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8QSULPRELHFWLYDUILUHGXFHUHDLQIOXHQ HL]JRPRWHORURE LQXWHSULQILOWUDUH1HSURSXQHPV GHILQLPR


DSOLFD LH
I, 1 231 1 465 →,7 1 28465 
,9  I ,: 

XQGH,9 HVWHPDLEXQ VXEDVSHFWYL]XDO$FHDVW WUDQVIRUPDUHSRDWHILSXQFWXDO VDX]RQDO 

7DEHODGHFRQYHUVLH /87/RRN8S7DEOH SHUPLWHRWUDQVIRUPDUHSXQFWXDO DLPDJLQLL0HWRGD
HVWHGHVFULV SULQDSOLFD LD
I*: →*9 

XQGH*: úL*9 UHSUH]LQW PXO LPLOHQLYHOHORUGHJULLQL LDOúLILQDO
)XQF LDIVHUHDOL]HD] FXDMXWRUXOXQHLWDEHOHFX1: HOHPHQWHn’ ∈>19 @

      
  n’


 7UDQVIRUPDUHDGLQLPDJLQHLQL LDO vQLPDJLQHILQDO SRDWHILUHDOL]DW SULQVHFYHQ DXUP WRDUH
SHQWUX∀ [\ ∈LPDJLQLLLQL LDOHH[HFXW 
 LPDJB)>[\@ /87B>LPDJ,>[\@@
           
Complexitatea este în mod evident ν 1[0 XQGH1úL0VXQWQXP UXOGHSL[HOLFXLPDJLQLGHSH
RUL]RQWDO UHVSHFWLYYHUWLFDO 

5HFDGUDMGLQDPLF

 (VWH R RSHUD LH HIHFWXDW  SH ED]D KLVWRJUDPHL 'H H[HPSOX OLSVHVF QXDQ HOH IRDUWH vQFKLVH úL
FHOHIRDUWHGHVFKLVHGHJULúLDPYUHDV DSDU WRDW JDPD
 5HFDGUDUHD GLQDPLF  GHWHUPLQ  R SLHUGHUH D GHWDOLLORU UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQWUXQ QXP U UHGXV GH
SL[HOL GDU vQ JHQHUDO DFHVWH GHWDOLL VXQW QHVHPQLILFDWLYH 3HQWUX R LPDJLQH V UDF  vQ WRQXUL GH JUL
UH]XOW RLPDJLQHvQFDUHVHUHJ VHVFWRDWHQXDQ HOHúLDXXQDVSHFWPDLEXQGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDO
DQDOL]HLLPDJLQLL

3XQHUHDvQHYLGHQ DXQRU]RQHGLQKLVWRJUDP 

  

J , J+ QLYHOGHJUL 5HFDGUDM


%LQDUL]DUH
 
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8QLYHUVLWDWHD“ùWHIDQFHO0DUH” Suceava


 9RUILHYLGHQ LDWHGRDUSXQFWHOHvQFDUHQLYHOXOGHJULDSDU LQHXQXLDQXPLWLQWHUYDO



(JDOL]DUHDXQHLKLVWRJUDPH



,PDJLQHDQRUPDO úLFHDRE LQXW GXS HJDOL]DUH


$SOLFD LHQXPHULF 










 
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1RUPDOL]DW  (JDOL]DW 

 




3UREOHP 
 DânduVHLPDJLQHDLQL LDO DYkQGS[SSL[HOLFX1: QLYHOHGHJULV VHRE LQ RLPDJLQHILQDO 
FX19 QLYHOHGHJUL 19 <1: 
6ROX LH
 6HSDUFXUJHWDSHOHXUP WRDUH
L  VHFRQVWUXLHúWHKLVWRJUDPDLPDJLQLLLQL LDOH
LL  VHRE LQHWDEHODGHFRQYHUVLH/87SULQSUHOXFUDUHDKLVWRJUDPHL
LLL VHWUDQVIRUP LPDJLQHDLQL LDO FXDMXWRUXOWDEHOHLGHFRQYHUVLHRE LQXWHDQWHULRU
$FHVWHHWDSHVXQWLOXVWUDWHGHDOJRULWPXOGHPDLMRV


 
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8QLYHUVLWDWHD“ùWHIDQFHO0DUH” Suceava


GHWHUPLQDUH+LVWR>1,@
0HGLH S 1 ; 
)

%DQGD 1 < 1 ; 
&HQWUX %DQGD
1 
L )  
cât timpL ) 1 < H[HFXW 
&XPXO 
 cât timp &XPXO≅0HGLHúLL ) <1 < H[HFXW 
&XPXO &XPXO+LVWR>L ) @
L )  L ) 


SHQWUXL L ' L ) H[HFXW 
/87>L@ &HQWUX


&HQWUX &HQWUX%DQGD
L '  L ) 


SHQWUX [∈>TS@\∈>TS@H[HFXW 
LPDJ)>[\@ /87>LPDJ,>[\@@


VIkUúLW

7RDWHDFHVWHWUDQVIRUP ULDXIRVWWUDQVIRUP ULSXQFWXDOH

 
)LOWUDUHD]JRPRWHORUSULQWUDQVIRUP UL]RQDOH

6HDXvQYHGHUHYDULD LLOHEUXúWHDOHQLYHOXOXLGHJULSHQWUXXQDQXPLWSL[HOvQUDSRUWFXYHFLQ WDWHDVD
2 VROX LH DU IL FD YDORDUHD ILHF UXL SL[HO vQ LPDJLQHD WUDQVIRUPDW  V  ILH HJDO   FX PHGLD YDORULORU
QLYHOXOXLGHJULDSL[HOLORUGLQYHFLQ WDWH

([HPSOX
  

$FHDVW PDVF ]\HVWHSXUWDW SHvQWUHDJDLPDJLQHFRQVLGHUkQG + = =    


  

LPDJLQHDILQDO ,9 []   , [\ , [\ , [\ , [\ , [\ , [\ , [\ 
, [\ , [\ 

      
 
+ > =   + ? =      
 
  
      
 
 

 
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8QLYHUVLWDWHD“ùWHIDQFHO0DUH” Suceava


 $WXQFL FkQG YHFLQ WDWHD HVWH GH Q SL[HOL QLYHOXO GH JUL DO XQXL SL[HO GH FRRUGRQDWH [\  vQ
LPDJLQHDILQDO VHRE LQHSULQUHOD LD


B A =B
Q Q
F F
   ,@ [ \ = ∑ ∑ + L +  M + , [ + L \ + M 
N DEB ACB  
=− F =− F


XQGHNHVWHVXPDFRHILFLHQ LORUGLQPDWULFHD+LDUQWUHEXLHV ILHSDU3HQWUX+ , ++ $ úL+G →Q 
N , N+ NG 
,9  +⊗,: XQGH⊗HVWHRSHUDWRUXOGHFRQYDOD LH
++ HVWHPDLSX LQDFWLYGHFkW+ , GHRDUHFH LQHVHDPD
+G SULYLOHJLD] GLUHF LLOH[úL\
 7DOLDIHUHVWUHL YHFLQ W LL LQIOXHQ HD] QHWH]LPHDLPDJLQLL7UDQVIRUPDWD)RXULHUDFRQYROX LHL
HVWHSURGXVXOWUDQVIRUPDWHORU)RXULHU
 VHFDOFXOHD] ℑ + úLℑ , 
 VHFDOFXOHD] S ℑ + ∗ℑ , 
 ,9  ℑH S 
,


(IHFWH GH PDUJLQH &RQVLGHU P R IHUHDVWU  FX GLPHQVLXQHD P[P ÌQ DFHVW FD] LPDJLQHD ILQDO  DUH
GLPHQVLXQHD SP [ SP 

 










2DOW VROX LHSULQP ULPHDLPDJLQLLLQL LDOHDúDvQFkW
I’ = (p+m) + (p+m)    ,I  S[S

)LOWUDM*DXVVLDQ


J K
* [ σ = H σ (VWHRIXQF LHSR]LWLY VLPHWULF 
−L

πσ
σ O σ
σ G[ =  ∫ * [σ G[   ∫ * [σ G[  

∫* [M
Nσ NO
=JRPRWHOHVXQWH[FHS LLvQDFHDVW FRQFHS LH 
−∞ βσ

 
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8QLYHUVLWDWHD“ùWHIDQFHO0DUH” Suceava


 
 











Calculul filtrului în cazul bidimensional:


STQ S
PR
* [  \ σ = H σ 
+
− U

πσ

,V  ,W ⊗*
*HVWHRPDWULFHS WUDW FDUHFRQ LQHHOHPHQWHOHGLVFUHWL]DWHDOHIXQF LHL*DXVVLHQH




 

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