Useful Constants

R = 8.31451J/mol K, 1 atm = 1.013 105 Pa, 1 atm litre = 101.3 J

StefanBoltzmann constant = 5.6704 108 W m2 K 4 .
air = 1.4, CV air = 20.8Jmol1 K 1 , The density of water is 1 gram/cm3 =1000 kg/m3 .
Mechanics
Linear Motion: x = x0 + 12 (vx0 + vx )t, x = x0 + vx0 t + 21 ax t2 , vx = vx0 + ax t,
vx 2 = vx0 2 + 2ax (x x0 )
2
Circular Motion: ac = vr
d
Forces: F~ = m~a, F~ = dt
p~, Friction: F = N , Spring: F = kx, Damping: F~ = b~v
Bouyant: FB = V g
R ~r
~ v.
W = ~rif F~ d~r, W = F~ ~r, K = 21 mv 2 , U gravity = mgy, U spring = 12 kx2 , P = dW
dt , P = F ~
Thermodynamics
L
Thermal Expansion: L = L0 T , V = V0 T , Stress and Strain: F
A =Y L
3
1
Ideal Gas Law: P V = nRT , Kav = 2 kT , 2 kT for each degree of freedom.
T
Thermal Conductivity: H = Q
t = kA x
Black Body Radiation: P = eAT 4 , max T = 2.8977685 103 m K
Internal Energy: U = nCV T
R
First Law: dQ = dU + dW for an ideal gas dW = P dV W = P dV .
Work for isothermal process W = nRT ln(Vf /Vi ).
For adiabatic expansion T V 1 = constant, if the number of moles is constant P V = C where C is a
constant and = Cp /Cv .
Work for adiabatic process

V2

W =

V2

P dV = C
V1

V1

C
dV
=
(V2 1 V1 1 )

V
1

Q = mcT , Q = mL. CP = CV + R, CV = f2 R where f =degrees of freedom. f = 3 for monatomic and

f = 5 for diatomic.
dS = dQ/T
e = W/QH COPCooling = |QC |/|W | COPHeating = |QH |/|W |
eCarnot = 1 TC /TH
Integrals
Z

xn dx =

xn+1
+ constant
n+1

Z
n 6= 1

x1 dx = ln x + constant

Trig
sin 1 + sin 2 = 2 cos(

1 + 2
1 2
) sin(
)
2
2

Area and Volume Area of a sphere A = 4r2 . Area of a cylinder A = 2rl. Area of a circle A = r2 .
Volume of a cylinder V = lr2 . Volume of a sphere V = 34 r3 .
Oscillations
= 2f , T = f1 , x = Acos(t + ), 2 =
bt

k
m.

Damped Oscillations: x = A0 e 2m cos(t + ), where =

b 2
E
0 2 ( 2m
) , Q = 2 E
.

bt
m

Energy for damped E = E0 e

Waves
q
1
2 2
v = T , k = 2
, v = f , P = 2 A v, p0 = vs0
q
v
(1 vD )
Pav
I
0
v = RT
M , I = 4r 2 , = 10dB log10 ( I0 ) Doppler Effect f = f0 (1 vs )
v

y = A cos(kx t + )
Interference kx + = 2n or (2n + 1) n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .
mv
Standing Waves fm = mv
2L m = 1, 2, 3, . . . fm = 4L m = 1, 3, 5, . . .

Beats f = f2 f1