Formulae Sheet for P hysics www.concepts-of-physi cs.com j pg.

1
Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and
Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism and Modern
Physics. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps
in quick revision for CBSE, NEET, JEE Mains, and Advanced.
0.1: Physical Constants
Speed of light c 3 _ 108 m=s
Planck constant h 6:63 _ 10􀀀34 J s
hc 1242 eV-nm
Gravitation constant G 6:67_10􀀀11 m3 kg􀀀1 s􀀀2
Boltzmann constant k 1:38 _ 10􀀀23 J=K
Molar gas constant R 8:314 J=(mol K)
Avogadro's number NA 6:023 _ 1023 mol􀀀1
Charge of electron e 1:602 _ 10􀀀19 C
Permeability of vac-
uum
_0 4_ _ 10􀀀7 N=A2
Permitivity of vacuum _0 8:85 _ 10􀀀12 F=m
Coulomb constant 1
4__0
9 _ 109 N m2=C2
Faraday constant F 96485 C=mol
Mass of electron me 9:1 _ 10􀀀31 kg
Mass of proton mp 1:6726 _ 10􀀀27 kg
Mass of neutron mn 1:6749 _ 10􀀀27 kg
Atomic mass unit u 1:66 _ 10􀀀27 kg
Atomic mass unit u 931:49 MeV=c2
Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
_ 5:67_10􀀀8 W=(m2 K4)
Rydberg constant R1 1:097 _ 107 m􀀀1
Bohr magneton _B 9:27 _ 10􀀀24 J=T
Bohr radius a0 0:529 _ 10􀀀10 m
Standard atmosphere atm 1:01325 _ 105 Pa
Wien displacement
constant
b 2:9 _ 10􀀀3 m K
1 MECHANICS
1.1: Vectors
Notation: ~a = ax ^{ + ay ^| + az ^k
Magnitude: a = j~aj =
q
a2
x + a2
y + a2
z
Dot product: ~a _~b = axbx + ayby + azbz = ab cos _
Cross product:
~a
~a _~b ~b
_
^{
^| ^k
~a_~b = (aybz 􀀀azby)^{+(azbx􀀀axbz)^|+(axby 􀀀aybx)^k
j~a _~bj = ab sin _
1.2: Kinematics
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.:
~vav = _~r=_t; ~vinst = d~r=dt
~aav = _~v=_t ~ainst = d~v=dt
Motion in a straight line with constant a:
v = u + at; s = ut + 1
2 at2; v2 􀀀 u2 = 2as
Relative Velocity: ~vA=B = ~vA 􀀀~vB
Projectile Motion:
x
y
O
u sin _
u cos _
u
_
R
H
x = ut cos _; y = ut sin _ 􀀀 1
2 gt2
y = x tan _ 􀀀
g
2u2 cos2 _
x2
T=
2u sin _
g
;R=
u2 sin 2_
g
;H=
u2 sin2 _
2g
1.3: Newton's Laws and Friction
Linear momentum: ~p = m~v
Newton's _rst law: inertial frame.
Newton's second law: ~F = d~p
dt ; ~F = m~a
Newton's third law: ~FAB = 􀀀~FBA
Frictional force: fstatic, max = _sN; fkinetic = _kN
Banking angle: v2
rg = tan _, v2
rg = _+tan _
1􀀀_ tan _
Centripetal force: Fc = mv2
r ; ac = v2
r
Pseudo force: ~Fpseudo = 􀀀m~a0; Fcentrifugal = 􀀀mv2
r
Minimum speed to complete vertical circle:
vmin, bottom =
p
5gl; vmin, top =
p
gl
Conical pendulum: T = 2_
q
l cos _
g
mg
T
l
_
_
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
Work: W = ~F _ ~S = FS cos _; W =
R
~F _ d~S
Kinetic energy: K = 1
2mv2 = p2
2m
Potential energy: F = 􀀀@U=@x for conservative forces.
Ugravitational = mgh; Uspring = 1
2kx2
Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-
Hdent and depends only on initial and _nal points:
~Fconservative _ d~r = 0.
Work-energy theorem: W = _K
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Mechanical energy: E = U +K. Conserved if forces are
conservative in nature.
Power Pav = _W
_t ; Pinst = ~F _ ~v
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision
Centre of mass: xcm =
P
Pximi
mi
; xcm =
R
Rxdm
dm
CM of few useful con_gurations:
1. m1, m2 separated by r:
m1 m 2
C
r
m2r
m1+m2
m1r
m1+m2
2. Triangle (CM _ Centroid) yc = h
3
C
h
3
h
3. Semicircular ring: yc = 2r
_
C
2r
r_
4. Semicircular disc: yc = 4r
3_ C 4r
3_ r

5. Hemispherical shell: yc = r
2C
r
r
2

6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 3r
8C
r
3r
8

7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h=4 for

the solid cone and h=3 for the hollow cone.
Motion of the CM: M =
P
mi
~vcm =
P
mi~vi
M
; ~pcm = M~vcm; ~acm =
~Fext
M
Impulse: ~ J =
R
~F dt = _~p
Collision: m1 m2
v1 v2
Before collision After collision
m1 m 2
v01
v02
Momentum conservation: m1v1+m2v2 = m1v01+m2v02
Elastic Collision: 1
2m 1v1
2+1
2m 2v2
2= 1
2m 1v01
2+1
2m 2v02
2
Coe_cient of restitution:
e=
􀀀(v01
􀀀 v02
)
v1 􀀀 v2
=
_
1; completely elastic
0; completely in-elastic
If v2 = 0 and m1 _ m2 then v01
= 􀀀v1.
If v2 = 0 and m1 _ m2 then v02
= 2v1.
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v01
= v2 and v02
= v1.
1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics
Angular velocity: !av = __
_t ; ! = d_
dt ; ~v = ~! _~r
Angular Accel.: _av = _!
_t ; _ = d!
dt ; ~a = ~_ _~r
Rotation about an axis with constant _:
! = !0 + _t; _ = !t + 1
2_t2; ! 2 􀀀 ! 0
2 = 2__
Moment of Inertia: I =
P
im iri
2; I =
R
r2dm
ring
mr2
disk
1
2mr2
shell
2
3mr2
sphere
2
5mr2
rod
1
12ml2
hollow
mr2
solid
1
2mr2
rectangle
m(a2+b2)
12
a
b
Theorem of Parallel Axes: Ik = Icm + md2
cm
Ik
d
Ic
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
x
zy
Radius of Gyration: k =
p
I=m
Angular Momentum: ~L = ~r _ ~p; ~L = I~!
Torque: ~_ = ~r _ ~F; ~_ = d~L
dt ; _ = I_
Ox
y
P
~r
~F
_
Conservation of ~ L: ~_ext = 0 =) ~L = const.
Equilibrium condition:
P ~F = ~0;
P
~_ = ~0
Kinetic Energy: Krot = 1
2 I! 2
Dynamics:
~_cm = Icm~_; ~Fext = m~acm; ~pcm = m~vcm
K=1
2mvcm
2+ 1
2 Icm! 2; ~L = Icm~! +~rcm _ m~vcm
1.7: Gravitation
Gravitational force: F = Gm1m2
r2
m1 F F m2
r
Potential energy: U = 􀀀GMm
r
Gravitational acceleration: g = GM
R2
Variation of g with depth: ginside _ g
􀀀
1 􀀀 2h
R
_
Variation of g with height: goutside _ g
􀀀
1􀀀h
R
_
E_ect of non-spherical earth shape on g:
gat pole > gat equator (* Re 􀀀 Rp _ 21 km)
E_ect of earth rotation on apparent weight:
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mg0_
=mg 􀀀 m!2Rcos2 _
R
m! 2 mg Rcos _
~!
_
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo =
q
GM
R
Escape velocity: ve =
q
2GM
R
Kepler's laws:
vo
a
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus.
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (* d~L=dt = 0).
Third: T2 / a3. In circular orbit T2 = 4_2
GM a3.
1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion
Hooke's law: F = 􀀀kx (for small elongation x.)
Acceleration: a = d2x
dt2 = 􀀀 k
mx = 􀀀! 2x
Time period: T = 2_
! = 2_
pm
k
Displacement: x = Asin(!t + _)
Velocity: v = A! cos(!t + _) = _!
p
A2 􀀀 x2
Potential energy: U = 1
2kx2
􀀀A 0 A
x
U
Kinetic energy K = 1
2mv2
􀀀A 0 A
x
K
Total energy: E = U + K = 1
2m!2A2
Simple pendulum: T = 2_
q
l
gl
Physical Pendulum: T = 2_
q
I
mgl
Torsional Pendulum T = 2_
q
I
k
Springs in series: 1
keq
=1
k1
+1
k2
k1 k2
Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2
k1
k2
Superposition of two SHM's:
~A
1
~A
2
~A
__
x1 = A1 sin !t; x2 = A2 sin(!t + _)
x = x1 + x2 = Asin(!t + _)
A=
q
A1
2 + A2
2 + 2A1A2 cos _
tan _ =
A2 sin _
A1 + A2 cos _
1.9: Properties of Matter
Modulus of rigidity: Y = F=A
_l=l ; B = 􀀀V _P
_V ; _ = F
A_
Compressibility: K = 1
B= 􀀀 1
V
dV
dP
Poisson's ratio: _ = lateral strain
longitudinal strain = _D=D
_l=l
Elastic energy: U = 1
2 stress _ strain _ volume
Surface tension: S = F=l
Surface energy: U = SA
Excess pressure in bubble:
_pair = 2S=R; _psoap = 4S=R
Capillary rise: h = 2S cos _
r_g
Hydrostatic pressure: p = _gh
Buoyant force: FB = _V g = Weight of displaced liquid
Equation of continuity: A1v1 = A2v2 v1
v2
Bernoulli's equation: p + 1
2_v2 + _gh = constant
Torricelli's theorem: ve_ux =
p
2gh
Viscous force: F = 􀀀_Adv
dx
Stoke's law: F = 6__rv
F
v
Poiseuilli's equation: Volume ow
time = _pr4
8_l
l
r
Terminal velocity: vt = 2r2(_􀀀_)g
9_
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2 Waves
2.1: Waves Motion
General equation of wave: @2y
@x2 = 1
v2
@2 y
@t2 .
Notation: Amplitude A, Frequency _, Wavelength _, Pe-
riod T, Angular Frequency !, Wave Number k,
T=
1
_
=
2_
!
; v = __; k =
2_
_
Progressive wave travelling with speed v:
y=f(t 􀀀 x=v); +x; y=f(t + x=v); 􀀀x
Progressive sine wave:
_
2
_
x
y
A
y = Asin(kx 􀀀 !t) = Asin(2_ (x=_ 􀀀 t=T ))
2.2: Waves on a String
Speed of waves on a string with mass per unit length _
and tension T: v =
p
T=_
Transmitted power: Pav = 2_2_vA2_2
Interference:
y1 = A1 sin(kx 􀀀 !t); y2 = A2 sin(kx 􀀀 !t + _)
y = y1 + y2 = Asin(kx 􀀀 !t + _)
A=
q
A1
2 + A2
2 + 2A1A2 cos _
tan _ =
A2 sin _
A1 + A2 cos _
_=
_
2n_; constructive;
(2n + 1)_; destructive:
Standing Waves:
2Acos kx
ANANA
x
_=4
y1 = A1 sin(kx 􀀀 !t); y2 = A2 sin(kx + !t)
y = y1 + y2 = (2Acos kx) sin !t
x=
_􀀀
n+1
2
__
2 ; nodes; n = 0; 1; 2; : : :
n_
2 ; antinodes. n = 0; 1; 2; : : :
String _xed at both ends:
L
N
ANA
N
_=2
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L
2. Allowed Freq.: L = n_
2; _ = n
2L
q
T
_; n = 1; 2; 3; : : :.
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: _0 = 1
2L
q
T
_
4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: _1 = 2
2L
q
T
_
5. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: _2 = 3
2L
q
T
_
6. All harmonics are present.
String _xed at one end:
L
N
AN
A
_=2
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0
2. Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) _
4 ; _ = 2n+1
4L
q
T
_; n=
0; 1; 2; : : :.
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: _0 = 1
4L
q
T
_
4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: _1 = 3
4L
q
T
_
5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: _2 = 5
4L
q
T
_
6. Only odd harmonics are present.
Sonometer: _ / 1
L, _ /
p
T, _ / p1
_. _ = n
2L
q
T
_
2.3: Sound Waves
Displacement wave: s = s0 sin !(t 􀀀 x=v)
Pressure wave: p = p0 cos !(t 􀀀 x=v); p0 = (B!=v)s0
Speed of sound waves:
vliquid =
s
B
_
; vsolid =
s
Y
_
; vgas =
s
P
_
Intensity: I = 2_2B
v s0
2_2 = p0
2v

2B = p0
2
2_v
Standing longitudinal waves:
p1 = p0 sin !(t 􀀀 x=v); p2 = p0 sin !(t + x=v)
p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin !t
Closed organ pipe:
L
1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) _
4 ; _ = (2n + 1) v
4L; n =
0; 1; 2; : : :
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: _0 = v
4L
4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: _1 = 3_0 = 3v
4L
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5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: _2 = 5_0 = 5v
4L
6. Only odd harmonics are present.
Open organ pipe: L
A
N
A
N
A
1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
Allowed freq.: L = n_
2; _ = n v
4L; n = 1; 2; : : :
2. Fundamental/1st harmonics: _0 = v
2L
3. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: _1 = 2_0 = 2v
2L
4. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: _2 = 3_0 = 3v
2L
5. All harmonics are present.
Resonance column:
l1 + d
l2 + d
l1 + d = _
2 ; l2 + d = 3_
4 ; v = 2(l2 􀀀 l1)_
Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies !1 _ !2
p1 = p0 sin !1(t 􀀀 x=v); p2 = p0 sin !2(t 􀀀 x=v)
p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos_!(t 􀀀 x=v) sin !(t 􀀀 x=v)
! = (!1 + !2)=2; _! = !1 􀀀 !2 (beats freq.)
Doppler E_ect:
_=
v + uo
v 􀀀 us
_0
where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, u0 is
the speed of the observer w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the source and
negative when it moves away from the source, and us
is the speed of the source w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the observer and
negative when it moves away from the observer.
2.4: Light Waves
Plane Wave: E = E0 sin !(t 􀀀 x
v ); I = I0
Spherical Wave: E = aE0
r sin !(t 􀀀 r
v ); I = I0
r2
Young's double slit experiment
Path di_erence: _x = dy
D
S1 P
S2
d
y
D
_

Phase di_erence: _ = 2_
_ _x
Interference Conditions: for integer n,
_=
_
2n_; constructive;
(2n + 1)_; destructive;
_x =
_
􀀀n_; constructive;
n+1
2
_
_; destructive
Intensity:
I = I1 + I2 + 2
p
I1I2 cos _;
Imax =
_p
I1 +
p
I2
_2
; Imin =
_p
I1 􀀀
p
I2
_2
I1 = I2 : I = 4I0 cos2 _
2 ; Imax = 4I0; Imin = 0
Fringe width: w = _D
d
Optical path: _x0 = __x
Interference of waves transmitted through thin _lm:
_x = 2_d =
_
􀀀n_; constructive;
n+1
2
_
_; destructive:
Di_raction from a single slit: b _
y
y
D
For Minima: n_ = b sin _ _ b(y=D)
Resolution: sin _ = 1:22_
b
Law of Malus: I = I0 cos2 _ I0 I
_
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3 Optics
3.1: Reection of Light
Laws of reection:
normal
incident i r reected
(i)
Incident ray, reected ray, and normal lie in the same
plane (ii) \i = \r
Plane mirror:
dd
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir-
ror (ii) virtual image of real object
Spherical Mirror: O
I
u
v
f
1. Focal length f = R=2
2. Mirror equation: 1
v+ 1
u= 1
f
3. Magni_cation: m = 􀀀v
u
3.2: Refraction of Light
Refractive index: _ = speed of light in vacuum
speed of light in medium = c
v
Snell's Law: sin i
sin r = _2
_1
_1
_2
incident
refracted
reected
i
r
Apparent depth: _ = real depth
apparent depth = d
d0
O
dI
d0
Critical angle: _c = sin􀀀1 1
_ _c
_
Deviation by a prism:
_
_
i i0
A
r r0
_ = i + i0 􀀀 A; general result
_=
sin A+_m
2
sin A
2
; i = i0 for minimum deviation
_m = (_ 􀀀 1)A; for small A
i
_
_m
i0
Refraction at spherical surface:
POQ
_1 _2
uv
_2
v
􀀀
_1
u
=
_2 􀀀 _1
R
;m=
_1v
_2u
Lens maker's formula: 1
f = (_ 􀀀 1)
h
1
R1
􀀀1
R2
i
Lens formula: 1
v􀀀 1
u= 1
f; m = v
u
f
uv
Power of the lens: P = 1
f , P in diopter if f in metre.
Two thin lenses separated by distance d:
1
F
=
1
f1
+
1
f2
􀀀
d
f1f2
f1 f2
d
3.3: Optical Instruments
Simple microscope: m = D=f in normal adjustment.
Compound microscope:
O1
Objective Eyepiece
u v fe
D
1. Magni_cation in normal adjustment: m = v
u
D
fe
2. Resolving power: R = 1
_d = 2_ sin _
_
Astronomical telescope:
fo fe
1. In normal adjustment: m = 􀀀fo
fe
, L = fo + fe
2. Resolving power: R = 1
__ = 1
1:22_
3.4: Dispersion
Cauchy's equation: _ = _0 + A
_2 ; A > 0
Dispersion by prism with small A and i:
1. Mean deviation: _y = (_y 􀀀 1)A
2. Angular dispersion: _ = (_v 􀀀 _r)A
Dispersive power: ! = _v􀀀_r
_y􀀀1 _ _
_y
(if A and i small)
Dispersion without deviation:
_
_0
A
A0
(_y 􀀀 1)A + (_0
y 􀀀 1)A0 = 0
Deviation without dispersion:
(_v 􀀀 _r)A = (_0
v 􀀀 _0
r)A0
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4 Heat and Thermodynamics
4.1: Heat and Temperature
Temp. scales: F = 32 + 9
5C; K = C + 273:16
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT, n : number of moles
van der Waals equation:
􀀀
p+a
V2
_
(V 􀀀 b) = nRT
Thermal expansion: L = L0(1 + __T);
A = A0(1 + __T); V = V0(1 + _T); = 2_ = 3_
Thermal stress of a material: F
A = Y _l
l
4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases
General: M = mNA, k = R=NA
Maxwell distribution of speed:
v
n
vp _v vrms
RMS speed: vrms =
q
3kT
m=
q
3RT
M
Average speed: _v =
q
8kT
_m =
q
8RT
_M
Most probable speed: vp =
q
2kT
m
Pressure: p = 1
3_v2
rms
Equipartition of energy: K = 1
2kT for each degree of
freedom. Thus, K = f
2 kT for molecule having f de-
grees of freedoms.
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = f
2nRT.
4.3: Speci_c Heat
Speci_c heat: s = Q
m_T
Latent heat: L = Q=m
Speci_c heat at constant volume: Cv = _Q
n_T
___
V
Speci_c heat at constant pressure: Cp = _Q
n_T
___
p
Relation between Cp and Cv: Cp 􀀀 Cv = R
Ratio of speci_c heats: = Cp=Cv
Relation between U and Cv: _U = nCv_T
Speci_c heat of gas mixture:
Cv =
n1Cv1 + n2Cv2
n1 + n2
; =
n1Cp1 + n2Cp2
n1Cv1 + n2Cv2
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f
2RT,
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas.
4.4: Theromodynamic Processes
First law of thermodynamics: _Q = _U + _W
Work done by the gas:
_W = p_V; W =
Z V2
V1
pdV
W isothermal = nRT ln
_
V2
V1
_
W isobaric = p(V2 􀀀 V1)
W adiabatic =
p1V1 􀀀 p2V2
􀀀1
W isochoric = 0
E_ciency of the heat engine:
T1
T2
Q1
Q2
W
_=
work done by the engine
heat supplied to it
=
Q1 􀀀 Q2
Q1
_carnot = 1 􀀀
Q2
Q1
=1􀀀
T2
T1
Coe_. of performance of refrigerator:
T1
T2
Q1
Q2
W
COP = Q2
W = Q2
Q1􀀀Q2
Entropy: _S = _Q
T ; Sf 􀀀 Si =
Rf
i
_Q
T
Const. T : _S = Q
T ; Varying T : _S = msln Tf
Ti
Adiabatic process: _Q = 0, pV = constant
4.5: Heat Transfer
Conduction: _Q
_t = 􀀀KA_T
x
Thermal resistance: R = x
KA
Rseries = R1 + R2 = 1
A
_
x1
K1
+ x2
K2
_
x1
A
x2
K1 K2
1
Rparallel
=1
R1
+1
R2
=1
x (K1A1 + K2A2) K1
K2
x
A1
A2
Kirchho_'s Law: emissive power
absorptive power = Ebody
abody
= Eblackbody
Wien's displacement law: _mT = b
_
E_
_m
Stefan-Boltzmann law: _Q
_t = _eAT4
Newton's law of cooling: dT
dt = 􀀀bA(T 􀀀 T0)
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5 Electricity and Magnetism
5.1: Electrostatics
Coulomb's law: ~F = 1
4__0
q1q2
r2 r^ q1 r q2
Electric _eld: ~E (~r) = 1
4__0
q
r2 ^r
~r
~E
q
Electrostatic energy: U = 􀀀 1
4__0
q1q2
r
Electrostatic potential: V = 1
4__0
q
r
dV = 􀀀~E _ ~r; V (~r) = 􀀀
Z ~r
1
~E
_ d~r
Electric dipole moment: ~p = q ~d 􀀀q +q
~p
d
Potential of a dipole: V = 1
4__0
p cos _
r2
~p
r
V (r)
_
Field of a dipole:
~p
r
Er
E_
_
Er = 1
4__0
2p cos _
r3 ; E_ = 1
4__0
p sin _
r3
Torque on a dipole placed in ~E: ~_ = ~p _ ~E
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in ~E: U = 􀀀~p _ ~E
5.2: Gauss's Law and its Applications
Electric ux: _ =
H
~E
_ d~S
Gauss's law:
H
~E
_ d~S = qin=_0
Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis:
EP = 1
4__0
qx
(a2+x2)3=2
a
q
xP
~E
E and V of a uniformly charged sphere:
E=
(
1
4__0
Qr
R3 ; for r<R
1
4__0
Q
r2 ; for r _ R O R
r
E
V=
(
Q
8__0R
􀀀
3 􀀀 r2
R2
_
; for r < R
1
4__0
Q
r; for r _ R
OR
r
V
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell:
E=
_
0; for r < R
1
4__0
Q
r2 ; for r _ R O R
r
E
V=
(
1
4__0
Q
R; for r<R
1
4__0
Q
r; for r _ R
OR
r
V
Field of a line charge: E = _
2__0r
Field of an in_nite sheet: E = _
2_0
Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = _
_0
5.3: Capacitors
Capacitance: C = q=V
Parallel plate capacitor: C = _0A=d
A
􀀀q
A
+q
d
Spherical capacitor: C = 4__0r1r2
r2􀀀r1 r1
r2
􀀀q +q
Cylindrical capacitor: C = 2__0l
ln(r2=r1) l
r1
r2
Capacitors in parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 C2
A
B
C1
Capacitors in series: 1
Ceq
=1
C1
+1
C2
C1 C2
AB
Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor:
F = Q2
2A_0
Energy stored in capacitor: U = 1
2CV 2 = Q2
2C = 1
2QV
Energy density in electric _eld E: U=V = 1
2 _0E2
Capacitor with dielectric: C = _0KA
d
5.4: Current electricity
Current density: j = i=A = _E
Drift speed: vd = 1
2
eE
m_ =i
neA
Resistance of a wire: R = _l=A, where _ = 1=_
Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R0(1 + __T)
Ohm's law: V = iR
Kirchho_'s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
i.e., _node Ii = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic
sum of all the potential di_erences along a closed loop
in a circuit is zero i.e., _loop_Vi = 0.
Resistors in parallel: 1
Req
=1
R1
+1
R2 R2
A
B
R1
Resistors in series: Req = R1 + R2 R1 R2
AB
Wheatstone bridge:
R1 R2
R3 R4
V
"G
Balanced if R1=R2 = R3=R4.
Electric Power: P = V 2=R = I2R = IV
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Galvanometer as an Ammeter:
i ig G
S
i 􀀀 ig
i
igG = (i 􀀀 ig)S
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter:
A ig
RG
"
B
VAB = ig(R + G)
Charging of capacitors:
RC
V
q(t) = CV
h
1 􀀀 e􀀀 t
RC

i
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0e􀀀 t
RC
C
q(t)
R
Time constant in RC circuit: _ = RC
Peltier e_ect: emf e = _H
_Q = Peltier heat
charge transferred .
Seeback e_ect:
T0 Tn Ti
T
e
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 1
2bT 2
2. Thermoelectric power: de=dt = a + bT .
3. Neutral temp.: Tn = 􀀀a=b.
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = 􀀀2a=b.
Thomson e_ect: emf e = _H
_Q = Thomson heat
charge transferred = __T.
Faraday's law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is
m = Zit = 1
F Eit
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C=g is
Faraday constant.
5.5: Magnetism
Lorentz force on a moving charge: ~F = q~v _ ~B + q~E
Charged particle in a uniform magnetic _eld:
r
v
q
~B
r = mv
qB , T = 2_m
qB
Force on a current carrying wire:
i
~l
~B
~F
~F = i~l _ ~B
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole):
i
~_ ~A~_ = i~A
Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in ~B: ~_ = ~__~B
Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in ~B :
U = 􀀀~_ _ ~B
Hall e_ect: Vw = Bi
ned
i
l
d
w
x
y
z
~B
5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current
Biot-Savart law: d~B = _0
4_
i d~l_~r
r3
i
d~l
_
~r
~B
Field due to a straight conductor: i
d
~B
_1
_2
B = _0i
4_d (cos _1 􀀀 cos _2)
Field due to an in_nite straight wire: B = _0i
2_d
Force between parallel wires: dF
dl = _0i1i2
2_d
i1 i2
d
Field on the axis of a ring:
a
~B
P
d
i
BP = _0ia2
2(a2+d2)3=2
Field at the centre of an arc: B = _0i_
4_a _ ~B i
a
a
_
Field at the centre of a ring: B = _0i
2a
Ampere's law:
H
~B
_ d~l = _0Iin
Field inside a solenoid: B = _0ni; n = N
l
l
Field inside a toroid: B = _0Ni
2_r r
Field of a bar magnet:
~B
1
~B
2
d
d
SN
B1 = _0
4_
2M
d3 ; B2 = _0
4_
M
d3
Angle of dip: Bh = B cos _
B
Bh
Bv
_
Horizontal
Tangent galvanometer: Bh tan _ = _0ni
2r ; i = K tan _
Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = k_; i = k
nAB _
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2_
q
I
MBh
Permeability: ~B = _~H
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5.7: Electromagnetic Induction
Magnetic ux: _ =
H
~B
_ d~S
Faraday's law: e = 􀀀d_
dt
Lenz's Law: Induced current create a B-_eld that op-
poses the change in magnetic ux.
Motional emf: e = Blv
􀀀
+
~v l ~B
Self inductance: _ = Li; e = 􀀀Ldi
dt
Self inductance of a solenoid: L = _0n2(_r2l)
Growth of current in LR circuit: i = e
R
h
1 􀀀 e􀀀 t
L=R

i
e
LR
Si
t
i
L
R
0:63 e
R

Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0e􀀀 t

L=R
LR
Si
t
i
i0
L
R
0:37i0
Time constant of LR circuit: _ = L=R
Energy stored in an inductor: U = 1
2Li2
Energy density of B _eld: u = U
V = B2
2_0
Mutual inductance: _ = Mi; e = 􀀀Mdi
dt
EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = NAB! sin !t
Alternating current: t
i
T
i = i0 sin(!t + _); T = 2_=!
Average current in AC: _i = 1
T
RT
0 i dt = 0
RMS current: irms =
h
1
T
RT
0 i2 dt
i1=2
= pi0
2
t
i2
T
Energy: E = irms
2RT
Capacitive reactance: Xc = 1
!C
Inductive reactance: XL = !L
Imepedance: Z = e0=i0
RC circuit: i
CR

e0 s
1
~ in !t R

!C
Z
_
Z=
p
R2 + (1=!C)2; tan _ = 1
!CR
LR circuit: i
LR

e0 s ~ in !t
R
!L
Z
_
Z=
p
R2 + !2L2; tan _ = !L
R
LCR Circuit: i
LCR

e0 s
1
~ in !t R

!C
!L
Z1
!C 􀀀 !L
_
Z=
q
R2 +
􀀀1
!C 􀀀 !L
_2
; tan _ =
1
!C􀀀!L
R
_resonance = 1
2_
q
1
LC
Power factor: P = ermsirms cos _
Transformer: N1
N2
= e1
e2
; e1i1 = e2i2
i1
N1
i2

e1 N2 ~ ~
e2
Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1=
p
_0_0
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6 Modern Physics
6.1: Photo-electric e_ect
Photon's energy: E = h_ = hc=_
Photon's momentum: p = h=_ = E=c
Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: Kmax = h_ 􀀀 _
Threshold freq. in photo-electric e_ect: _0 = _=h
Stopping potential: Vo = hc
e
􀀀1
_
_
􀀀_
e
1
_
V0
_
hc
hc
e
􀀀_
e

de Broglie wavelength: _ = h=p

6.2: The Atom
Energy in nth Bohr's orbit:
En = 􀀀
mZ2e4
8_0
2h2n2 ; En = 􀀀
13:6Z2
n2 eV
Radius of the nth Bohr's orbit:
rn =
_0h2n2
_mZe2 ; rn =
n2a0
Z
; a0 = 0:529 _A
Quantization of the angular momentum: l = nh
2_
Photon energy in state transition: E2 􀀀 E1 = h_
E1
E2
h_
Emission
E1
E2
h_
Absorption
Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition
from nth to mth state:
1
_
= RZ2
_
1
n2
􀀀
1
m2
_
X-ray spectrum: _min = hc
eV
_
I
_min __
K_
K_
Moseley's law:
p
_ = a(Z 􀀀 b)
X-ray di_raction: 2d sin _ = n_
Heisenberg uncertainity principle:
_p_x _ h=(2_); _E_t _ h=(2_)
6.3: The Nucleus
Nuclear radius: R = R0A1=3; R0 _ 1:1 _ 10􀀀15 m
Decay rate: dN
dt = 􀀀_N
Population at time t: N = N0e􀀀_t
Ot
N0
N
N0
2
t1=2
Half life: t1=2 = 0:693=_
Average life: tav = 1=_
Population after n half lives: N = N0=2n.
Mass defect: _m = [Zmp + (A 􀀀 Z)mn] 􀀀M
Binding energy: B = [Zmp + (A 􀀀 Z)mn 􀀀M] c2
Q-value: Q = Ui 􀀀 Uf
Energy released in nuclear reaction: _E = _mc2
where _m = mreactants 􀀀 mproducts.
6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors
Half Wave Recti_er:

~
D
R Output
Full Wave Recti_er:

~ Output
Triode Valve:
Filament Plate
Grid
Cathode

Plate resistance of a triode: rp = _Vp

_ip
___
_Vg=0
Transconductance of a triode: gm = _ip
_Vg
___
_Vp=0
Ampli_cation by a triode: _ = 􀀀 _Vp
_Vg
___
_ip=0
Relation between rp, _, and gm: _ = rp _ gm
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
Ic
Ib
Ie
_ and _ parameters of a transistor: _ = Ic
Ie
;_=
Ic
Ib
;_=_
1􀀀_
Transconductance: gm = _Ic
_Vbe
Logic Gates:
AND OR NAND NOR XOR
A B AB A+B AB A + B A_B
+ _AB
0000110
0101101
1001101
1111000
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Centre Number Candidate Number

Write your name here
Surname Other names
Total Marks
Paper Reference
Turn over
P42926XA
©2014 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/2/

*P42926XA0128*
Physics
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1: Physics on the Go
Tuesday 20 May 2014 – Morning
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes WPH01/01
You must have:
Ruler
Instructions

􀀀 Use black ink or ball-point pen. 􀀀 Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with
your name,

centre number and candidate number. 􀀀Answer all questions. 􀀀 Answer the
questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information

􀀀 The total mark for this paper is 80. 􀀀 The marks for each question are shown in
brackets

– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. 􀀀 Questions
labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,

as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. 􀀀 The list of data, formulae
and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet. 􀀀 Candidates may use a
scientific calculator.
Advice

􀀀 Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. 􀀀 Keep an eye on
the time. 􀀀 Try to answer every question. 􀀀 Check your answers if you have time
at the end.
Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
2 *P42926XA0228*
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions.
For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross
in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .
1 A rocket of mass m lifts off with an acceleration a due to the engines providing a thrust
T.
Which row in the table correctly identifies the quantities m, T and a as scalar or vector?
mTa
A vector scalar vector
B vector scalar scalar
C scalar vector vector
D scalar vector scalar
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

3 *P42926XA0328* Turn over

2 The table shows velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs for an object in motion.
Which row of the table contains a pair of graphs that could be consistent for the motion
of the object?
Velocity-time graph Acceleration-time graph
A
t
v
t
a
B
t
v
t
a
C
t
v
t
a
D
t
v
t
a
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

4 *P42926XA0428*
Use the following diagram to answer Questions 3 and 4
Four identical steel balls are dropped simultaneously into test tubes filled with different
motor oils. The
diagram shows the positions of the balls after a short time.
ABCD
3 Which test tube, A, B, C or D, contains the oil with the lowest viscosity?
A
B
C
D
(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)
4 Test tube D is heated and the ball is dropped into it in the same way.
Compared with the previous experiment, the position of the ball in test tube D, after the
same short time, is
A higher up because the viscosity of the oil is greater.
B higher up because the viscosity of the oil is lower.
C lower down because the viscosity of the oil is greater.
D lower down because the viscosity of the oil is lower.
(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 *P42926XA0528* Turn over

5 Two springs, X and Y, are stretched by the same force F. The spring constant of X is
double the spring constant of Y.
If the energy stored in Y is E, the energy stored in X is given by
A E /4
B E /2
CE
D2E
(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)
6 The coefficient of restitution of a ball is the ratio of its speed after it bounces to the
speed
before it bounces.
The kinetic energy of a ball before it bounces is 3.3 J and the kinetic energy after it
bounces is 0.9 J.
The coefficient of restitution is calculated using
A33
09
.
.
B33
09
.
.
C09
33
.
.
D09
33
.
.
(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)
XY
F
F

6 *P42926XA0628*
7 An increasing force is applied to a spring and the corresponding extension is
measured.
The spring constant k of the spring is
A the applied force per unit extension.
B the applied force per unit length.
C the gradient of the extension (y-axis) against force (x-axis) graph.
D the area under the extension (y-axis) against force (x-axis) graph.
(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

7 *P42926XA0728* Turn over

Use the following photograph to answer Questions 8 and 9
The photograph shows a tennis ball being thrown vertically upwards.
8 Which row of the table shows the correct directions of the velocity and acceleration of
the tennis ball while it is moving vertically upwards?
Velocity Acceleration
A􀀀􀀀
B􀀀􀀀
C􀀀􀀀
D􀀀􀀀
(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)
9 The tennis ball reaches a maximum height of 2.8 m.
The initial velocity would be given by
A 2 × 9.81 N kg–1 × 2.8 m
B 9.81 N kg–1 􀀀 2.8 m
C 2 × 9.81 N kg1 × 2.8 m
D 9.81 N kg1 × 2.8 m
(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

8 *P42926XA0828*
10 Two forces F1 and F2 act on an object as in the diagram below.
If F1 and F2 are drawn to scale, the resultant force can be found by measuring the length
of the resultant line FR.
Which of the following diagrams shows the correct position of the line FR?
ABCD
(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS
F2
F1
F2
F1
FR
F2
F1
FR
F2
F1
FR
F2
F1
FR

9 *P42926XA0928* Turn over

BLANK PAGE
Section B begins on page 10

10 *P42926XA01028*
SECTION B
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
11 Sandstone is able to fault (break), fold (bend) and carry seismic (earthquake) waves.
Faults can occur if the temperature of the sandstone is low enough for it to become
brittle. This causes it to break under pressure.
(a) State and explain the properties of the sandstone that allow it to fold.
(2)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) State and explain the properties of the sandstone that allow it to carry seismic
waves.
(2)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

fold
fault

11 *P42926XA01128* Turn over

* 12 A skateboarder throws a ball vertically upwards, while travelling at a constant
horizontal
speed. The skateboarder catches the ball moments later whilst still moving horizontally.
Explain why the ball can be caught even though it was thrown vertically upwards and
the
skateboarder is moving horizontally. Ignore the effect of air resistance.
(4)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 12 = 4 marks)

ball thrown ball caught

12 *P42926XA01228*
13 Two identical magnets, X and Y, are suspended by a light thread from a point P. Like
poles are placed next to one another and repel as shown below.
The free-body force diagram for magnet X is shown below.
(a) Show that T is about 0.2 N.
mass of bar magnet = 0.015 kg
(3)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

magnet X magnet Y
20° 20°
P
repulsive force R
from magnet Y
tension T
weight W

13 *P42926XA01328* Turn over

(b) Calculate the magnitude of R.
(3)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

R = ..............................................................
(c) State the magnitude of the repulsive force that magnet X exerts on magnet Y and
justify your answer.
(2)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 13 = 8 marks)

14 *P42926XA01428*
14 (a) A moving walkway transports people horizontally over a short distance.
A child stands on a walkway that is moving at a constant speed of 1.9 m s 􀀀1. Halfway
along the walkway the child turns around and attempts to walk back towards the start of
the walkway at a steady speed of 1.9 m s􀀀1.
Explain why the child will not reach the start of the walkway.
(2)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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15 *P42926XA01528* Turn over

(b) Two floors in a building are connected by a stationary ramp at an angle of 15° to the
horizontal and also by a staircase at an angle of 45° to the horizontal.
(i) A child walks up the ramp at a steady speed of 1.9 m s–1, taking 25 s to reach the
next floor.
Show that the work done by the child is about 5 kJ.
mass of child = 45 kg
(4)
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(ii) On another occasion, the child uses the staircase to reach the next floor in 12 s.
Calculate the power developed by the child as she uses the staircase.
(2)
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...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Power developed = ..............................................................

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

16 *P42926XA01628*
15 In an investigation of how acceleration varies with force, a student used the
apparatus
shown in the diagram below.
Two light gates were positioned a distance s apart with the first gate at the start position
of the trolley.
The student released the 1 kg trolley which was accelerated by the hanging masses.
The
trolley started a timer as it passed through the first light gate and stopped the timer as it
passed through the second light gate. The student recorded the time t from the timer.
The procedure was repeated several times. Each time the student removed a mass m
from the hanging masses and added it to the trolley, reducing the accelerating force.
A results table with the following columns was then completed.
Total hanging mass
M / kg
Time
t/s
Accelerating force
F/N
Acceleration
a / m s􀀀2
(a) (i) State how the student obtained a value for the accelerating force F.
(1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how the student should calculate a value for the acceleration a of the
trolley using t.
(2)
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...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

light gates connected

to a timer
smooth
horizontal bench
pulley
1 kg trolley
string
hanging masses
s

17 *P42926XA01728* Turn over

(iii) Transferring a mass m from the hanging masses and adding it to the trolley means
that the total mass being accelerated each time remains constant.
State why the total mass being accelerated should remain constant.
(1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) (i) A graph is plotted of accelerating force against acceleration.

Sketch the graph you would expect the student to obtain.
(1)
(ii) State what quantity is represented by the gradient of the graph.
(1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c) The time t could have been measured using a stopwatch.

Suggest two disadvantages of using a stopwatch rather than light gates and a timer to
measure t.
(2)
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(Total for Question 15 = 8 marks)

Force
Acceleration

18 *P42926XA01828*
16 In a hydroelectric power station, water drops through a vertical height from a
reservoir
turning a turbine. The turbine drives a generator to produce electricity. The photograph
shows part of the hydroelectric power station at the Hoover Dam in the USA.
The reservoir contains fresh water.
(a) The total flow rate across all the turbines is 1060 m3 s􀀀1.
(i) Show that the mass of water entering the turbines each second is about 1 × 106 kg.
density of fresh water = 997 kg m–3
(2)
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(ii) On average the water will drop through a height of 185 m.

Show that the total power of the falling water before entering the turbines is about
2 GW.
(2)
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reservoir
dam wall

19 *P42926XA01928* Turn over

(iii) The turbines convert 80% of the power of the falling water into electrical power.
Calculate the amount of electrical energy the Hoover Dam produces each year.
(3)
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Electrical energy = ..............................................................

(iv) Suggest why not all of the power from the falling water is converted into
electrical power.
(1)
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(b) Electrical energy could be produced in the same way using salt water. The viscosity
of salt water is greater than the viscosity of fresh water.
Explain, without further calculation, why the different viscosity of the water would
cause the power output using salt water to be less than the power output using fresh
water.
(2)
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(Total for Question 16 = 10 marks)

20 *P42926XA02028*
17 A composite steel beam bridge is used across short spans.
A bridge beam consists of a base of steel with a layer of concrete on top. The diagram
below shows how one of the beams will bend when a load is applied.
(a) (i) Label the diagram to show where the beam is under tension and under
compression.
(2)
(ii) Explain the choice of materials used in the beam.
(2)
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steel
concrete

21 *P42926XA02128* Turn over

(b) The graph shows the tensile stress-strain curves for steel and concrete.
(i) State and define the property of concrete that causes it to break suddenly without
warning.
(2)
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(ii) Use the graph to explain why there would be visible signs that the steel part of
the bridge was starting to fail if the applied stress were too large.
(4)
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Stress
Strain
Steel
Concrete
Fracture point

22 *P42926XA02228*
(c) A sample of steel was tested under large loads and the following stress-strain graph
was plotted.
(i) Calculate the Young modulus of the steel.
(2)
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Young modulus = .............................................................

250 –
200 –
150 –
100 –
50 –
0–
Stress / MPa
0.0
–
0.5
–
1.0
–
1.5
–
2.0
–
2.5
–
3.0 –
3.5
–
4.0
–
Strain / × 10–3
P
Q

23 *P42926XA02328* Turn over

(ii) Point P on the graph is the elastic limit of the steel sample and point Q is the
yield point.
State what is meant by elastic limit and yield point.
(2)
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(Total for Question 17 = 14 marks)

24 *P42926XA02428*
18 In October 2012, Felix Baumgartner made a skydive from a height of almost 40 km
above the Earth, making this the highest skydive on record.
A balloon was used for the ascent. This consisted of a helium-filled envelope with a
capsule attached to carry Baumgartner.
The balloon rose to a height where the density of the air is less than 1/200 of its value at
sea level. As the height increased the envelope expanded.
The graph below shows how the height of the balloon increased with time.
Time / 103 s
45 –
40 –
35 –
30 –
25 –
20 –
15 –
10 –
5–
0–
–0
–
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Height / 103 m
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
helium-filled
envelope
capsule
© Red Bull Stratos

25 *P42926XA02528* Turn over

(a) (i) Complete the free body force diagram below for the balloon as it rose. The total
weight W of the balloon and Baumgartner has been added for you.
(2)
(ii) Write an expression for the forces acting on the balloon as it rose.
(1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

*(iii) When at the maximum height, the weight was equal to the upthrust.
Explain the changes in the upthrust as the balloon rose. Assume that the weight
did not change.
(4)
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(iv) Use the graph to calculate the velocity of the balloon as it rose.
(2)
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Velocity = ..............................................................
W

26 *P42926XA02628*
(b) Once at the maximum height Baumgartner stepped out of the capsule and began to
fall. Unlike previous record attempts, he exceeded the speed of sound whilst falling.
(i) Show that the theoretical speed he could have reached 50 seconds after stepping
out of the capsule was about 500 m s􀀀1.
(2)
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(ii) The actual speed he reached 50 seconds after stepping out of the capsule was
380 m s–1.
Account for the difference between the theoretical speed and the actual speed.
(1)
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(c) The Mach number is the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound.
The maximum speed reached by Baumgartner was 380 m s–1 at a height of 20 km
above the Earth. This speed can be described as Mach 1.2.
Calculate the speed of sound in air at a height of 20 km.
(2)
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Speed of sound = ..............................................................

(Total for Question 18 = 14 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS
TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

27 *P42926XA02728*
List of data, formulae and relationships
Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)
Electron charge e = –1.60 × 10–19C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10–31kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34J s
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108m s–1
Unit 1
Mechanics
Kinematic equations of motion v = u + at
s = ut + ½at2
v2 = u2 + 2as
Forces 􀀀F = ma
g = F/m
W = mg
Work and energy 􀀀W = F􀀀s
Ek
= ½mv2
􀀀Egrav = mg􀀀h
Materials
Stokes’ law F = 6􀂛􀂛rv
Hooke’s law F = k􀀀x
Density 􀂛 = m/V
Pressure p = F/A
Young modulus E = 􀂛/􀂛 where
Stress 􀂛 = F/A
Strain 􀂛 = 􀀀x/x
Elastic strain energy Eel = ½F􀀀x
28 *P42926XA02828*
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