CAP.

5: MODELAREA DECIZIILOR COLECTIVE

&DGUXOLQIRUPD LRQDO

2SWLPDOLWDWHD 3DUHWR SHUPLWH GHILQLUHD XQHL VXEPXO LPL GH

VW ULDOHHFRQRPLHLDORFD LLGLQWUHFDUHHVWHGHGRULWFDVRFLHWDWHDV 

DOHDJ  XQD FDUH V  ILH UHDOL]DW  vQ SUDFWLF  3HQWUX D SXWHD IDFH

alegerea este nevoie de un criteriu.

6  FRQVLGHU P R HFRQRPLH FRPSXV  GLQWU-XQ QXP U ILQLW GH

DJHQ Li=1, 2, …, I úL R PXO LPH GH VW UL VRFLDOH DORFD LL QRWDW  M,
cu card M ≥ 3 PXO LPHD0FRQ LQHFHOSX LQWUHLDORFD LLSRVLELOH

'HILQL LH R VWDUH VRFLDO  XQ HOHPHQW GLQ 0 HVWH R GHVFULHUH

FRPSOHW DDFWLYLW LLDJHQ LORUúLDPHGLXOXLORU

De exemplu, într-R HFRQRPLH GH VFKLPE R VWDUH VRFLDO  HVWH

oPXO LPHUHDOL]DELO GHSDQLHUHGHFRQVXPSHQWUXWR LFRQVXPDWRULL
'DF  H[LVW  úL EXQXUL SXEOLFH DWXQFL FDQWLW LOH GH EXQXUL SXEOLFH úL

PRGDOLWDWHDGHILQDQ DUHDSURGXF LHLORUWUHEXLHVSHFLILFDWH

3UHIHULQ DOH DJHQWXOXL L VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ IXQF ia de

utilitate U (• ) GHILQLW
i
 SH PXO LPHD VW ULORU VRFLDOH M. Conform cu

SUHIHULQ HOH VDOH DJHQWXO L SRDWH RUGRQD VW ULOH VRFLDOH GLQ PXO LPHD

M1RW PFX S(M)PXO LPHDGHSUHRUGLQLVRFLDODGPLVLELOHSHM.

∑M c
Fie ODVD GH IXQF LL GH XWLOLWDWH DGPLVLELOH SH 0 úL

[∑ M ] = ∑
∑
I
Mx Mx... x ∑ M .


I ori

Un element generic U = (U 1 ,U 2 ,..., U I ) DO PXO LPLL

(∑ M ) I
VHQXPHúWHSURILOGHSUHIHULQ H

'HILQL LHRFRQVWLWX LH FHVWHRIXQF LHGHILQLW SH (∑ M ) , cu valori

I

în S(M).

'HFL FRQVWLWX LD HVWH R IXQF LRQDO  R IXQF LH GH IXQF LL FDUH

DVRFLD]  XQXL SURILO GH SUHIHULQ H U = (U 1 ,U 2 ,..., U I ) o preordine

VRFLDODGPLVLELO 

'HFLGHQWXO VRFLDO FROHFWLY WUHEXLH V  DJUHJH SUHIHULQ HOH

individuaOH SHQWUX D RE LQH R SUHRUGLQH VRFLDO  ÌQ DFHDVW  RSHUD LD

GHRVHELW GH GHOLFDW  LQWHUYLQH KRW UkWRU LQIRUPD LD GLVSRQLELO  D

GHFLGHQWXOXL FROHFWLY 'H H[HPSOX GDF  DFHVW GHFLGHQW QX HVWH

FDSDELO vQ VHQVXO F  QX DUH LQIRUPD LD QHFHVDU  V  GLVWLQJ  vQWUH
i
GRX  IXQF LL GH XWLOLWDWH Ui  úL U  DOH DJHQWXOXL L QX úWLH GH

H[HPSOX GDF  IXQF LD GH XWLOLWDWH D DJHQWXOXL L HVWH OLQLDU  VDX

ORJDULWPLF  FRQVWLWX LD F SH FDUH R FRQVWUXLHúWH YD WUHEXL V  ILH

i
LQYDULDQW DWXQFLFkQGvQORFXLHúWHSH U i cu U .

3UHRUGLQHD VRFLDO  F YD WUHEXL V  ILH LQYDULDQW  OD RULFH

WUDQVIRUPDUH FUHVF WRDUH D DUJXPHQWHORU VDOH GDF  GHFLGHQWXO QX

poate identifica decât preordinile individuale.

ÌQIXQF LHGHLQIRUPD LDGLVSRQLELO VHGLVWLQJFLQFLFD]XUL

❐ &D]XO,UHSUH]HQWDUHFDUGLQDO -FRPSDUDELOLWDWHWRWDO 

'HFLGHQWXO HVWH FDSDELO V  FRPSDUH DWkW QLYHOXO XWLOLW LL FkW

úL YDULD LLOH DFHVWHLD SHQWUX WR L DJHQ LL HFRQRPLFL ([LVW  GHFL R

comparabiliWDWH WRWDO  &X WRDWH DFHVWHD QX VH GLVSXQH GH R P VXU 

DEVROXW  D XWLOLW LL UHSUH]HQWDUHD FDUGLQDO  VHPQLILFvQG IDSWXO F 

IXQF LLOHGHXWLOLWDWHQXVXQWGHILQLWHGHFkWFDIXQF LLDSURDSHDILQHÌQ

DFHVW FD] IXQF LRQDOD F WUHEXLH V  ILH LQYDULDQW  OD DFHHDúL

WUDQVIRUPDUHDILQ FUHVF WRDUHDDUJXPHQWHORUVDOH

8QH[HPSOXGHDVWIHOGHIXQF LRQDO HVWH

I
F (• ) = ∑U i (• )
i =1
QXPLW úLIXQF LRQDODOXL%HQWKDPVDXFULWHULXOXWLOLWDULVW

'DF  ILHFDUH U i (• ) VH vQORFXLHúWH FX DFHHDúL WUansformare

i
DILQ DGLF FX U = α + βU i , β > 0 RE LQHP

( 1
F U , U ,..., U
2 I
)= ∑U (•) = ∑ [α + βU (•)]=
I

i =1
i
I

i =1
i

.
= I ⋅ α + β ∑ U (• ) = I ⋅ α + β ⋅ F (U , U ,..., U )
I
i 1 2 I

i =1

(VWH HYLGHQW F  ( ) i
F U  GHILQHúWH DFHHDúL SUHRUGLQH VRFLDO  FD
úL F (U ). În particular, F (U ) GHILQHúWH DFHHDúL SUHRUGLQH VRFLDO  FD
i i

úL
I F (U ) 6XE DFHDVW XOWLP  IRUP  FULWHULXO XWLOLWDULVW SRDWH IL
1 i

LQWHUSUHWDW FD ILLQ XWLOLWDWHD VSHUDW  PHGLH GH XQ DJHQW FDUH
1
necunoscînd identitatea sa viitoare, are o probabilitate de I de a fi
FDUDFWHUL]DWSULQIXQF LDGHXWLOLWDWH U i (•).

❐ &D]XO,,UHSUH]HQWDUHFDUGLQDO -comparabilitatea nivelului)

'HFLGHQWXO HVWH FDSDELO V  FRPSDUH QLYHOXULOH XWLOLW LL

GLIHUL LORU DJHQ L LDU IXQF LLOH GH XWLOLWDWH individuale sunt definite ca
IXQF LLDSURDSHFUHVF WRDUH
 )XQF LRQDOD F YD WUHEXL V  ILH LQYDULDQW  OD DFHHDúL

WUDQVIRUPDUHFUHVF WRDUHDIXQF LLORUGHXWLOLWDWHLQGLYLGXDOH

8QH[HPSOXGHDVWIHOGHIXQF LRQDO HVWH

F (U 1 , U 2 ,..., U I ) = min U i (•)

i

QXPLWúLFU iteriul lui Rawls.

'DF  VH vQORFXLHVF U 1 ,..., U I prin Φ (U 1 ),..., Φ (U I ) cu o

IXQF LHFUHVF WRDUHRDUHFDUHDWXQFL

F (Φ (U i )) = min Φ (U i )
i

YD SURGXFH DFHHDúL SUHRUGLQH VRFLDO  PLQLPXO ILLQG DWLQV SHQWUX

DFHODúL DJHQW &ULWHULXO 5DZOV poate fi considerat ca preordinea

VRFLDO  D XQXL DJHQW FX R PDUH DYHUVLXQH OD ULVF úL FDUH QHFXQRVFvQG

LGHQWLWDWHDVDYLLWRDUHDOHJHFHOPDLPLFQLYHODOXWLOLW LLSRVLELOH

❐ &D]XO ,,, UHSUH]HQWDUH FDUGLQDO -FRPSDUDELOLWDWHD YDULD LLORU

XWLOLW LL

DHFLGHQWXOVRFLDOHVWHFDSDELOV FRPSDUHRYDULD LHFUHúWHUH

DXWLOLW LLDJHQWXOXLLFXRFUHúWHUHDXWLOLW LLDJHQWXOXLMGDUQXSRDWH

VSXQH QLPLF GHVSUH QLYHOXO ORU GH XWLOLWDWH ÌPSUHXQ  FX LSRWH]D

UHSUH]HQW ULL FDUGLQDOH DFHDVWD LPSOLF  IDSWXO F  IXQF LRQDOD F V  ILH

i
LQYDULDQW  OD R WUDQVIRUPDUH DILQ  GH WLSXO U = α + βU , β > 0 ,
i i

i=1, 2, …, I.

8QH[HPSOXGHIXQF LRQDO GHDFHVWIHOHVWH

 δi

F (U , U ,..., U ) = ∏ [U (•) − U (a )]
I
1 2 I i i *

i =1

I
cu ∑δ
i =1
i
= 1 , δ i ≥ 0 , i=1, 2, …, I úL a* R VWDUH VRFLDO  OXDW  FD ED] 

GHFRPSDUD LH

$FHDVW  IXQF LRQDO  VH PDL QXPHúWH úL criteriul Nash

generalizat.

( )= ∏ [U (•)− U (a )]
I δi
1 2 I i i
F U , U ,..., U *
=
i =1
δi δi
[
= ∏ α + βU (• ) − βU (a )] [
= β ∏ U (• ) − U (a )]
I I
i i i * i i *
=
i =1 i =1

= β ⋅ F (U 1 , U 2 ,..., U I )

Prin urmare, F (U i ) úL β ⋅ F (U i ) YRU UHSUH]HQWD DFHHDúL

preordine soFLDO 

❐ &D]XO,9UHSUH]HQWDUHFDUGLQDO -necomparabilitate)

'HFLGHQWXO QX HVWH FDSDELO V  FRPSDUH QLYHOXULOH VDX

YDULD LLOH XWLOLW LL GLIHUL LORU DJHQ L GDU H[LVW  WRWXúL R UHSUH]HQWDUH

FDUGLQDO DSUHIHULQ HORU

)XQF LRQDOD F WUHEXLH V  ILH LQYDULDQW  OD RULFH , -uplu de

i
WUDQVIRUP ULDILQHGHIHOXO U = α i + β iU i , i=1, 2, …, I.

([HPSOXOGHDVWIHOGHIXQF LRQDO HVWH

 [
F (U 1 , U 2 ,..., U I ) = ∏ U i (• ) − U i (a * ) ]
I

i =1
QXPLWúLFULWHULXOOXL1DVK

( )
F U = ∏ β iF (U i ) úL GHFL F U
i
I

i =1
( ) i
 úL F (U i ) YRU SURGXFH DFHHDúL

SUHRUGLQHVRFLDO 

❐ &D]XO9UHSUH]HQWDUHRUGLQDO -necomparabilitate)

ÌQDFHVWFD]SUHIHULQ HOHLQGLYLGXDOHQXPDLVXQWUHSUH]HQWDWH

printr-R IXQF LH GH XWLOLWDWH FL GRDU SULQWU-R SUHRUGLQH )XQF LRQDOD F
QX WUHEXLH V  GHSLQG  GHFkW GH DFHVWH SUHRUGLQL LQGLYLGXDOH &D

H[HPSOH GH IXQF LRQDOH GLQ DFHDVW  FDWHJRULH SRW IL DPLQWLWH RULFH

UHJXOL GH GHFL]LH FROHFWLY  YRWXO VLPSOX PDMRULWDWH VLPSO  UHJXOD

OXL %RUGD UHJXOD OH[LFRJUDILF  HWF 'H H[HPSOX UHJXOD OXL %RUGD

preVXSXQH F  ILHFDUH DJHQW DWULEXLH XQ SXQFWDM VW ULORU VRFLDOH

posibile producînd un clasament, o ierarhie a acestora: un punct
SHQWUX VWDUHD VRFLDO  SUHIHUDW  GRX  SXQFWH SHQWUL XUP WRDUHD VWDUH

VRFLDO vQRUGLQHDSUHIHULQ HORUúDPG'DF  a1úL a2 suntGRX VW UL

sociale, a1 HVWH SUHIHUDW  VRFLDO OXL a2 GXS  UHJXOD OXL %RUGD GDF  a1
WRWDOL]HD]  XQ SXQFWDM PDL PLF GHFkW a2 (prin însumarea punctajelor
DFRUGDWHGHDJHQ L

(VWH HYLGHQW F  UHJXOD OXL %RUGD QX GHSLQGH GHFkW GH

ierarhiile (preordinile) individuale.

$FHVWH FLQFL FD]XUL SXQ vQ HYLGHQ  WLSXO GH LQIRUPD LH

GLVSRQLELO SHQWUXFDGHFLGHQWXOVRFLDOV SRDW IDFHFRHUHQWHGLYHUVH

FRQVWLWX LL IXQF LRQDOH FULWHULL GH DOHJHUH VRFLDO  ,QIRUPD LD FHD

PDL ERJDW  HVWH SUH]HQW  vQ FD]XO , UHSUH]HQWDUHD FDUGLQDO -

FRPSDUDELOLWDWH WRWDO  LDU FHD PDL V UDF  LQIRUPD LH GLVSRQLELO 

vQWkOQLPvQFD]XO9UHSUH]HQWDUHRUGLQDO -necomparabilitate).

 ÌQSDUDJUDIXOXUP WRUQHRSULPDVXSUDFDGUXOXLLQIRUPD LRQDO

FHO PDL V UVF FD]XO 9 úL GDWRULW  IDSWXOXL F  HVWH de dorit ca regula
GH GHFL]LH VRFLDO  V  QX QHFHVLWH FRPSDUD LL LQWHUSHUVRQDOH DOH

XWLOLW LLSHQWUXF DFHVWHDVXQWIRDUWHGHOLFDWHFKLDULPSRVLELOH

$JUHJDUHDSUHIHULQ HORU

ÌQ FDGUXO  LQIRUPD LRQDO GDW GH UHSUH]HQWDUHD RUGLQDO -

necomparabilitate, SUHIHULQ HOH DJHQ LORU vQWUH GLYHUVHOH VW UL VRFLDOH
sunt repezentate prin ordini, clasamente sau ierarhii individuale.
3HQWUXVLPSOLILFDUHYRPFRQVLGHUDF UHOD LDGHSUHIHULQ HVWHVWULFW 

SHQWUXILHFDUHDJHQW'HVLJXUVXQWSRVLELOHúLSUHIHULQ HQHV tricte, caz

vQ FDUH YRP FRQVLGHUD FODVHOH GH HFKLYDOHQ  SH PXO LPHD VW ULORU

VRFLDOHúLYRPSURGXFHRLHUDUKLHVWULFW SHDFHDVW PXO LPH

2 WUDWDUH GRFXPHQWDW  úL LQWHUHVDQW  GHVSUH DFHDVW  SUREOHP 

VH J VHúWH vQ > @ 9RP FRQVLGHUD vQWRWGHDXQD UHOD LL E
inare totale pe
i
PXO LPHD VW ULORU VRFLDOH 1RW P FX P , i=1, 2, …, I UHOD LD ELQDU 

WRWDO  FDUH GHVFULH SUHIHULQ HOH DJHQWXOXL L SH PXO LPHD 0 $LFL

∑M  HVWH FODVD GH RUGLQL DGPLVLELOH ILHF UXL DJHQW 3RUQLQG GH OD

aceste ordini individXDOH VH GRUHúWH J VLUHD XQHL UHJXOL GH GHFL]LH

VRFLDO  D XQHL SURFHGXUL GH DJUHJDUH VDX FRQVWLWX LL DúD FXP D IRVW

GHILQLW  vQ SDUDJUDIXO DQWHULRU FDUH V  SURGXF  R VLQWH]  D RUGLQLORU

individuale într-R RUGLQH VRFLDO  GHFL]LH FROHFWLY  VDX LHUDUKLH

agUHJDW 

6  UHPDUF P IDSWXO F  GHILQL LD XQHL FRQVWLWX LL SUHVXSXQH

LPSOLFLW R H[LJHQ  GH UD LRQDOLWDWH FROHFWLY  vQ VHQVXO F  HD FHUH FD

GHFL]LD DOHJHUHD VRFLDO  V  SRDW  IL UHSUH]HQWDW  SULQWU -o preordine

UHOD LHELQDU WRWDO UHIOH[LY úLWUDQ]LWLY ÌQF GLQPDUFKL]XO

GH&RQGRUFHWDDU WDWF UHJXODVLPSOHLPDMRULW L60QXGHILQHúWH

R FRQVWLWX LH SHQWUX F  XQHRUL 60 QX FRQGXFH OD R UHOD LH ELQDU 

WUDQ]LWLY 
 'H H[HPSOX GDF  H[LVW  WUHL VW UL VRFLDOH D D D úL WUHL

DJHQ LFXSURILOHOHGHSUHIHULQ H

a1 P1 a2 P1 a3
2 2
a3 P a1 P a2
3 3
a2 P a3 P a1

atunci a1SMa2, a2SMa3 úL D3SMa1, unde aiSMaj vQVHDPQ  ´Di este
SUHIHUDWVRFLDOSULQVLPSO PDMRULWDWHOXLDj”.

/D DSURDSH  GH DQL GXS  &RQGRUFHW SUREOHPD D IRVW

UHOXDW VWXGLDW úLVROX LRQDW GH.$UURZFDUHDDU WDWF QX

H[LVW  QLFL R FRQVWLWX LH UHJXO  SURFHGXU  VDWLVI F WRDUH SHQWUX XQ

PLQLPGHFRQGL LLGHUD LRQDOLWDWH

'HVFULHPSHVFXUWDFHVWHFRQGL LL

1. Domeniu universal (DU):

2 FRQVWLWX LH VDWLVIDFH FRQGL LD '8 GDF  ∑M este clasa
tuturor preordinilor posibile pe M.

&RQGL LD GH GRPHQLX XQLYHUVDO QX SHUPLWH QLFL R UHVWULF LH

DVXSUD SUHIHULQ HORU LQGLYLGXDOH 3UREOHPD HVWH GH D DFFHSWD RULFH

LHUDUKLH LQGLYLGXDO  SRVLELO  úL GH D FRQVWUXL R FRQVWLWX LH FDUH V  ILH

valDELO SHQWUXRULFHJUXSGHDJHQ L

(VWH GH UHPDUFDW DLFL F  UHVWULF LD FX SUHIHULQ H FRQYH[H I U 

H[WHUQDOLW LI FXW vQFDGUXOPRGHOXOXLHFRQRPLFJHQHUDOQXDMXW OD

LQYDOLGDUHDUH]XOWDWXOXLRE LQXWGH$UURZ

2. Principiul Pareto (PP):

2 FRQVWLWX LH VDWVIDFH FRQGL LD 33 GDF  DWXQFL FkQG VWDUHD

VRFLDO  a1 HVWH SUHIHUDW  VW ULL VRFLDOH a2 GH F WUH WR L DJHQ LL
SUHRUGLQHDVRFLDO FODVHD] SH a1 înaintea lui a2DGLF 

∀P = (P 1 , P 2 ,... P I )∈ [∑ M ]
I

úL

∀a1 , a2 ∈ M
DYHPLPSOLFD LD

a1 P i a 2,i = 1,2,..., I ⇒ a1F (P )a 2 .

&RQGL LD 33 SDUH IRDUWH QDWXUDO  úL LQGLVFXWDELO  GDF  VH

DGPLWH F  GHFL]LD VRFLDO  WUHEXLH V  LQ  FRQW GH SUHIHULQ HOH

individuale.

3. ,QGHSHQGHQ DVW ULORUQHSHUWLQHQWH,61

2 FRQVWLWX LH VDWVIDFH FRQGL LD ,61 GDF  FODVDPHQWXO D GRX 

VW UL VRFLDOH GDW GH SUHRUGLQHD VRFLDO  GHSLQGH QXPDL GH FODVDPHQWXO

DFHVWRUVW ULGDWGHF WUHDJHQ LDGLF 

∀P = (P1 ,..., P I )∈ [∑ M ]
I

( )
∀a1 , a2 ∈ M úL

P = P ,..., P ∈ [∑ M ]
1 I I

DYHPLPSOLFD LD

(a P a
1
i
2 ) (
⇔ a1 P a 2 , ∀i ⇒ a1F (P )a 2 ⇔ a1F P a2 .
i
() )
&RQGL LD ,61 HVWH R PRGDOLWDWH IRUPDO  GH D H[FOXGH RULFH

poVLELOLWDWH SHQWUX FRQVWLWX LH GH D OXD vQ FDOFXO LQWHQVLWDWHD

SUHIHULQ HORU DJHQ LORU (D FHUH DVWIHO FD GRX  SURILOH GH SUHIHULQ H

FDUH UHSUH]LQW  DFHOHDúL RUGLQL LQGLYLGXDOH V  FRQGXF  OD DFHHDúL

RUGLQHVRFLDO 
4. $EVHQ DGLFWDWRUXOXL$'

2 FRQVWLWX LH HVWH GLFWDWRULDO  GDF  H[LVW  XQ DJHQW DOH F UXL

SUHIHULQ HGHWHUPLQ RUGLQHDVRFLDO DGLF 

i ∈ {1,2,..., I } este dictator ⇔ ∀P = (P1 ,... P I )∈ [∑ M ] , F (P ) = P i

I

5.3. Teorema lui Arrow

Reflectînd asupra unei decizii sociale (un program de

depoluare, deciziaSULYLQGILQDQ DUHDSURGXF LHLXQXLEXQSXEOLFHWF
QX SXWHP V -O FRQWUD]LFHP SH $UURZ F  LQGLIHUHQW FDUH DU IL PHWRGD

SURFHGXUD UHJXOD FRQVWLWX LD SULQ FDUH VH LD R DVWIHO GH GHFL]LH

DFHDVWDWUHEXLHV vQGHSOLQHDVF FHOHSDWUXFRQGL LLPLQLPDOHSHQWU ua

SXWHDILFRQVLGHUDW ³UD LRQDO ´

7HRUHPDOXL$UURZVSXQHGLPSRWULY F OXFUXULOHVWDXH[DFW

invers: nici una din metodele de agregare imaginabile nu satisface

VLPXOWDQ  WRDWH FHOH SDWUX FRQGL LL 0DL H[DFW WHRUHPD VH HQXQ 

astfel:
³GDF  I ≥ 2  úL FDUG (M ) ≥ 3  QLFL R FRQVWLWX LH QX VDWVIDFH FRQGL LLOH
'833,61úL$'´

Într-RDOW IRUPXODUHPDLLQFLWDQW WHRUHPDOXL$UURZHVWH

³RULFH FRQVWLWX LH FDUH VDWLVIDFH FRQGL LLOH '8 33 úL ,61 HVWH

dictDWRULDO GDF  I ≥ 2 úLFDUG (M ) ≥ 3 ”.

' P vQ FRQWLQXDUH GHPRQVWUD LD DFHVWHL WHRUHPH 3HQWUX vQFHSXW

LQWURGXFHPGRX GHILQL LL

(a) 2 VXEPXO LPH GH DJHQ L A ⊂ {1,2,..., I } VH QXPHúWH ³DSURDSH

GHFLVLY ´ SHQWUX FXSOXO RUGRQDW GH VW UL VRFLDOH (a1, a2) GDF 
 P = (P1 ,... P I )∈ [∑ M ] avem
I
RULFDUHDUILXQSURILOGHSUHIHULQ H

LPSOLFD LD

(a P a , i ∈ A
1
i
2 úL a 2 P j a1 ,j ∉ A) ⇒ (a1F (P )a 2 ) .

1RW P D i (a1 , a 2 ) GDF DJHQWXOLHVWHDSURDSHGHFLVLYSHQWUX (a1, a2).

(b) 2 VXEPXO LPH GH DJHQ L A ⊂ {1,2,..., I } VH QXPHúWH ³GHFLVLY ´

SHQWUXFXSOXORUGRQDWGHVW ULVRFLDOH (a1, a2) GDF RULFDUHDUILXQ

SURILOGHSUHIHULQ H P = (P ,... P )∈ [∑ M ] DYHPLPSOLFD LD

1 I I

(a P a , i ∈ A ) ⇒ (a F (P )a ).
1
i
2 1 2

D (a1 , a 2 ) GDF
i
1RW P DJHQWXOLHVWHDSURD pe decisiv pentru (a1, a2).

&HOHGRX GHILQL LLVSXQGHIDSWF VXEPXO LPHDGHDJHQ L$

HVWH GLFWDWRULDO  vQ VHQVXO F  HL VXQW FHL FDUH GHWHUPLQ  UHOD LD GLQWUH

GRX VW ULVRFLDOHvQLHUDUKLDGHVLQWH] 

'HPRQVWU PDFXPGRX UH]XOWDWHSDU LDOH

Lema 1 6XE FRQGL LLOH '8 33 úL ,61 H[LVW  XQ DJHQW FDUH HVWH

DSURDSHGHFLVLYSHQWUXXQFXSOXRUGRQDWGHVW ULVRFLDOH

'HPRQVWUD LH

ƒ Pentru orice cuplu (a1, a2)PXO LPHD {1,2,..., I }HVWHGHFLVLY GHFL

úLDSURDSHGHFLVLY GDWRULW FRQGL LHi (PP);

ƒ &RQVLGHU P R FHD PDL PLF  PXO LPH GH DJHQ L QRWDW  A
PXO LPH PLQLPLQDO  DSURDSH GHFLVLY  SHQWUX XQ FXSOX GH VW UL

VRFLDOHI FvQGV YDULH]HFXSOXULOH

ƒ 'DF  AFRQ LQHXQVLQJXUDJHQWOHPDHVWHGHPRQVWUDW 

ƒ 'DF  AFRQ LQHPDLPXOWGHXQDJHQW fie A1 ∪ A2 RSDUWL LHDOXL
AúL A PXO LPHDDJHQ LORUFDUHQXVXQWvQA;
ƒ ÌQ ED]D FRQGL LHL '8 FRQVLGHU P SURILOHOH GH SUHIHULQ H

XUP WRDUH

a1 P i a 2 P i a 3 , pentru i ∈ A1
a 3 P j a1 P j a 2 , pentru j ∈ A2
a 2 P k a 3 P k a1 , pentru k ∈ A

ƒ 'HRDUHFH $ HVWH DSURDSH GHFLVLY  SHQWUX (a1, a2) UH]XOW  F  a1

este preferat lui a2, de orice agent din A, iar orice agent din A
SUHIHU LQYHUV&RQIRUPGHILQL LHLDYHP a F (P )a ;
1 2

ƒ 'DF  a F (P )a , atunci A2 HVWH DSURDSH GHFLVLY  SHQWUX (a3, a2)

3 2
GDWRULW FRQGL LHL,61DFHDVWDvQV FRQWUD]LFHGHILQL LDOXL$

ƒ 'DF  GLPSRWULY  a 2F (P )a 3 atunci tran]LWLYLWDWHD FHUXW  OXL

F (P ) LPSOLF  a1F (P )a3 ;

ƒ 'DU GDF  a F (P )a  UH]XOW  FRQIRUP ,61 F  A1 este aproape
1 3
decisiv pentru (a1, a3), ceea ce contrazice din nou definirea lui A;
ƒ &RQWUDGLF LLOHVHPQDODWHSURYLQGLQIDSWXOF  AFRQ LQHPDLPXOW

de un agent. /HPDHVWHDVWIHOGHPRQVWUDW .

Lema 2 6XE FRQGL LLOH '8 33 úL ,61 GDF  H[LVW  XQ DJHQW L

FDUH HVWH SDURDSH GHFLVLY SHQWUX XQ FXSOX RUGRQDW GH VW UL VRFLDOH

atunci i este un dictator.

'HPRQVWUD LH :

ƒ Fie (a1 , a2 )∈ M FXSOXOGHVW ULVRFLDOHSHQWUXFDUHLHVWHDSURDSH

GHFLVLY &RQVLGHU P SHQWUX vQFHSXW WULSOHWXO GH VW UL VRFLDOH

(a1 , a 2 , a3 ) úLSUHVXSXQHPF 

a1 P i a 2 P i a 3 úL a 2 P j a1 , a 2 P j a 3 , ∀j ≠ i ;
ƒ Deoarece i este aproape decisiv pentru (a1 , a2 ) UH]XOW 
a1F (P )a2 ;
ƒ 'DWRULW  FRQGL LHL 33 UH]XOW  a F (P )a  úL SULQ WUDQ]LWLYLWDWH
2 3

a1F (P )a 3 ;
ƒ Deci, a1F (P )a 3  LQGHSHQGHQW GH SUHIHULQ HOH DJHQ LORU j ≠i
asupra cuplului (a1 , a3 ) . De asemenea, a1F (P )a 3 independent de
clasamentele cuplurilor (a1 , a2 ) úL (a 2 , a3 )  GDWRULW  FRQGL LHL
,61 $FHVWD vQVHPDQ  F  a1F (P )a 3  RULFDUH DU IL SUHIHULQ HOH
DJHQ LORU j ≠ i , prin urmare i este decisiv pentru (a1 , a3 ) :
D (a1 , a 3 ) ;
i

ƒ 6FKLPE P UROXO OXL (a1 , a2 ) cu (a3 , a1 ) , alegem profile potrivite

GDWRULW  '8 úL DU W P SULQ UD LRQDPHQWXO GH PDL VXV F  L HVWH

decisiv pentru (a 3 , a 2 ) : D (a 3 , a 2 ). Rezumînd, fiind date trei

i

VW ULVRFLDOH (a , a , a ) avem:
s t n

D i (a s , at ) D (a s , a n )
i

D (a n , a t )
i

Semnul vQVHDPQ  LPSOLF  SULQ UD LRQDPHQWXO GH PDL VXV

3H GH DOW  SDUWH FRQIRUP FHORU GRX  GHILQL LL LQWURGXVH DYHP

LPSOLFD LD
d
D (a s , at )→ D i (a s , at )
i

DGLF  GDF  L HVWH GHFLV iv pentru cuplul (a s , a t ), el este aproape

GHFLVLYSHQWUXDFHODúLFXSOX

6FKHPD UD LRQDPHQWXOXL GH PDL VXV FX VLPEROXULOH LQWURGXVH

este:
 d
D i (a1 , a 2 ) D (a1 , a 3 ) → D i (a1 , a3 )
i

d d
D (a 2 , a 3 ) → D i (a 2 , a3 ) D (a 2 , a1 ) →
i i

d d

→ D (a2 , a1 ) D (a 3 , a1 ) → D i (a3 , a1 )
i i

d
D (a 3 , a 2 ) → D i (a3 , a2 ) D (a1 , a 2 )
i i

&RQFOX]LD UD LRQDPHQWXOXL HVWH F  DJHQWXO L HVWH GLFWDWRU

SHQWUXRULFHPXO LPHGHWUHLVW ULVRFLDOHFDUHFRQ LQHFXSOXO (a1,a2).

&RQVLGHU P DFXP R PXO LPH GH VW UL VRFLDOH PDL YDVW  GHFkW

(a1,a2) úL ILH (a s , at ) XQ FXSOX GH VW UL VRFLDOH GLQ DFHDVW  PXO LPH

6XQWSRVLELOHVLWXD LLOH

(a s , at ) coincide cu (a1,a2) . Atunci avem D (a1 , a 2 ) conform cu

i
1.
cele de mai sus;
2. as coincide cu a1I U FDatV FRLQFLG FXa2 (sau orice alt caz de
acest tip). Alegem tripletul (a1 , a 2 , at ) úLFRQIRUPVFKHPHLGH
UD LRQDPHQWDYHP

D i (a1 , a 2 ) D (a1 , a t ) ... D (a t , a1 )

i i

3. asúLat sunt diferite de a1, a2/X PWULSOHWXO (a1 , a2 , a s )

úLJ VLP

d
D i (a1 , a 2 ) D (a1 , a s ) → D i (a1 , a s ).
i

$SRLOX PWULSOHWXO (a1 , a s , at ) úLUH]XOW 

D i (a1 , a s ) ... D (a t , a s ) ... D (a s , a t ).

i i

Deci,
 D i (a1 , a 2 ) … D (a s , a t )
i

pentru orice cuplu (a s , a t )5H]XOW F LHVWHGLFWDWRUFFWG

/HPHOH  úL  GHPRQVWUHD]  WHRUHPD OXL $UURZ ,PSRUWDQúD

HLFRQVW vQDFHHDF DWUDJHDWHQ LDDVXSUDIDSWXOXLF RULFHSURFHGXUD

de agregare YLROHD]  XQD GLQ FRQGL LLOH '8 33 ,61 $'

GDF VHGRUHúWHRGHFL]LHFROHFWLY ³UD LRQDO ´

'H H[HPSOX VH SRDWH YHULILFD XúRU F  UHJXOH OXL %RUGD

YLROHD]  FRQGL LD ,61 F  SURFHGXUD VLPSOHL PDMRULW L QX FRQGXFH

ODRUHOD LHELQDU WUDQ]LWLY HWF

7HRUHPD OXL $UURZ HVWH YDODELO  QXPDL SH GRPHQLXO GH

DSOLFDELOLWDWHGDWvQHQXQ  I ≥ 2 , card (M ) ≥ 3  ÌQGDW FHLHúLPGLQ

DFHVWGRPHQLXDJUHJDUHD³UD LRQDO ´GHYLQHSRVLELO 

ÌQ SUDFWLF  WHRUHPD HVWH RUL QHJOLMDW  RUL VH UHOD[HD]  SX LQ

FRQGL LLOHGHUD LRQDOLWDWHDFFHSWvQGX VHF QXWRWGHDXQDHVWHQHFHVDU

-
V VHFRQVWUXLDVF RSUHRUGLQHVRFLDO 

Este necesar, de exemplu pentru nevoile economiei cu bunuri

SXEOLFH V  SXWHP OXD GHFL]LL FRHUHQWH GDU QX vQ PRG
necesar de a fi
FDSDELOL V  FRPSDU P FX R SUHRUGLQH VRFLDO  WRDWH VW ULOH VRFLDOH

6F GHUHD H[LJHQ HL UD LRQDOLW LL FROHFWLYH SHUPLWH H[LVWHQ D XQHL

UHOD LL ELQDUH VRFLDOH FDUH vQ RULFH FLUFXPVWDQ H V  FRQGXF  OD R

alegere.

'H H[HSPOX GDF  vQ ORF GH WUDQ]LWLYLWDWH FHUHP UHOD LHL

EXQDUHVRFLDOHV ILH³DFLFOLF ´U VSXQGHPXQXLDVWIHOGHGH]LGHUDW

6H VSXQH F  R UHOD LH R GHILQLW  SH PXO LPHD VW ULORU VRFLDOH

HVWH DFLFOLF  GDF  úL QXPDL GDF  ∀(a1 , a 2 ,..., a j )∈ M avem

LPSOLFD LD

(a Pa , a Pa ,..., a
1 2 2 3 j −1 Pa j ) ⇒ a1Ra j .

6H GHPRQVWUHD]  F  GDF  R HVWH UHIOH[LY  úL WRWDO  FRQGL LD

QHFHVDU  úL VXILFLHQW  FD V  H[LVWH R IXQF LH GH DOHJHUH ELQH GHILQLW 

SHRPXO LPHILQLW 0HVWHFD RV ILHDFLFOLF 

'LIHULWHOH UH]XOWDWH SR]LWLYH RE LQXWH vQ FDGUXO LQIRUPD LRQDO

“UHSUH]HQWDUH RUGLQDO -QHFRPSDUDELOH´ VXIHU  SULQ IDSWXO SULQ IDSWXO

F  ILH VH FRQVWUXLHVF SURFHGXUL QHGHPRFUDWLFH DJHQ L FX GUHSW GH

YHWR GH H[HPSOX ILH SURFHGXUL FDUH FRPSRUW  SUHD PXOW 

LQGLIHUHQ 

5.4. Exemplu: Manipularea procedurilor de vot

6  SUHVXSXQHP F  3ULP ULD XQHL ORFDOLW L WUHEXLH V  GHFLG 

V  DOHDJ  vQWUH WUHL SURLHFWH GH LQYHVWL LH SXEOLFH 

I1, I2, I3) care au
FRVWXUL úL DYDQWDMH GLIHULWH &RQVLOLXO 3ULP ULHL IRUPDW GLQ N
FRQVLOLHUL HVWH RUJDQXO GH GHFL]LH FROHFWLY  &RQVLOLHULL V-au grupat

GXS  SUHIHULQ H vQ  JUXSXUL GH FkWH N1, N2, respectiv N3 consilieri

(N1+N2+N3=N ILHFDUH FRQVLOLHU HYDOXHD]  SURLHFWHOH FX SURSULD VD

IXQF LHGHXWLOLWDWH&RQVLOLHULLDSDU LQvQGJUXSHL iHYDOXHD] SURLHFWXO

Ij cu utilitatea U i (I j )$FHVWHXWLOLW LVXQW

Grupa de 8WLOLWDWHDHYDOXDW SHQWUX

consilieri Proiectul 1 Proiectul 2 Proiectul 3

1 3 1 0
2 1 3 0
3 0 1 3
 Pentru a alege proiectul care va fi realizat, se poate alege una
GLQXUP WRDUHOHSURFHGXULGHYRW

a) vot majoritar într-un singur tur de scrutin. Fiecare consilier

YRWHD]  SHQWUX XQ SURLHFW LDU SURLHFWXO FDUH DUH FHOH PDL PXOWH

voturi este ales;

b) YRW PDMRULWDU vQ GRX  WXUXUL GH VFUXWLQ )LHFDUH FRQVLOLHU YRWHD] 

SHQWUX XQ SURLHFW 'DF  XQXO GLQ SURLHFWH DUH PDL PXOW de 50%
GLQ YRWXUL HO HVWH DOHV 'DF  QXFL XQ SURLHFW QX D vQWUXQLW SHVWH

 GLQ YRWXUL SURLHFWXO FDUH D DYXW FHO PDL SX LQH YRWXUL vQ

SULPXO WXU HVWH HOLPLQDW úL VH WUHFH OD WXUXO GRL FX FHOH GRX 

SURLHFWHU PDVH

c) VH WUDJ OD VRU L GRX  SURLHFWH úL FRQVLOLHULL YRWHD]  DVXSUD ORU

3URLHFWXO FX YRWXUL PDL SX LQH HVWH HOLPLQDW úL FRQVLOLHULL YRWHD] 

vQF RGDW SHQWUXFHOHGRX SURLHFWHU PDVH

d) VH SURFHGHD]  OD WUHL YRW UL 8Q YRW vQWUH

I1 úL I2 úL XQ YRW vQWUH I3
úL I1 3URLHFWXO FDUH FvúWLJ  GH PDL PXOWH ori este ales. În caz de

HJDOLWDWH VH GHSDUWDMHD]  SURLHFWHOH DOHJvQGX-l pe cel care a

RE LQXWPDLPXOWHYRWXUL

'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHVRFLDODGPLWHPF GHFL]LDRSWLPDO DUIL

FHD FDUH PD[LPL]HD]  XWLOLWDWHD VRFLDO  GHILQLW  FD VXPD XWLOLW LORU

individuDOHDGLF 

U (I j ) = N 1 ⋅ U 1 (I J ) + N 2 ⋅ U 2 (I J ) + N 3 ⋅ U 3 (I J ) , j=1, 2, 3.

Pentru a analiza diferitele proceduri de vot propuse, admitem

F  VH FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH UHOD LL vQWUH QXP UXO FRPSRQHQ LORU FHORU

trei grupe de consilieri:

2
3 N1 > N 3 > N 2
úL (13)
 N 2 + N 3 > N1

Se cere:

1. Care este proiectul socialmente optimal?

2. 6H XWLOL]HD]  SULPD SURFHGXU  GH YRW $U WD L F  GDF  FRQVLOLHULL

YRWHD]  GXS  SUHIHULQ HOH ORU UHDOH SURLHFWXO DOHV HVWH I1. Care
HVWH SURLHFWXO DOHV GDF  SUHVXSXQHP F  JUXSXO  GH FRQVLOLHUi

YRWHD] SURLHFWXO I2?

3. 6HXWLOL]HD] DGRXDSURFHGXU GHYRW$U WD LF  GDF VHYRWHD] 

GXS  SUHIHULQ HOH UHDOH SURLHFWXO I1 este ales în al doilea tur de

VFUXWLQ &H VH vQWkPSO  GDF  R SDUWH GLQ FRQVLOLHULL JUXSXOXL 

YRWHD] SHQWUX I2 în primul tur?

4. 6H XWLOL]HD]  D WUHLD SURFHGXU  GH YRW $U WD L F  GDF  VH YRWHD] 

FRQIRUP SUHIHULQ HORU UHDOH SURLHFWXO I2 HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD DOHV 6 

SUHVXSXQHP F  SULPD WUDJHUH OD VRU L FRQGXFH OD XQ YRW vQWUH

proiectele I2 úL I3 $U WD L F  JUXSXO  GH FRQVLOLHUL SRDWe proceda

astfel ca proiectul I1 V  ILH DOHV FKLDU GDF  QX YRWHD]  SHQWUX
SURLHFWXOSHFDUHvOSUHIHU *UXSXOGHFRQVLOLHULVHSRDWHRSXQH

acestei strategii fâcînd ca I2 V  ILH DOHV" &DUH HVWH UH]XOWDWXO

probabil al acestei proceduri de vot?

5. Se utilizeD] DSDWUDSURFHGXU GHYRW$U WD LF SURLHFWXO I2 este

DOHVGDF ILHFDUHJUXSYRWHD] SHQWUXSURLHFWXOSHFDUH OSUHIHU 
-

Rezolvare:

1. (YLGHQW HYDOX P FULWHULXO GH XWLOLWDWH VRFLDO  SURSXV LQvQG FRQW

GHXWLOLW LOHLQGLYLGXDOHGDWHvQWDEHO2E LQHP :

U (I 1 ) = 3N 1 + N 2
 U (I 2 ) = N 1 + 3N 2 + N 3
U (I 3 ) = 3N 3 .

&RPSDU P U (I 1 ) cu U (I 3 ):

U (I1 ) − U (I 3 ) = 3N 1 + N 2 − 3N 3 > 0

'DF  LQHPFRQWGHUHOD LLOH

Deci,
U (I 1 ) > U (I 3 ) .

&RPSDU P U (I 1 ) cu U (I 2 ) :

U (I 1 ) − U (I 2 ) = 3N 1 + N 2 − N 1 − 3N 2 − N 3 =
= 2 N 1 − 2 N 2 − N 3 = (2 N 1 − 3N 3 ) − 2 N 2 + 2 N 3 =
= (2 N 1 − 3N 3 ) + 2(N 3 − N 2 ) > 0
FRQIRUPFXUHOD LLOH

Deci,
U (I 1 ) > U (I 2 )

úLSURLHFWXO I1 este socialmente optimal.

2. În cazul unui vot onest, proiectul Ij, j=1, 2, 3 SULPHúWH Nj voturi.

Cum I1SULPHúWHFHOHPDLPXOWHYRWXULHOHVWHFHODOHV'DUGDF 
JUXSXO  GH FRQVLOLHUL YRWHD]  SHQWUX I2, proiectul I2
SULPHúWH N + N > N  YRWXUL úL GHFL SURLHFWXO I2 este ales.
2 3 1
*UXSXOGHFRQVLOLHULúWLHF SURLHFWXO I3SHFDUHvOVXV LQHQXDUH

QLFL R úDQV  GH D IL DOHV SHQWUX F  HO HVWH HYDOXDW FD FHO PDL VODE

SURLHFW GH F WUH FHOHODOWH GRX  JUXSXUL 3ULQ XUPDUH JUXSXO  DUH

LQWHUHVXO V  ILH DOHV SURLHFWXO SH FDUH HL vO SUHIHU  GLQWUH I1 úL I2,
 GHFL YRWHD]  SH
I2 *UXSXO  YRWHD]  SHQWUX I2 úL GHFL JUXSXO 1
nu poate face nimic pentru a împiedica alegerea proiectului I2.

3. Cu un vot onest, proiectul I2 este eliminat în primul tur de scrutin

deoarece N 1 > N 3 > N 2 , iar proiectul I1QXvQWUXQHúWHPDMRULWDWHD
SHQWUXF  N < N + N .
1 2 3

În al GRLOHD WXU GH VFUXWLQ JUXSXO  úL JUXSXO  YRWHD] 

I1,
FDUH SULPHúWH N1+N2 YRWXUL vQ WLPS FH JUXSXO  YRWHD]  I3. Evident,
I1 este ales în turul doi.

6 SUHVXSXQHPDFXPF XQQXP UGH M3 consilieri din grupul

 YRWHD]  vQ SULPXO WXU SURLHFWXO I2 în loc de I3 $WXQFL GDF 

N 1 + N 3 − M 3 < N 2 + M 3 , proiectul I2 est ales în primul tur.

'DF  N 3 − M 3 > N 2 + M 3 , proiectul I2 este eliminat în

primul tur, iar I1 este ales în al doilea tur de scrutin primind mai
multe voturi decât I3.

'DU GDF 
1
2 (N 3 − N 2 ) < M 3 < 12 (N1 + N 3 − N 2 ) proiectul I3
SULPDúWHvQSULPXOWXUPDLSX LQHYRWXULGHFkW I2úLvQDOGRLOHDWXUGH
scrutin I1 SULPHúWH N1 voturi, iar I2 SULPHúWH N2+N3 voturi. Cum
N 3 − N 3 > N 1 UH]XOW F I2 este ales în al doilea tur.

2EVHUY P GHFL F  GDF  QXP UXO GH FRQVLOLHUL FH FRPSXQ

JUXSXULOH  úL   N2 úL N3 HVWH DSURSLDW DWXQFL R PLF  SDUWH GLQ

FRQVLOLHULL JUXSXOXL  SRW VFKLPED GHFL]LD FROHFWLY  vQ IDYRDUHD

proiectului I2ùWLLQGF  I3QXDUHQLFLRúDQV GHDILDOHVvQWXUXOGRL

votul pentru I2HVWHRSWLPDOSHQWUXJUXSXOúLHVWHSUREDELOFDRSDUWH
GLQDFHVWJUXSvúLYDGDYRWXOSHQWUXI2.

4. $GRSWvQG D WUHLD SURFHGXUD GH YRW H[LVW  WUHL SRVLELOLW L vQ

IXQF LHGHSURLHFWHOHGHVHPQDWHSULQWUDJHUHODVRU L
a) 7UDJHUHDODVRU LGHVHPQHD] YRWXOvQ tre I1úLI2. Se trece la vot, I1
SULPHúWH N1 voturi, iar I2 SULPHúWH N2+N3 voturi. I1 este eliminat

SHQWUX F  N < N + N  6H YRWHD]  DSRL vQWUH I2 úL I3. Proiectul
1 2 3
I2SULPHúWHN1+N2YRWXULúLHVWHDOHV

b) 7UDJHUHDODVRU LGHVHPQHD] YRWXOvQW re I1úLI3. Se trece la vot, I1

SULPHúWH N1+N2 voturi, iar I3 HVWH HOLPLQDW 6H YRWHD]  DSRL vQWUH
I1 úL I2, fiind ales I2 FDUH SULPHúWH N2+N3 YRWXUL ID  GH N1 voturi
pentru proiectul I1.

c) 7UDJHUHD OD VRU L GHVHPQHD]  YRWXO vQWUH I2 úL I3. Se trece la vot,
proiectul I2 SULPHúWH N1+N2 voturi, iar I3 este eliminat. Se
YRWHD]  DSRL vQWUH I2 úL I1 úL IDSWXO F  JUXSXO  GH FRQVLOLHUL

YRWHD] SHQWUXI2 , acesta este ales.

În cele trei cazuri, proiectul I2 este cel ales. Atunci când

proiectul I2 LQWU  vQ DO GRLlea tur de scrutin, grupul 1 de consilieri nu
poate face nimic pentru a împiedica alegerea proiectului I2.
'DUvQFD]XOFkQGVHYRWHD] vQWUH I2úL I3 în primul tur (cazul

& JUXSXO  GH FRQVLOLHUL YRWvQG vPSRWULYD SUHIHULQ HORU ORU SRDWH

împiedica alegerea lui I2, dînd voturile lor pentru I3, care primind
N1+N3 voturi în primul tur, învinge I2 FDUH SULPHúWH GRDU N2 voturi.
În al doilea tur de scrutin, I1 învinge pe I3úLDVWIHO I1HVWHDOHVùWLLQG
F  SURLHFWXO I3 QX DUH QLFL R úDQV  V  ILH DOHV vQ DO doilea tur,

FRQVLOLHULLGLQJUXSXOYRWHD] vQSULPXOWXUFXSURLHFWXOI3 pe care ei

vOSUHIHU FHOPDLSX LQ&RQVLOLHULLGLQJUXSXOúWLXúLHLF SURLHFWXO

preferat, I3 QX DUH úDQVH vQ WXUXO GRL úL YRU YRWD FX SURLHFWXO I2.
LQvQGFRQWGHORJLF JUXSXULOHúLYRWHD] I2JUXSXOYRWHD] FX

cu I2, proiectul I3 este eliminat (N2+N3>N1), iar în al doilea tur I2

FkúWLJ 

5. 6H SURFHGHD]  OD WUHL YRW UL &vúWLJ WRUXO XQHL YRW UL SULPHúWH 

SXQFW vQYLQVXO  SXQFWH GXS  FHOH WUHL YRW UL VH WRWDOL]HD] 

pXFWDMXOúLGHFL]LDFROHFWLY HVWHSURLHFWXOFDUHDUHFHOHPDLPXOWH
 SXFWH ÌQ FD]XO FkQG PDL PXOWH SURLHFWH DX DFHODúL QXP U GH

SXQFWH VH WRWDOL]HD]  YRWXULOH RE LQXWH vQ FHOH WUHL YRW UL úL

FkúWLJ SURLHFWXOFXFHOHPDLPXOWHYRWXUL

'DF  JUXSXULOH GH FRQVLOLHUL YRWHD]  FRQIRUP SUHIHULQ HORU

atunci I2 învinge pe I1, I1 pe I3úLI2 pe I3RE LQvQGX-se punctajele: I1 –

1 punct, I2 –2 puncte, I3 –0 puncte. Proiectul I2 este ales.

'DUGDF JUXSXULOHGHFRQVLOLHULDXFRPSRUWDPHQWHVWUDWHJLFH

ca la punctul 4 FkQG VH YRWHD]  vQWUH I2 úL I3 JUXSXO  YRWHD]  SH I3
FDUHFkúWLJ úLSULPHúWHSXQFW )LHFDUHSURLHFWYDDYHDvQ ILQDO FkWH

 SXQFW úL WUHEXLH QXP UDWH YRWXULOH WRWDOH SULPLWH GH ILHFDUH

3UHVXSXQvQG F  JUXSXO  GH FRQVLOLHUL QX YD YRWD QLFLRGDW  SURL ectul
I2QXP UXOGHYRWXULSULPLWHYDIL

Votarea 1XP UYRWXULSULPLWH

I1 I2 I3
(I1, I2) N1 N2+N3 -
(I1, I3) N1+N2 - N3
(I2, I3) - N2 N1+N3
TOTAL 2N1+N2 2N2+N3 N1+2N3

&RPSDUvQGWRWDOXOYRWXULORUUH]XOW 

(2N1+N2)-( 2N2+N3)= 2N1- N2- N3>0

(2N1+N2)-( N1+2N3)=N1+N2-2N3=N1+(N1-N3)-2N3=N1-3N3 >0

Proiectul I1 D SULPLW FHOH PDL PXOWH YRWXUL úL GHFL GHFL]LD
FROHFWLY HVWH I1.

*UXSXO  GH FRQVLOLHUL SRDWH vQFHUFD V  FRQWUDFDUH]H VWUDWHJLD

grupului 1, votînd pentru I3 la a doua votare, dar în acest caz I3 ar

vQYLQJHGHGRX RULDUSULPLGRX SXQFWHúLSURLHFWXOI3 ar fi alegerea

ILQDO  'DU JUXSXO  SUHIHU  SH I1 lui I3. Adoptînd strategia de mai

VXVJUXSXOQXDUHQLPLFGHFkúWLJDWúLSULQXUPDUHQXDUHLQWHUHVXO
V -úL VFKLPEH VWUDWHJLD 'XS  DFHHDúL ORJLF  vQ YRWDUHD 
I2, I3),
JUXSXOGHFRQVLOLHULFRQúWLHQWF SURLHFWXOORUSUHIHUDWI3 nu are nici

R úDQV  SRW YRWD FX I2 DFHVWD DFXPXOHD]  12+N3> N1 YRWXUL úL

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colectiY 

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