Turbulent flows

Reynolds averaging: splitting of the turbulent velocity ~v in an average

~
value ~v and a fluctuation v‘
~v = ~v + ~
v‘
6 6 6

total vector time average fluctuation

Example: Pipe
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v‘ r

u
u‘ fully turbulent
x
symmetric flow
u(r)
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Turbulent flows

u(r, φ, x, t) = u(r)+ u‘(r, φ, x, t)

v(r, φ, x, t) = v‘(r, φ, x, t)
definition:
1 Z
u= u(x, y, z, t)dt
TT

→ u = u(x, y, z) 6= f (t) u‘ = u − u
1.2
u(t)
u’
u_avg
1

0.8

0.6
u

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t
Computational rules

f‘ = 0 average of the fluctuation

f= f
|{z}
average of the average
konst6=f (t)

1 Z 1 Z 1 Z
f +g = (f + g)dt = f dt + g dt = f + g
TT TT TT

1 Z 1 Z
f g=f g: g=
6 g(t) → f g dt = g f dt = f g
TT T T

∂f ∂f
= average of the derivative
∂x ∂x
Computational rules
1 Z 1 Z
fg = f g dt = (f + f ‘)(g + g‘) dt
TT TT

1 Z
= (f g + f ‘g + f g‘ + f ‘g‘)dt
TT

1 Z 1 Z
= fg + g f ‘ dt +f g‘ dt +f g‘
T T {z }
|
T T {z }
|
=0 =0

= f g + f ‘ g‘ usually 6= 0, z. B.. f = g → f ‘2 6= 0


level of turbulence 


 v
1 1 2

 u

 u
2 + w‘2)
 u
= (u‘ + v‘

Tu
u
u
t
u∞ 3





turbulent intensity 




3-D, incompressible, unsteady momentum equation
∂vk vj ∂uv ∂vw
konvective term: z. B.: ;
∂xk ∂x ∂y
for turbulent flows: average of the complete equation
∂vk vj ∂
→ = = (vk vj + v‘k v‘j )
∂xk ∂xk | {z }

additional term

−ρv‘k v‘j turbulent shear stress tensor

Bernoulli equation (Energy equation) for pipe flows with loss of the
total pressure

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1
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2
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um
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111111111111111 p01 = p02 + ∆p v
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000000000000000
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z 000000000000000
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∆ pv
 ρ ρ
p1 + um1 + ρgz1 = p2 + um2 2 + ρgz2 + ∆pv
2
2 2
Li ρ
∆pv = (ξi + λi ) umi 2
X

Di 2
∧
ζi = pressure loss coefficient for special places,
where losses occur
(inlet, unsteady enlargement of cross section, ellbow, . . . )

∧
λi = loss coefficient in straight pipes

∧
umi = average velocity
examples for pressure loss coefficients
uasually: determine ζ from experiments
ξ = ξ(Re, geometry)
Ro Ro
Krümmer
Ri
Ro
Ri Ri

Einlass
unsteady enlargement of cross section

um,1
Carnot eaution
A1 um,2
∆p A1 2
ζE = ρ 2 = (1 − )
A2 2 um1 A2

∆p

laminar flow, inlet, circulare pipes

→ 1.12 ≤ ζe ≤ 1.45 experimental

pressure loss coefficients for pipes (smooth pipes)
uρD
Re =
η
C
• laminar: (Re ≤ 2.300) λ = Re

C = 64 for circular cross-sections (Hagen-Poisseuille)

• turbulent: Blasius (2.300 ≤ Re ≤ 105)

0.316
λ= √
4
Re
√
iterative solution: Prandtl: √1 = 2 log(Re λ) − 0.8
λ
Reference velocity
viscous effects in the pipe
∆p L um
Lρ 2
D ∆p = λ um
D2
average pipe velocity
um λ
inlet um

ρ 2
∆pv = ξe um
2
ξ average pipe velocity
e
Reference velocity
unsteady change of cross section

A1 um,1 um,2

ξ ρ 2
E
A2 ∆pv = ξE um1
2
incoming velocity
∆p
typical problem (losses)
typical problem (losses)

ξ ξ
K K
λ λ
ξ
Valve

Bemerkung:
• mechanical losses are known (ζ, λ)
• the flow in the inlet and in the nozzle is lossfree
• the flow in the pipes is fully developed
typical problem (losses)
→ Bernoulli
p01 = p02 + ∆pv

total available still existing transformed

energie total energy in ’2’ → inner energy
total pressure loss
ρ 2
p0 = p + u + ρgz
2
Li ρ
∆pv = (ξi + λi ) umi 2
X

Di 2
typical problem (losses)
Bernoulli from ’d’ → ’H’ (uH = 0)
ρ 2
pa + ud = pa + ρgH
2
u2d
→H= → unknown ud ?
2g
extended Bernoulli
ρ 2 ρ 2 L
p01 = pa + ρgh = pa + 2 ud + 2 umD (2ξK + ξv + λ )
 6 | {z D }
K
nozzle velocity pipe velocity

d 2
 

umD AD = udAd → umD = ud 


continuity: 


D

typical problem (losses)
lossfree with losses
ρ 2 2

d

4
ξK = ξv = λ = 0 ρgh = 2 ud + ρ2ud D K
 

√ v
u
u
2gh!
ud = 2gh ud = u
u
u
d 4K
1+ D
u
t

Volume flux Q̇ = π4 d2ud

d 2
!

π √ 2 d 2 √ 2
π 2ghD 2 d v D
Q̇ = 4 2ghD D2 Q̇ = 4 D2 u
u !
4
t d
1+ D K


d 2


Q̇ ∼ D
 
typical problem (losses)

Q
verlustfrei

verlustbehaftet

d2
D2
typical problem (losses)
ceiling of the fountain
u2d
H=
2g
no losses with losses
H=h H= h!
d 4
1+ D K

d
influence of D

d ↓→ H ↑
D
10.2
The velocity profile in a fully developed flow in a pipe with a smooth
surface can be approximated with the potential law:
1
v̄ r 

= 1 −  n , mit n = n(Re).

v̄max R

Re n
1 · 105 7
6 · 105 8
1.2 · 106 9
2 · 106 10
10.2
a) Use the continuity equation to compute the relation between the
v̄m
average velocity v̄m and the maximum velocity v̄max, i. e. =
v̄max
f (n).
r
b) At what position is v̄(r/R) = v̄m?
R
c) How can the results of a) and b) be used, if the volume flux shall
be measured?
10.2
The ratio between the average and the maximum velocity is
v̄m Z1 1 2n2 r
= 2 ξ(1 − ξ) dξ =
n mit ξ = .
v̄max 0 (n + 1)(2n + 1) R
The integral is solved using partial integration. The average velocity
is at a distance
v̄m n
 
rm
= 1 −


 

R v̄max
 

see table.
10.2

Re n v̄m/v̄max rm/R
1 · 105 7 0.8166 0.7577
6 · 105 8 0.8366 0.76
1.2 · 106 9 0.8526 0.762
2 · 106 10 0.8658 0.7633
Measuring v̄(r) at a distance R − rm from the wall, and with the
known v̄max the average velocity can be determined, and the volume
flux V̇ = vm π R2 can be computed.
10.6
The pressure decrease ∆p along L is measured in a fully developed
pipe flow with the volume flux V̇ .

V̇ = 0, 393 m3/s L = 100 m D = 0, 5 m ∆p = 12820 N/m2 ρ=

900 kg/m3
η = 5 · 10−3 N s/m2
10.6
Determine
a) the skin-friction coefficient,
b) the equivalent roughness of the pipe,
c) the wall shear stress and the force of the support.
d) What is the pressure decrease, if the pipe is smooth?
10.6
10.6
11
00
00
11
F
00
11
D
τw L

∆p
L ρ 2
a) ∆p = λ ūm
D 2
π D2
V̇ = ūm
4
π 2 ∆p D5
=⇒ λ = 2
= 0, 0356
8 ρ L V̇
10.6
ρ ūm D
b) Re = = 1, 8 · 105
η
ks
= 0, 0083 (from Moody diagram)
D
=⇒ ks = 4, 2 mm
c)
momentum equation for the inner control surface:
π D2
∆p − τW π D L = 0
4
D
=⇒ τW = ∆p = 16 N/m2
4L
10.6
momentum equation for the outer control surface:
π D2
F = − ∆p = − 2517 N
4

d) λ = 0, 016 (from diagram)

=⇒ ∆p = 5, 8 · 103 N/m2