictly,sincethedepressioninthe water s u r f a c e w a s
assumed i n i t i a l l y t o be e n t i r e l y due t o t h e v o r t e x
147
v =
v e l o c i t ye n e r g y , -
2g '
a correctionshouldbe made f o r t h e
v 2
r
radial velocity head -
2g
v at r = 0.01 m = Q4271 r X 0.1)

r
= 0.034 m / s
v 2/2g = 5.9 X 10-5 m ( n e g l i g i b l e )

r
.. t h oe r i g i n aal s s u m p t i o tnh a t vr < < v e i s
acceptable.
1 0 . 1 3F o r c e dv o r t e x ( s e e F i g u r e1 0 . 1 5o ft e x t )
L i q u i ds u r f a c e is p a r a b o l o i d of r e v o l u t i o n i n w h i c h t h e
d e p t ha b o v et h eo r i g i n , X = 0, h = 0 is g i v e nb y
T h i s may b e e x p r e s s e d as r 2 = Kh
a
where K = 2 g / u 2 = 1 9 . 6 2 / ( 21T lo5) = 0.162
H e i g h to fp a r a b o l o i d at r = 0.305 m = 0.3052/K = 0.574 m
0.574
Volume o fp a r a b o l o i d = I IT r 2 dh = I IT Kh dh
h=O
0.574
= K 1h7a 1
= 0.084 m3
O r i g i n a lv o l u m ei nt a n k = IT X 0.3052 X 0.97
= 0.284 m3
.'. Volume remaining = 0.20 m3
148
CHAPTER 11
Gradually varied unsteady flow from
reservoirs
11.1 (Equation 11.7 of text)
I - Q = A 1dhz
I = inflow to reservoir: Q = discharge in pipe:

A1 = constant area of reservoir: h = gross head between
reservoir and pipe outlet at time t.
Aldh
.. dt = -
I - Q
* .
A1 = 20000 m2 ; I = 0.020 m3 / S
and Q = Kh1l2 where K = A
(see Chapters 4 and 11)

X over the discharge range.
Adopt an average value of
V = - 2d2gD hf/L log .1 r
+ 2.51 v
DJ2gD hf /L
l
and X =
2 D -
V
hf
L
. L = 2000 m; D = 300 m m ;
k = 0.15 mm
when h (= h f ) = 40 m V = 2.599 and X = 0.01742

11
h ( = hf ) = 3 5 m V = 2.428 and X = 0.01747
Adopt A = 0.0174
.*. K = 0.02907
14 9
hl
A 1 dh
I - Kh
1/2 -
-
K2 - I + log, (Kh1’2 - I)
j.
35
(See e x a m p l e 11.4)
= 633262.16 S
= 175.9 h
11.2 A1 = 100000 m2; A 2 = 10000 m 2

I1 = 0.03 m 3 / s ; O2 = 0.010 m3/s
L = 20000; D = 400 m
m; k = 0 . 0 6 mm
A t a head of 50.0 m; V = l.116 m/s; X = 0.0153
I
a) = 0.01987
m + D
(see section 11.1 of text)
dt = dh
n
(5
I + A)
u2 - Kh1l2 (1
+ -)1
2 A1 A2
and
where 2 = K(1
1
+ -) : W =
I +
(A Q2
-)
*l A2
1 A2
h l = 50 m; h2 = 48 m
Z = 2.185 X 10-6; W = 1.3 X 10-6

.‘. T = 142893.16 S
= 39.69 h
150
1/2
b) -
Ahl - - Kh d t ( s e e e q u a t i o n ( i i i ) example
A1
-
11.6)
Evaluate A t forsuccessiveintervals Ah as i n ( a ) a n d f o r
t h e same i n t e r v a l Ahl = (I - KJG) At/A1
hl h2
ii At
Ah1
CAh
50.0 49.5 49.75 35426 0.039 0.039
49.5 49.0 49.25 35622 0.039 0.078
49.0 48.5 48.75 35821 0.039 0.117
C o n t i n u i n gt h i su n t i l CAh 0 . 5 m , e v a l u a t et h e corres-
p o n d i n gv a l u eo fC h t = t.
Note t h e time g i v e no f1 3 1 . 3 9 h was o b t a i n e d b y
c o m p u t e ru s i n gt h ea b o v ep r o c e d u r ei n i n t e r v a l s of
Ah = 0.01 m. The r e s u l to b t a i n e du s i n gi n t e r v a l s Ah =
0.5 m w i l l be s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t d u e t o thenumerical
a p p r o x i m a t i o n of t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n
dhl = (I - Kh1I2)dt/A1.
Q ( 4p i p e s ) = 4A /G = KA7
U s i n gD a r c yW e i s b a c he q u a t i o n as i np r o b l e m 1
A = .01306 ; K = 13.098
I - Q = A1 d h / d t
151
h l A1 dh hl A1 ( h )
T = l Ah
112 - 112)
h, I-Kh .h ( I-Kh
= CX(h)Ah
E v a l u a t e X ( h ) f o r d i s c r e t e v a l u e s of h
.133163 12.2 50
6.8 40 0.083090
30 4.0 0.056544
20 2.0 0.034736
PlottingX(h) v h , t h e area u n d e r t h e c u r v e f r o m
h = 20 t o h = 50 g i v e s t h e t o t a l time = 602.78h.
11.4 Using t h en u m e r i c a sl c h e m e of example11.8,
I1 + I 2 + a 1 -
2st
Q1 = =
2s2
+ Q,
Q = 2- a 3L C d h 312
G e n e r a t et h ec u r v e2 S l A t + Q vh : A t = 3600 S ( 1 h )
h (m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Q (16’1s) 3.279.2416.98 26.15 36.54 48.03 60.5373.9588.25103.35
2SlAt + Q 564
1137
1719
2309
2908
3517
4136
4766
5409
6063
P l o t Q vh and2SlAt + Q v h
LHS = ( 2S 2 / A t + Q ) = I
2 1 + I2
+ 2 Sl/At - Q1
152
+
Time I1 Inflow -2s- Q + I2 Q h
(h) (m3 / S ) At (m3 / S ) (m)
-2s- Q
At
0 20 1140 10.0 0.21

1 40 1178 1200 11 .o 0.22
2 80 1278 1298 11.5 0.23
3 130 1458 1485 13.5 0.26
4 216 1769 1804 17.5 0.32
5 250 2185 2235 25.0 0.40
6 228 2600 2663 31.5 0.47
7 176 2928 3004 38.0 0.52
8 120 3142 3224 41.0 0.55
9 80 3254 3342 44.0 0.57
10 52 3295 3386 45 .O 0.58
11 44 3302 3392 45.0 0.58
12 20 3366 44.0 0.57
153
CHAPTER 12
Mass oscillations and pressure
transients in pipelines
1 2 . 1T h i s problem may be s o l v e du s i n gt h ee q u a t i o n :
2g As FR
v2 + - - Z L AT (- L AT ( z + FT Vo2))
FR 2g As FR2 = e
FT L AT
'02 - -
FR
'
0
' - 2g As FR2
which replaces e q u a t i o n1 2 . 1 7 of e a r l i e r e d i t i o n s of t h e
text.
L = 8000 m; DT = 4 . 0 m; Ds = 8.0 m
X = 0.012; Q = 45 m3/s
vO
2 = 12.823 : F
T
V
o
= 15.686 ( = - Zo)
L AT/2g As FR2 = 6 1 . 6 6 3
FT vo2 = 12.200
FR
2g A s FR
= 0.0126
L *T
Working i n Az s t e p s of 1 . 0 m:
F i r s it n t e r v a l : Z = - 14.686
Z/FR = - 11.422
.. Ienq u a t i o1n2 . 1 7 , V = 3.579 m l s
154
At =
Az
- = 1 . 1 2 S where 5 = mean v e l o c i t y i n
V AT/As
interval
C o n t i n u ei n s t e p s Az = 1 . 0 m; t = CAt
Summary :
z (m) - 1 5-.1648-.16638-.16628-.16618.66 8 6
V (m/s) 3 . 53 6. 5367. 5327. 5367. 598 1
E l a p s e d time ( S 0 213..42.13.32455745
C o n t i n u i n gt h u s , when V = 0 , z = 40.5 m a t a time
of 95 seconds.
Largervalues of Az may b e u s e d w i t h t h e loss of

some s l i g h t a c c u r a c yi n t h e computed time. S m a l l e rv a l u e s
o f Az may be u s e d f o r a u t o m a t i c c o m p u t a t i o n .
12.2 Data as p r o b l e m 1 2 . 1 .
a) U s i ne gq u a t i o n 1 2 . 2 2 of t e xCt .o m p u t a t i o n s
proceed i n 1 0 S intervals ( A t )
AV =
- b f /b2 - 4ac
2a
S i n c e Q, = 0 a f t e r t = 0 (sudden closure) t h e
e x p r e s s i o n s f o r a , b and c r e d u c e t o t h e f o l l o w i n g :
a = F /4; b = L/gAt +
AT
- A t k FR Vi
R
4As
c = z + -AT Vi A t - -A t f FR V i 2
i 2As
2AS
v0 (= vi) = 3 . 5 8 1 m/s, zo = (2.)

1
= - 15.686 m
&m = 0.0
.*.a = 0.3214; b = 86.779; c = 5.2777

AV = - 0.0608
155
AT AT
AZ = - (Vi AT + -2 AV - Qm)
AS
= 8.876 m: z = -6.810
T = 20 S. a = 0,3214; b = 86.7004; c = 13.5227
AV = -0.1561; A Z = 8.6083; z = 1.7955
T = 30 S. AV = -0.2378; A Z = 8.113; z = 9.908
etc u n t i l
T = 100s V = 0.153 m / s z = 40.80 m
T = 110s V = -0.3462 m/s z = 40.559 m
T = 120s V = -0.829 m / s z = 39.09 m
fromwhichthe maximum u p s w i n g a n d time t h e r e o f

c a n be o b t a i n e d b y g r a p h i c a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n .
bP
) rocedure i s t h e same as ( a ) e x c e p tt h a t Qm # 0 . 0
until t = 9 0 as n dt h e terms i n v o l v i n g are
t h e r e f o r ei n c l u d e d .
T = 10s: a = 0.3214: b = 86.779: c = 1.765:
Qm = 4 2 . 5 m 3 / s
.*.AV = -0.0203 m/s; Az = 0.472 m

.*.V = 3.561 m / s ; z = -15.214 m
T = 20s: a = 0.3214: b = 86.541: c = 2.364
AV = -0.02731 m/s; Az = 1.407 m

.'. V = 3.533 m / s ; z = -13.807 m
P r o c e e d i n gt h u u
s ntil V 0.0:
T = 150s: V = 0.043 m / s : z = 37.12 m
T = 160s: V = -0.041 m/s: z = 36.66 m
15 6
12.3 L = 2 0 0 0 m; D = 3 0 0 mm; c = 1333.3 m/s
A = 0.0707 ma
P
I n i t i a lv a l v e area = 0.065 rn2; closure i n 15 S .
Waterhammer p e r i o d , T = 2L/c = 4 0 0 0 / 1 3 3 3 . 3 = 3.0s.
H ( i ) = .h + Ah(i)
Ah(i) = F ( i ) + f ( i )
C
F ( i ) = - (Vo - V ( i ) ) + f(i)
g
f ( i ) = - F(i-l)
B ( i ) = Cd A v ( i ) %/A
P
A V ( i ) and B ( i ) as t a b u l a t e d
a) C l o s ui nr e 15s.
0 0 0.065
2.4438
4.233 0.0 0.0 - 3.0
1 3 0.052 1.9551 4.221 1.6605 0 1.6605 4.66
6 2 0.039 1.4663 4.171 6.7519 - 1.6605 5.0914 8.09
0.026
0.9776
9 3 4.031 20.7520 - 6.7519 14.000 17.00
4 12 0.013
0.4888
3.559 70.7844 -20.7520
50.032
53.03
5 15 0.0 0.0 0.00 504.5246 -70.7844 433.740 436.740
157
0 0.06502.44384.2339 0 0 0 3.0
3 0.05852.19954.2278 0.6948 0 0.6948 3.69
6 0.0520 1.9551 4.2107 2.3331 -0.6948 1.6383 4.64
9 0.0455
1.7107
4.1768
5.2943 -2.3331 2.9612
5.96
12 0.0390
1.4663
4.1190 10.1852 -5.2943
4.8909
7.89
15 0.0325
1.2219
4.0253 18.0368 -10.1852
7.8516 10.85
18 0.0260 0.9775
3.8740
30.7420
-18.0368
12.7053 15.71
21 0.0195 0.7332 3.6230

52.1607
-30.7420
21.4188
24.42
24 0.0130 0.4888 3.1767 91.4003 -52.1607

39.239
42.240
27 0.0065
0.2444
2.2733 174.9314 -91.4003 83.531 86.54
30 0.00 0.0 0.0 400.3777 -174.9314 225.446 228.45
12.4 L = 1 5 0 0 m: c = 1286 m / s
3000 -
T = 2L/c = -
1286
- 2.33 S
P l o t a g r a p h of AV v . time a n d h e n c e o b t a i n t h e v a l v e
areas a t d i s c r e t e time i n t e r v a l s of 2.33 S . F o re a c h
o ft h e s e time i n t e r v a l s g e n e r a t e c u r v e s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e
h v . Q r e l a t i o n s h i pf o rt h ed o w n s t r e a m( v a l v e )b o u n d a r y
condition, i.e.
Q = Cd A V or h = Q a / C d 2 AV2 2 g
f o ru s i n gt h eS c h n y d e r - B e r g e r o nm e t h o d .S e et a b l e :
158
V a l u e s of h (m)
Time
AV
Q( 11s)
Period ( ma ) 1300
1000
700
400
100
0 0.25 .0.02265 0.342

1.110 3.83
2.26
1 0.18 0.0.437 2.141
0.700 7.38
4.37
2 0.12 0.0983 16.62
9.83
4.818
1.573
3 0.078 0.233
3.723
11.403
23.27
39.33
4 0.04
88.543.4
14.16
0.89
0.011 5 187.211.7
E v a l u a t et h ec o o r d i n a t e so ft h eh e a dl o s sv .d i s c h a r g e
c u r v e ( s e e 12.11) from:
hf = hLQ2/2gDA2 o r Q = AJ2gDhf/XL
hf (m) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Q (l/s) 457.3 646.7 792.1 914.6 1022.6 1120.2
The g r a p h i c a l p r o c e d u r e f o l l o w s e x a c t l y s e c t i o n 12.11 a n d
12.12 o f t e x t .
159
CHAPTER 13
Unsteady flow in channels
13.1 Upstream p o s i t i v e surge ( s e e section 1 3 . 4 of t e x t )

Refer t o f i g u r e 1 3 . 4 of t e x t .
a) y1 = 2 . 2 5 m ; V1 = 1 8 4 4 X 2 . 2 5 ) = 2.0 m / s ;
.Q = 10 m 3 / s
V 2 = Q21by2 = 1 0 1 4y 2
F r o me q u a t i o n( 1 3 . 4 ) , (V1 + c ) y1 = (V, + c) y 2
i.e. (2.0 + c) X 2.25 = (- l0 + c) Y2

4y2
2.0
whence c =
y2 - 2.25
S u b s t i t u t i n gi ne q u a t i o n( 1 3 . 8 ) :
y2
2.0
- 2.25
w h e n c e ,b y
-
-
Py2 +
-
2
t r i a l , y 2 = 2.815 m
(y2
2.25
2*25)
- .2.0
and c = 3.54 m l s
b) Q2 = 0 . 0 m 3 / s
.'. C = 4.5/(y2 - 2-25]
.. y2 - 2.25 2 2.25 Ill2 - 2.0
16 0
whence y = 3.295 m
2
and c = 4 . 3 1 m/s
13.2 Q1 = 2 0 . 0 m 3 / s : b = 2 0 . 0 m: So = 0 , 0 0 0 5 :
n = 0.02: c = 4 m/s
Using Manning’s formula, depth of uniform flow
= 0.98 m.
- 20.0
= 1 . 0 2 m/s
‘1 20 X 0.98
9 . 8 1y 2 Q, +
4.0 =
0.98
- 1.02
whence y = 1.807 m
2
From the continuity equation
( V 1 + c) y1 = ( V 2 + c> y2
- (V. + c>
i.e. V2 - l Y1 - c
y2
- (1.02 + 4.0) 0.98 - 4.0

1.807
= - 1 . 2 7 7 m/s
and Q, = 1 . 2 7 7 X 20 X 1.807 = 46.15 m 3 / s
13.3 Downstream positive surge (see figure 13.6,
section 1 3 . 5 . of text)
(13.14)
161
Uniform flow depth using Manning formula:
Q2 = 30 m3/s; So = 0.0001; b = 10.0 m;
n = 0.015
Yn = 2.98 m (= y2); V2 = 30fi10.0 X 2.98)
= 1.007 m/s
.. c = v1 y 1 - v2 y2
(Y1 - Y,)
and V1 = Q l / b y l =
7.0
70/(10.0 X yl) = -
Y1
.. c =
7.0 -
y1
1.007 X 2.98
-
2.98
Substituting in 13.14:
4.0 9.81
1'
(yl + 2.98) + 1.007
Y 1 - 2.98 = [T2.98
whence y1 = 3.54 m
C = 4.0/(3.54-2.98)= 7.14 m/s
13.4 Downstream negative surge (see section 13.6 and

figure 13.10 of text)
y 2 = 3.0; Q2 = 30.0 m3/s
V2 = 30/9.0 X 3.0 = 1.111 m/s

Q1 = 10.0 m3/s; V1 = lOXS.0 X y1> = l.lll/ylm/s
From (13.24) V1 = V2 - 2- + 2%
.. -l.lll
-
Y1
- 1.111 - 6.264 (a- q)
whence, y 1 = 2.631 m
162
a n d V1 = 1.11112.631 = 0.422 m l s
c1 = /-+v1 ( e q u a t i o n 13.23)
= 5.502 m l s
Time o f t r a v e l 500 m = 500x60 X 5.502)
= 1.515 m i n u t e s
13.5 U p s t r e a mn e g a t i v es u r g e ( s e e f i g u r e 13.9 of t e x t )
C2 = 3% - 2- - V1 ( e q u a t i o n 13.20)
y 1 = 2.5 m V1 = 60/(30 X 2.5)= 0.8 mls
Time r e q u i r e d f o r l e v e l to f a l l by 0.5 m a t d i s t a n c e of
1 km u p s t r e a m ; .*. y2 = 2.0 m
.. C
2
= 3J9.81 X 2.0 - 2/9-81 X 2.5 - 0.8
= 2.584 m l s
.. e l a p s e d time = time t a k e n f o r l e v e l t o f a l l
0.5 m a t r e s e r v o i r + x/c2
= 30.0 + 1000K60 X 2.584) min
= 36.45 min
163
CHAPTER 14
Uniform flow in loose boundary
channels
14.1 A s s u m i n ge n t i r ef l o wo v e rf l o o dp l a i ng i v e s
c o n s e r v a t i v e estimate.
Wide c h a n n e l + R = yo;
Chezy's formula V = c ( y o s ) 1/2
S h i e l d sc r i t e r i o n -+ -rc/pgAd = 0.056
gives T~ = 27.2 N / m 2
V = 60120 = 3 m l s +-++-+ y 0S = ( V / C 1 2 = 0.025
.*. -cb = 24.52 N / m 2

As T~ < T
b
t h er i p - r a pc o v e r is s a f e .
14.2 S h i e l d sc r i t e r i o n -++ d = llRS
.*. L i m i t i n g RS = d/ll = 0.03/11 = 0.00273

C = 18 l o g (12R/llRS) = 18 l o g (l.O9/S)
= 42.1 m 1 l 2 / s
.e. L i m i t i n gv e l o c i t y , vC = c ( R s > ~ /= ~2.2 m / s

.*. L i m i t i n gd e p t ho f flow = 15/(2.2 X 12)
= 0.57 m
164
14.3 (I = 35O; t a n 8 = 112.5 ++ 8 = 21.8O .*.K = 0.762
Theoreticalvelocityonthe bed = V / ( K ) 'l2 = 0.916 m l s
.*.C ( R S ) l 1 2 = 0.916; .*.( R S ) c r = 0.00134
H e n c e -rc = p g ( R S I c r = 13.15 N l m 2
... S h i e l d s c r i t e r i o n +++ d = 1 5 mm
14.4 K = 0 . 4 4 ;S h i e l d sc r i t e r i o n + T IpgAd = 0.048

C
.'. T
bc
= 3.2 N l m 2
Hence
sc = K T = ~ 1 . 4~1 N / m 2 = 0.76pgyoS
T
.*. S = 9 . 2 X 1 0(-5
assuming wide c h a n n e l
3
14.5 Mass of s t o n e = p 71 d 16 +++ d = 0.3 m
Shieldscriterion +++ T~ = 985d = 296 N l m 2
(RSIcr = -rc/pg = 0.0302
.*.VC = C ( R S I c 112
a n dh e n c en e g l e c t e d ;
.*.C = 40 m 1 l 2 / s taking R = 4 m
H e n c e c r i t i c a l v e l o c i t y , VC = 6 . 9 5 m l s
I f c h a n n e l v e l o c i t y is 20% more t h a n t h e critical

velocity
V e l o c i t yi nc h a n n e l = 6.95 X 1.2 = 8.34 m l s
Compute n e c e s s a r y d b y i t e r a t i o n : assume d = 0.5 m
TC = 9 8 5 d = pg(RSIcr = pg(VclC)2
Assuming R = 4m a n d k = d = 0 . 5 m
C = 18 log (4810.5) = 3 5 m1I2/s
.*. 985d = 1000 X 9.81 X (8.3413512 ++++ d = 0.56 m
Assume d = 0.6 m ++++ C = 3 4 m1I2/s +++ d = 0.599111 0.6m
165
14.6 i) d = 0.125 m
m; R = 2m; v = 1.25 X 1
0
'
6 mal,
Fig. 14.8 ++++ T IpgAd =: 0.08

C
.*. C T = 0.162 N/m2 = pgRS ++++ S = 8.2 X 10-6
C = 18 log[l2R/(d + 26'17)l) = 84.8 m1l2Is;
6' (= 11.6 VIU,) = 1.18 mm
.*.V = C(RS) 'l2 = 0.343 rnls and q = Vyo =
0.686 m3/s.m
ii) d = 4 m
m; R' = 87 ++++ T IpgAd = 0.052
e* C
.'. T
C
= 3.38 N/m2 = pgRS ++++ S = 1.73 X 10-4
6' = 0.24 mm ++++ C = 67.6 m1/2/s
.*.V = C(RS) 'l2 = 1.26 rnls ++++ q = 3.52 m3/s.m
14 7 R = 2 m; V = 0.71 rnls; S = 1112000 ++++
U, = 0.0404 rnls
'channel = V/(RS)112 = 55 m1l2l.s

'grain = 18 log (12R/(k + 26'17)) = 78 m1I2/s;
6' = 0.287 mm
Ripple factor, LJ = (CchannellCgrainI3l2 = 0.59
$ = AdIpRS = 10.3 +++++ 4 = 0.0897
= 8.9 X 10-6 m3 1s.m or 15 kN/day/m

C = 55 = 18 log (12R/(k + 26'17)) ++++ k = 21 mm;
6' = 0.287 mm
= U,d/V = 40; ~ I p g h d= RSIAd = 0.164
Re*
Referring to Fig.14.1 ++++ dunes exist
16 6
As 6 ' <<<<c k ++++ the bed is hydraulically rough
U,/Ws = 0.4 -+*+
Table 14.2 ++++ no suspended load
14.8 Ws/0.4 X U, = 0.466; lJ,/Ws = 5.36 +++ suspended

load exists.
Non-homogeneous distribution+++ c(y) = 25.8[0.03(3 - y)/
0.466
y X 2.971
= 3.03 [(3 - y)/yl o.466 kg/m3 i)

Velocity distribution +++ u(y) = 1.6 + 0.281 log (y) ii)
y (m) U (m/s) c (kg/m3)cu gS = cu dy
0.03 1.172 25.8 30.24
0.10 1.320 14.55 19.21
0.25 1.431 9.26 13.25
0.50 1.515 6.41 9.71
1.00 1.600 6.69

4.18 21 kg/s.m
1.50 1.650 5.00 3.03
2.00 1.684 3.69 2.19
3.00 1.734 0 0
14.9 Sumer's formula ++++ 30/1.52 = 12 V log (l-F)/
(U, - 10 ws>
U, = 0.0386 assuming R 1.52 m (wide channel)
i) Ws = 0.0091 m/s ++++ F = 0.729 ++++
of 50% = 36.4%
ii) Ws = 0.0152 m/s ++++ F = 0.941 ++++
of 50% = 47.0%
Total fraction ofsolids removed = 83.4%
167
14.10 d = 30 = 0.03 mm ++++ WS = 0.8 mm/s
R = A/P = 0.85 m ++++ U, = 0.174 m/s
a = 0.5 m; = 1.0 m ++++++ c(y) =

YO
0.0115
21 [ ( l-y)/yl i>
Velocity distribution ++ rough boundary as
6' < < k; 6' = 0.06 mm;
... U( y) = 5.75 U * log

(33y/k) ii)
k = 0.12 m
Graphical integration of cu dy gives
Q, = 1060 N/s
168
CHAPTER 15
HydraulicStructures
Hde = 1 0 . 7 3 7 m with CdO = 0 . 7 4 5 assuming P/H* >3
The approach velocity, V, = 1 7 0 0 / 2 2 ( 2 3 0 -

1 8 3 ) = 1 . 6 4 4 m/s; thus Va2/2 g = 0 . 1 3 8 m.
:.The design head, H d = 1 0 . 7 3 7 '- 0.138 = 10.599 m.
And the elevation of the crest. of the

spillway = 2 3 0 . 0 0 0 - 1 0 . 5 9 9 = 2 1 9 . 4 0 1 m.
Check P/Hd= 3 6 . 4 0 1 / 1 0 . 5 9 9 = 3 . 4 3 4 > 3 ; hence the

assumption is valid.
(b) see worked example 1 5 . 1 .
(C) allowable maximum head (to'prevent cavitation

problems) , H = 1. 60Hd= 1 6 . 9 6 m.
H / H ~= 1 . 6 0 giving Cd/CdO = 1 . 0 7 .
Hence Cd = 0 . 7 9 7 and assuming ~ , 2 / 2g = 0 . 5 0 m, ~ q n .

1 5 . 4 gives the discharge:
169
Q = (2/3) X 0.797 X ( 2 g) X 22 X
(16.96 + 0 . 5 0 ) 3/2 = 3778 m 3 / s
Now V, = 3 7 7 8 / 2 2( 3 6 . 4 0 1 + 1 6 . 9 6 0 ) = 3 . 2 1 8 m/s; and

V 2 / 2 g = 0 . 5 2 8 m. The second i t e r a t i o n would give:
Q = 3787 m 3 / s .
(d) minimum pressure underside of t h e nappe,

pm/pg = -1.17H(H/Hd - 1) giving pm/pg = - 1 1 . 9 0 m of
water .
1 5 . 2 . Clear Span = 6 . 3 m; this, suggests 4 spans are

a t least r e q u i r e d t o have L = 22 m; i . e . t h e
spillwayshouldhave 3 p i e r s (= n ) . From t h e w e i r
equation ( E q n . 1 5 . 4 ) w e can w r i t e :
Q = (2/3)Cd, ( 2 g)'l2 B, and t h ee f f e c t i v ew i d t h ,

Be
= 22 - 2(3 X 0 . 0 1 1+ 0 . 1 2 ) X 10.@12 = 1 8 . 7 5 6 m
Thus Q = 1 4 2 4 m 3 / s ; t h e maximum allowable head

H = 10.6 X 1 . 6 = 1 6 . 9 6 m and B, = 1 6 . 8 1 m , g i v i n g
Q = 2764 m 3 / s .
170
1 5 . 3 . Trapezoidal channel ; A =: ( 8 + y / 2 ) y m’ with a
side slope of 2V : 1 H
P = (18 + 1 . 1 1 8 y) m, and
T = (18 + y) m
R = A/P;
Manning’s n = 0 . 0 1 4 and S, = 0 . 0 8 . Eqn. 8 . 2 3 converts

to :
X, = 8$/ (gT2 (S, - gPn/R116T)’)
by replacing C = R116/n
And X, occurs where y = y,; at the critical depth we

have :
Q’/g = A3/T (ii)
with
Q = q x X (iii)
Combining (i), (ii) and (iii) gives X, = 1 0 5 . 3 8 m

with y = y, = 7 . 0 1 m. This suggests that the critical
section occurs within the length (= 127 m) of the
channel andupstream of this section the flow
profile would be subcricitcal whereas downstream of
it would besupercritical.
171
The water surface profile is computed by trial
process (see worked example 1 5 . 3 ) using equations
1 5 . 1 1 and 1 5 . 1 2 .
1 5 . 4 . E = 350 - 307 = 4 3 m; assuming initially

y+ = 10 m (drop in floor level of stilling basin,
below the river bed level), E , = 4 3 + 10 = 5 3 m;
q = Q/b = 7 5 0 / 2 2 . 5 = 3 3 . 3 3 3 m3/s.m.
(a) From equation 1 5 . 1 4 , E, = y1 + q 2 / 2 gyl2C2 we get the

initial depth, y1 = 1 . 4 2 3 m.
From equation 8 . 1 7 the sequent depth y2 = 1 1 . 9 2 4 m

and equation 1 5 . 1 3 gives now y+ = (3 y, - Ynr Yn being
the normal depth in the river. The procedure is
iterative as demonstrated in worked Example 1 5 . 4
yielding finally y+ = 8 . 1 2 m.
(b) See USBR 1987 and worked Example 1 5 . 4 .
(c) The energy loss, EL = (y2 - yl)3 / 4 y1 y2 and the

incoming energy is (yl + VI2/2 g) . Hence the
percentage energy dissipation = 61%.
172

Civil Engineering Hydraulics Essential Theory With Worked Examples, 4th Edition

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CHAP'IXR 1

1.3 D = 100 mm, L = 150 mm, t = 0 . 2 mm ( s e e f i g . 1 . 2 )

.*. Power loss i n b e a r i n g = T.u = 14.15 X 1 2 0 = 1696 W

.'. B a l a n c i n g forces, 147.15 = 2.3 X 10-3 X

9 = 0 f o r water 9 = 130° fmoer r c u r y

d = 6 mm, s u r f a c et e n s i o n , U = 73 X 10-3 N/m f o r water

.*.h = 4ucose = 4.9 mm f o r water a n d -1.9

v = - 2J2 X 9.81 X 0.4 X 100/20000

whence V = 1.36 m l s (equation ( i ) )

S o l u t i o n :h f = 79.0 m , whence h v + 10-V2 = 21.0 m

From Moody c h a r t (Fig. 4.2 i nt e x t ) h = 0.019

Revised R e = OS4 = 5.2 X 1 0 5 ; h = 0.0192

h = 0.0193; - 0.0193 X 20000 X 1.2732

beobtained when u s i n g t h e Moody d i a g r a m . )

7000 = 0.081 m 3 I s ; V = 0.842 m l s

-hf- - 2.3 10-3, L = 20

Alternativesolutionusing Barr's equation

whence Q = 318 11s a n d Qout = 1 5 8 11s

4.4 L = 10000 m; k = 0.03 m

D(350 mm> 300 250

.*. 350 mm p i p e O.K.

- ALV2 - 0.0139 X 10000 X 2.0782 = 8 7 . 3 4 m

4.5 L = 2000 m; D = 200 mm; k = 0.06 mm

a) New pipe condition

a) Method of solution as Problem 4.1

Minor loss = 13.5 V a / 2 g

V = - 2 J2gDhf/L log l&

r e s u l t i n g from t h e estimated v a l u e of L a . Repeat f o r two

Hence h l = 0.0154; X2 = 0.0161; Xg = 0.0145

X2 = 0.0161; X 3 = 0.0162; X3 = 0.0145

TryL2 = 9300 m whence H = 90.17 m

T r y L2 = 9350 m whence H = 89.76 m

where V = v eilno c i t y pipe a

Solution: Refer t o Example 4 . 1 1

whence area of j e t ( a m = g, equationvii)

and jet diameter = 0.1147 m

V = 2.008 m/s i.e. a s estimate

4.8 L = 500 m: D = 100 m

hf = 15.0 m: V = = 0.07/925 = 0.00007568

.*. Assume l a m i n a r f l o w a n du s i n g the Hagen-Poiseuille

For D = 150 mm, assume V = 1.5 mls

V = - 2 /2gDhf/L log [A + 2.51~

= 1.4 m l s ; Q = 24.77 l/s

4.9 L = 10000 m: D = 300 mm: k = 0.0

V = 2J2gDhf/L log [h+ D/2gDhf

i.e. V = 0.88 m/s and Q = 62.25 l/s

From Darcy-Weisbach V =& = 0.9 17 m / s

V = 2 = 2.5 = 4.167 m/s

From Moody c h a r t ( F i g . 4 . 2 i n t e x t ) X = 0.0122

Q = -2AJ2gDhf/L log l& l-

1st B 80.00 B Cl -20.00 41.11 2.006

correct ion B C2 2.180

2nd B 93.11 B Cl -33.11

Afterfurther similar c o r r e c t i o n s u n t i l CQ-F < 0.1 l / s ,

but the final solution is s i m i l a r t o t h a t of method a).

ZB = 91.58 m; QAB = 108.94 l f s ; = 52.78 lfs;

The e f f e c t o f t h e pump i n BC1 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e g a i n

ZB = 90.98 m; QAB = 1 1 0 . 8 2 l f s ; QBcl = 55.78 l f s ;

2nd A B 25.45 158.89

correction B B C 4.55 -51.96

QAB = 1 5 6 . 4 3 11s; QBc = 5 6 . 2 9 11s;

QBDl= 5 9 . 2 0 l/s; = 40.98 l/s

AZB = Z(C(Q-F)/C QIH)