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AIEEE – PHYSICS
§ 's · ds
2. Instantaneous speed, v = lim ¨ ¸
't o f © 't ¹ dt
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t2
o
3. Displacement = ³t v dt
1
t2
4. Total distance = ³t v dt
1
dv dv d2 s
5. a = = v =
dt ds dt2
6. When acceleration is constant,
1 2
V = u + at, s = ut at & v2 = u2 + 2as
2
o o
Where ‘ T ’ is angle between the vectors and direction of R from P ,
Qsin T
I = tan-1
P Qcos T
o§ · o§ ·
2. Two vectors a ¨ a1 i a 2 j a 3 k ¸ and b ¨ b1 i b2 j b3 k ¸ are equal if :
© ¹ © ¹
a1 = b 1,
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a2 = b2 and
a3 = b3
o o
3. If angle between two vectors a and b is ‘ T ’
o o
a b = ab cos T and
o o
aub = (ab sin T n , ( n is unit vector perpendicular to both a and b )
4. Velocity of ‘B’ with respect to ‘A’,
o o
V BA = VB VA
Projectile Motion
2usin T
5. Time of flight, t0 =
g
u2 sin2T
6. Range, R =
g
u2 sin2 T
7. Maximum height, H =
2g
§ 1 2·
8. (x, y) = ¨ ucos T t,usin T t gt ¸
© 2 ¹
g x2
9. Equation of projectile, y = x tan T
2u2 cos2 T
Circular Motion
'T dT
10. Z = lim =
't o0 't dt
dZ d2 T
D = =
dt dt 2
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dv
11. aW =
dt
V2
aN =
R
aTotal = a 2W a 2N
3/2
§ § dt ·2 ·
¨1 ¨ ¸
¨ © dx ¸¹ ¸
12. R at (x, y) = © ¹
d2 y
dx 2
13. Banking of roads,
v2
tan T =
rg
mv2
14. Centripetal force = = mrZ2
r
LAWS OF MOTION
¦m V
o o
4. P = i i
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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
1. Total energy = kinetic energy + potential energy
1
2. Kinetic Energy = mv 2 , Potential Energy = mgh
2
f
o o
3. ³ dW = ³i F d r
1.
o
R CM =
¦ i mi r i
M
1
2. rCM =
M ³
r dm
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o o o
3. W = r uF
4. Moment of inertia,
I = ¦ i mi ri2 = ³r
2
dm
JJJJG o
Wext = ID
5. Angular momentum,
o o o
L = r up
o o
L = IZ
o
dL JJJJG
6. = Wext
dt
JJJJG
7. (i) Pure translation o WCM 0
JJJJG
(ii) Rotation o WCM z 0
o JJJJG
(iii) Pure rotation o ¦F 0, WCM z 0
o
(iv) Translation o ¦F z 0
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Table for standard moments of inertia :
1. Very thin circular hoop MR2
GRAVITATION
G = Universal gravitational constant,
U = Gravitational potential energy
V = Gravitational potential,
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E = Gravitational field
F = Gravitational force
Mm
1. F = G (attraction force)
r2
m1m2
2. Gravitational potential energy, V = G
r
f
o o
3. Uf – Ui = ³i
F d r
GM
4. Gravitational potential, V =
r
F GM
5. Gravitational field, E =
m r2
2GM
6. Escape velocity, u t
R
§ h ·
7. (i) g’ = g ¨1 ¸ , where ‘h’ is depth from the earth’s surface.
© Re ¹
g
(ii) g’ = 2
, where ‘h’ is height from the earth’s surface.
§ h ·
¨1 ¸
© Re ¹
GM
8. v =
r
r3
9. T = 2S
GM
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(i) Uniform solid sphere
GMr
E(r) = , r<R
R3
GM
E(r) = , r=R
R2
GM
E(r) = , r>R
r2
GM ª 3 1 r2 º
V(r) = « », r<R
R «¬ 2 2 R 2 »¼
GM
V(r) = , r=R
R
GM
V(r) = , r>R
r
(ii) Uniform spherical shell
E(r) = 0, r<R
GM
E(r) = , r=R
R2
GM
E(r) = , r>R
r2
GM
V(r) = , r d R
R
GM
V(r) = , r>R
r
2GM ª 2
V(r) = R r2 P º
R 2 «¬ »¼
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SOLIDS AND FLUIDS
p = pressure, U = density
V = volume of solids, v = volume immersed
D = density of solid, d = density of liquid
A = cross section area U = upthrust
Y = Young’s modulus, V = stress
H = strain B = Bulk modulus
F = force A = cross section area
A = initial length 'A = change in length
T = surface tension, R = radius of the bubble/drop
r = radius of the tube T = angle of contact
K = coefficient of viscosity, F = force
F
1. p = lim
'S o c 'S
2. Variation of pressure with height, dP = – U g dh
3. Archimedes Principle, mg = v dg or VD = dv
4. Equation of continuity, A 1v 1 = A 2v 2
1 2
5. Bernoulli’s equation, P pv Ugh = constant
2
V FA
6. Y = =
H A 'A
'P
7. Bulk modulus, B =
'v / V
1
8. Elastic potential energy = u stress × strain × volume
2
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2T
9. Excess pressure inside a drop, 'P =
R
4T
10. Excess pressure inside a soap bubble, 'P =
R
2T cos T
11. Rise of liquid in a capillary tube, h =
r Ug
dv
12. F = K A
dz
13. Stoke’s law, F = 6SrKv
2r 2 (U V)g
14. Terminal velocity, v0 =
9K
where, v = velocity, V = density of liquid, U = density of solid
OSCILLATIONS
Z = angular frequency, I = moment of inertia
T = time period, A = length of pendulum
d2 x
1. Z2 x 0
dt2
2S
2. T
Z
3. Simple pendulum,
T 2S A / g , Z g /A
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6. Effective spring constant
i) Parallel Keff = K1 + K2
7. Effective spring constant
i) Parallel
keff = k1 + k2
ii) Series
1 1 1
k eff k1 k 2
WAVES
A = amplitude P = mass per unit length
y = displacement Z = angular frequency
' I = phase difference 'x = path difference
Q = frequency O = wavelength
L = length of the wire
1. Equation of wave,
§ x·
y Α sin Z ¨ t ¸
© v¹
2. Velocity of a wave on a string,
F
v ( P = mass per unit length)
P
3. Pav 2S 2PvA 2 J 2
§ 1·
destructive interference, 'I (2n 1)S or 'x ¨n ¸O
© 2¹
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1 F
5. Q0 , ( Q 0 = fundamental frequency)
2L P
B
6. Speed of sound in fluid = (B = Bulk modules U = density)
U
Y
7. Speed of sound in solid = (Y = Young’s modules U = density)
U
JP
8. Speed of sound in gas = ,vD Τ
U
v
9. Closed organ pipe, Q (2n 1)
4A
nv
10. Open organ pipe, Q
A
11. Frequency of beats Q1 Q 2
v u0
12. Doppler effect, Q Q0
v us
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
P = pressure V = volume
n = no. of moles T = temperature
R = universal gas constant D = coefficient of linear
expansion
E = coefficient of superficial J = coefficient of volume
expansion expansion
Q = heat taken/supplied s = specific heat
m = mass 'T = change in temperature
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1. Ideal gas equation, PV = n R T
1 dL 1 dV
2. Thermal expansion, D ; J
L dT V dT
3PV 3RT
3. v rms
M M0
5. Q ms ' T
6. Latent heat of state change,
Q = mL
7. dQ = dW + dU
8. Work done by a gas,
2
W ³ P dV
1
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10. Entropy,
'Q
'S
T
11. Efficiency of an ideal reversible heat engine,
T2
K
T1
§ 'Q ·
12. Cv ¨ ¸ constant volume
© n'T ¹
§ 'Q ·
CP ¨ ¸ constant pressure
© n'T ¹
13. dU = nCvdT
Cp
14. Cp – Cv = R, J
Cv
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ELECTROSTATICS
Facts :
1. Charge is quantized.
2. Charge is conversed, net charge does not change.
3. The tangent to a line of force at any point gives the direction of electric
filed at that point.
4. No electric filed exists inside conductors.
5. Electric fields at surfaces of conductors are perpendicular to surface.
6. All points on or inside a conductors are at the same potential.
7. In isolated capacitor, charge does not change.
8. Capacitors in series have equal amount of charges.
9. The voltage across two capacitor connected in parallel is same.
10. In steady state no current flows through a capacitor.
F = force q = charge
O = linear charge density C = capacitance
V = electric potential E = electric filed
V = surface charge density U = volume charge density
U = electrical potential r = distance
energy
qenc = charge enclosed p = dipole moment
1. Coulombs law : The force between two point charges at rest,
o 1 q1q 2
F r
4S H 0 r 2
2. Electric field :
o o
F qE
3. Electric Potential :
'V E ' r cosT
ro o
V ³f E.d r
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4. Electric Potential Energy :
1 q iq j
U =
4 SH 0
¦ ri j
i j
1 q
V = ,
4 SH 0 r
Gauss’s law : net electric flex through any closed surface is equal to the
net charge enclosed by thee surface divided by H 0 .
o o q enc
v³s E.ds
H0
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b) Plane sheet of charge :
V
E , where V is the surface charge density.
2H0
c) Near a charge conducting surface :
V
E
H0
d) Charged conducting spherical shell :
o
E in 0, r R
o 1 q
E out ,r!R
4 SH 0 r 2
o 1 q
E sur ,r R
4 SH 0 r 2
o 1 q
E out ,r!R
4 SH 0 r 2
o 1 q
E sur ,r R
4 SH 0 r 2
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f) Charged ring :
Special cases :-
1 qx
Eaxial
4SH 0 (R x 2 )3/2
2
i) If x R and x 2 R 2 ,
1 qx
E ,
4 SH 0 R 3
ii) If x ! R and x 2 !! R 2 ,
1 q
E
4 SH 0 x 2
Note : E max at r R/ 2.
g) Dipole :
In terms of polar coordinates,
1 2P cos T
Er
4 SH 0 r3
1 P sin T
ET
4 SH 0 r 3
ER E2r E2T
P
ER 1 3cos2 T
4 SH 0 r 3
§ tan T ·
Its direction, I tan1 ¨ ¸
© 2 ¹
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Torque on a dipole :
o o o
W PuE
Potential energy of Dipole :
o o
U P .E
Electric Potential due to various charge distribution :
a) Charged ring :
i) 1 q
At the centre:- V
4S H R
1 q
ii) On the axis at a distance x from the centre:- V
4S H R2 x2
b) Uniformly charged disc :
i) At a distance x from the
centre,
V ª 2
V R x2 x º
2H ¬« ¼»
ii) At the centre,
VR
V
2H
iii) At a large distance x (!! R) ,
1 q
V
4 SH x
Here, the disc behaves as a point charge.
iv) At the edge of the disc,
VR
V
H
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c) Spherical shell :
1 q
Vin
4 SH R
1 q
Vout
4 SH r
d) Nonconducting sphere :
1 q ª3 r2 º
Vin « »
4SH R ¬« 2 2R 2 ¼»
1 q 1 q
Vsur ; Vout
4S H R 4 SH r
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12. Capacitance of a capacitor partially filled
with dielectric of thickness t,
H A
C
§ t·
¨d t K ¸
© ¹
Numbers :
Electronic charge, e 1.6 u 10-19
1
9 u 109 Nm2 /C2
4 SH
H 8.85 u 10-12 C2 /Nm2
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Units :
Quantity Units Conversion
Electric field N/C, V/m 1 N/C = 1V/m
Charge C 1e 1.6 u 1019 C
Voltage V, J/C 1V = 1 J/C
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Facts:
1. Sum of currents into a node is zero.
2. Sum of voltage around closed loop is zero.
3. The temperature coefficient of resistivity is negative for semiconductor.
Formulae :
1. Electric current,
I = n q A vd
2. Resistance of a wire,
L
R U
A
3. Current density,
I
J n q vd
A
4. Voltage across the resistor,
V = IR
5. Ohm’s law,
E UJ
6. Power dissipated in resistor :
V2
P I2 R
R
7. Charge on a capacitor in an RC – circuit,
Q(t) = Q0 (I – e–t/RC) where Q0 is the charge at t = 0
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8. Current through a resistor in an RC – circuit,
I(t) I e t/W , where W RC
9. Grouping of cells :
a) Series combination :-
nH
I
(nr R)
H
i) I
(R r / n)
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ii) E
¦r
I
§1 ·
1 R¦ ¨ ¸
©r¹
c) Mixed combination :-
nE
I
§ nr ·
¨R ¸
© m¹
Current will be
maximum
nr
when R
m
Ammeter :
§ Ig ·
S ¨ ¸G
¨ I Ig ¸
© ¹
Percentage error in measuring current
through an ammeter,
§ R' · GS
Error ¨ ¸ u 100 where R '
© R R'¹ GS
Voltmeter :
V
R G
Ig
§ ·
¨ 1 ¸
Error ¨ ¸ u 100
¨1 r ¸
¨ (R G) ¸¹
©
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Potentiometer :
H1 A1
Comparing the emf of the cells,
H2 A2
§A ·
Internal resistance of a battery, r R ¨ 1¸
©A c ¹
Wheatstone Bridge :
R1 R 3
R2 R4
Under the above condition there
will be no current through
Galvanometer.
Units :
Quantity Units Conversion
Capacitance F I F = IC/V
Current A I A = IC/S
Resistance : I : IV / A
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Facts :
o o
1. Force on a moving charge in magnetic filed is A r to both v and B .
2. Net magnetic force acting on any closed current loop in a uniform
magnetic field is zero.
3. Magnetic filed of long straight wire circles around wire.
4. Parallel wires carrying current in the same direction attract each other.
Formulae :
o §o o·
1. Force on a charged Particle, F q ¨ v u B¸
© ¹
F qvB(sin T )
2. When a particle enters into a A r magnetic field, it describe a circle.
Radius of the circular path,
mv 2Km
r
qB qB
2Sm
3. Time period, T
qB
4. Magnetic force on a segment of wire,
o o o
F IA u B
5. Force between parallel current carrying wires,
F P I1I2
A 2S r
6. A current carrying loop behaves as a magnetic dipole of magnetic dipole
moment,
o o
P NI A
o o o
7. Torque on a current loop, W PuB
8.
currying wire,
o
o P0 I dA u r
B
4S ³ r2
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9. Ampere’s law
o o
>³ B.dA P 0 Ienc
Magnetic Field due to various current distributions :
1) Current in a straight wire :-
P0I
B (sinD sin E )
4Sb
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7) For a very long solenoid, BC P 0 nI
P 0 nI
8) At then end of a long solenoid, B
2
MAGNETOSTATICS
1. Magnetic – Moment of a bar
magnet :
M m u A where ‘m’ is the pole
Strength.
If r !! A
P0 M
B
4S r
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5. Earth’s magnetic field,
BH
cos G
B
Where BH is the horizontal
Component of the earth’s magnetic
field and
' G ' is the angle of dip.
6. Magnetic intensity,
o
o B o M
H I , where I
P0 V
o o
7. B P H
o
8. I F H , where F is the magnetic susceptibility.
C
9. Curie’s law : F
T
ELECTROMAGNETIC – INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
B = magnetic induction I = flux
q = charge V = velocity
F = force N = no. of turns
I = current L = coefficient of self inductance
M = coefficient of mutual H = induced emf
inductance
1. Induced emf,
d) dB
H 1 NA where a is the area of a loop.
dt dt
H
2. Induced current, I
R
o o d)
3. Induced electric field, v³ E.d A
dt
4. Self-inductance,
dI
N) LI; H L
dt
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5. Inductance of a solenoid, L P 0 n2 A A
where ‘n’ is the number of turns per unit length.
6. Mutual inductance, N) MI
dI
H M
dt
7. Growth of current in an L-R circuit,
H L
I 1 e t/W , W
R R
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14. Steady state current,
H0
I sin(Zt I)
z
§ 1 ·
I tan 1 ¨ ¸
© ZCR ¹
15. In LR – Circuit,
In steady state,
H
I sin(Zt I)
R 2 Z2L2
§ ZL ·
I tan1 ¨ ¸
© R ¹
1
i) If ! ZL , current leads the voltage.
ZC
1
ii) If ZL , current legs behind the voltage.
ZC
1
iii) If ZL , current is in phase with the voltage.
ZC
iv) In LCR – circuit, peak vale of current,
H
I
2
§ 1 ·
R2 ¨ ZL ¸
© ZC ¹
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If the angular frequency ' Z' varies then I0 also varies.
1
I0 is maximum, when ZL 0
ZC
1
or Z
LC
1
f
2S LC
This is called the resonance frequency of the circuit.
17. Power in an A. C. circuit,
P = Vrms Irms cos I where cos I is the power factor.
i) For a purely resistive circuit, I 0
ii) For a purely reactive circuit, I S /2, or S /2
? cos I 0
18. Transformer :
H1 N1
where N1 and N2 are the number of turns in the
H2 N2
primary and secondary coils respectively.
Electromagnetic – Induction
o o d)
Induced electric filed, v³ E.d A
dt
b
o o o
Motional emf = H
³a
( v u B) .d A
A.
dt
Motion of a
conductor in a Variation of
stationary magnetic field
magnetic field in a
stationary
conductor
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RAY OPTICS
1. Spherical mirrors,
1 1 1 v
, m
v u f u
2. Refraction at plane surfaces,
sin i real depth
n =
sin r apparent depth
§1·
critical angle, Tc sin1 ¨ ¸
© n¹
3. Refraction at spherical surface,
n2 n1 n2 n1 n1v
,m
v u R n2 u
4. Refraction through thin lenses,
1 § 1 1 ·
(n 1) ¨ ¸
f © R1 R 2 ¹
1 1 1 v
, m
f v u u
1
P , (f should be in metre)
f
5. Prism,
r + r’ = A,
G i i ' A
A Gm
sin
n 2
A
sin
2
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§ 1·
6. Refraction at plane surfaces, Normal shift = ¨1 ¸ t, t is the thickness of
© n¹
the glass slab.
7. For small ‘A’ and ‘I’, G (n 1)A
1 1 1
8. Combination of lens ……
F f1 f2
1 1 1 d
9. When lens are ‘d’ distance apart
F f1 f2 f1f2
WAVE OPTICS
c
1. v where
K
c = speed of light,
K = refractive index of the material and
v = speed of light in that material
2. Young’s double slit experiment,
a a12 a 22 2a1a 2 cos G , I I1 I2 2 I1 I2 cos G
for bright fringes, 'x nO
§ 1· ½
for dark fringes, 'x ¨ n ¸ O ¾ n = 1, 2, 3 …
© 2¹ ¿
DO
Fringes width
d
c 1 1
3. v ,c ,v
P P H PH
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4. Young’s double slit experiment,
a a12 a 22 2a1a 2 cos G , I I1 I2 2 I1 I2 cos G
for bright fringes, 'x nO
§ 1· ½
for dark fringes, 'x ¨ n ¸ O ¾ n = 1, 2, 3, …
© 2¹ ¿
DO
W
d
P 1)tD
5. Shifting of fringes : Shift =
d
6. Optical path length = Pt
shift P 1)t
7. Number of fringes shifted
firing width d
P v Pr
8. Dispersive Power, Z
Py 1
A P'y 1
9. Dispersive without average deviation :
A' Py 1
A P'v P'r
10. Average deviation without dispersion :
A' P'v P'r
§ Z ·
11. Net average deviation G r (P y 1)A ¨1 ¸
© Zr ¹
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1
1. Speed of electromagnetic waves, v
PH
2. Electromagnetic waves and transverse, E = CB
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Wave-Band Origin Sources
X-radiation i) High energy changes in X-ray tubes
electron structures of atoms
ii) Decelerated electrons
Gamma radiation Energy changes in nuclei of Radioactive substance
atoms
Ultraviolet radiation Fairly high energy changes in i) Very hot bodies, e.g.
electron structure of atoms the electric arc.
ii) Electric discharge
through gases,
particularly, mercury
vapour in quartz
envelopes
Visible Radiation Energy changes in electron Various lamps, flames
structure of atoms and anything at or
above red-heat
Infrared Radiation Low energy changes in All Matter over a wide
electron structure of atoms range of temperature
from absolute zero
upwards
Radio wave i) High frequency oscillatory Radio transmitting
electric currents circuits.
ii) Very low energy changes in
electron structure of atoms.
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ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS
h
1. Momentum of a photon, P
O
hc
2. Energy of a photon, E hf
O
hC
3. Photoelectric equation, KE max I
O
ΚΕ max h(f f0 )
4. To take place photoelectric effect, O d O
z2
5. For a one electron atom, En 13.6 eV
n2
n2
rn 5.29 u 10 11 meters
z
6. If an electron jumps from mth orbit to nth orbit,
1 ª 1 1 º
Rz 2 « 2 2 » , where m ! n
O ¬n m ¼
7. Mosley’s law, f a(z b) where a b are constants.
hc
8. The minimum wavelength of x-rays, O min
eV
ATOMS, MOLECULES AND NUCEI
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SOLIDS AND SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1. Intrinsic semiconductors, n i = n e = nh
2. Doped semiconductors, n2i n e nh
3. Conductivity, V e(n e Ph n h P h )
E D
4. Current gains, D ,E
1 E 1 D
output power
5. Alternating current power gain =
input power
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