ANE XA

',& ,21$5

AGRESIVITATE (lat. aggresio, “atac´ FRPSRUWDPHQW YHUEDO VDX DF LRQDO RIHQVLY RULHQWDW VSUH
XPLOLUHD PLQLPDOL]DUHD úL FKLDU VXSULPDUHD IL]LF  D FHORUODO L &RPSRUWDPHQWXO a. poate fi orientat

SRDWHILRULHQWDWúLFRQWUDSURSULHLSHUVRDQHDXWRDJUHVLYLWDWHFDvQFD]XOXQRUWXOEXU ULSsihice, sau

VSUH GLVWUXJHUHD RELHFWHORU LQYHVWLWH FX VHPQLILFD LL VRFLDOH 3HQWUX H[SOLFDUHD RULJLQLL

comportamentelor a. s-au propus mai multe ipostaze: biologice, etologice, psihologice, sociologice.
ÌQSHUVSHFWLY ELRORJLF a. UHSUH]LQW XQU VSXQVLQVWLQFWLYGHWHUPLQDWGHDFWLYLWDWHDVXEFRUWLFDO úL

HQGRFULQ  +RUPRQXO PDVFXOLQ WHVWRVWHURQXO V-D F  DUH XQ URO LPSRUWDQW vQ GHFODQúDUHD a. (F.H.

%URQVRQ&'HVMDUGLQV'HDVHPHQHDDQXPLWHVXEVWDQ HQHXURPHGLDWRDUHVXQWUHVSRQVDELOH

GH GHFODQúDU ea a. &HUFHW ULOH HWRORJLFH VXV LQ LSRWH]D FDUDFWHUXOXL vQQ VFXW DO a.. Konrad Lorenz
(1903 –  ODXUHDW vQ  D 3UHPLXOXL 1REHO SHQWUX IL]LRORJLH úL PHGLFLQ  FRQVLGHUD F 
instinctul de a.FKLDULQWUDVSHFLHDUHSULQFLSDOIXQF LLSR]LWLYHvPSLHGLF HSXL]DUHDKUDQHLPHQ LQH
RUGLQHDLHUDUKLF úLSULQVHOHF LHQDWXUDO FRQVHUY FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHYLWDOHDOHVSHFLHL6SUHGHRVHELUH

GH LSRWH]HOH ELRORJLFH úL HWRORJLFH LSRWH]HOH SVLKRORJLFH úL VRFLRORJLFH SURPRYHD]  FRQFHS LD

FDUDFWHUXOXL DFKL]L LRQDW GREkQGLW vQY DW DO FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU DJUHVLYH &HUFHW ULOH OXL $OEHUW

%DQGXUD  DX GHPRQVWUDW F  a. VH GREkQGHúWH SULQ vQY DUH VRFLDO  úL F  vQ UHDOL]DUHD

comportamentelor a.XQUROLPSRUWDQWvODXPLMORDFHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV ÌQFDGUXODERUG ULORU

SVLKRORJLFH VH vQVFULH úL LSRWH]D IUXVWUDUH-DJUHVLYLWDWH ODQVDW  vQ  GH 1( 0LOOHU - 'ROODUG úL

/: 'RRG YHULILFDW  UHYL]XLW  úL QXDQ DW  XOWHULRU vQ QXPHURDVH FHUFHW UL ÌQ RULHQWDUHD

SVLKDQDOLWLF  a.UH]XOW GLQFRQIOLFWXOGLQWUHSXOVLXQHDPRU LLWKDQDWRVGXS 6)UHXGúLFHD

D SO FHULL HURV ÌQ DFHHDúL RULHQWDUH SVLKDQDOLWLF  $ $GOHU  FRQVLGHUD SXOVLXQHD
a. ca un
factor general-XPDQ SULQ FDUH VH XUP UHúWH GHS úLUHD VHQWLPHQWHORU GH LQIHULRULWDWH úL VH DVLJXU 
satiVIDFHUHD GRULQ HL GH SXWHUH ,SRVWD]HOH VRFLR-genetice ale a. SDU D H[SOLFD PDL FXSULQ] WRU
comportamentele a.LQGLYLGXDOHúLGHJUXS$úDFXPPHQ LRQD)ULHGHULFK+DFNHU³/DRULJLQHDa. se
vQWkOQHúWH MRFXO UHFLSURF DO IDFWRULORU HUHGLWDUL LQIOXHQ HOH SVLKRORJLFH úL FXOWXUDOH VWUXFWXUD

VLVWHPXOXL QHUYRV FHQWUDO GH DVHPHQHD PHFDQLVPHOH KRUPRQDOH úL PRGHOHOH VRFLDOH´ $JJUHVVLRQ

Violence dans le monde moderne, Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1972, p. 93). V. etologie, frustrare,
vQY DUHVRFLDO SVLKDQDOL] 6&
ALIENARE VLQJ Ì1675 ,1$5( FRQFHSW SVLKRORJLF VRFLRORJLH úL ILORVRILF GHVHPQkQG R

DQXPLW UHOD LHGLQWUHLQGLYLGúLOXPHDVDFDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ IDSWXOF RPXOQXVHPDLUHFXQRDúWHvQ

lumea pe care a creat-R HO vQVXúL SHUFHSkQG-R FD VWU LQ  úL RVWLO . Conceptul a fost introdus de
Hegel. În cadrul filosofiei sale, a.HVWHRVWDUHLQHYLWDELO DVSLULWXOXLvQSURFHVXORELHFWLY ULLVDOH/
Feuerbach reia conceptul, folosindu-OvQV SHQWUXDGHVHPQDGRDUUHOD LDGLQWUHRPúLUHOLJLH5HOLJLD
este, în concHS LDILORVRIXOXL JHUPDQRIRUP GH a. de sine a omului: omul l-a creat pe Dumnezeu
úL DSRL V-D VXERUGRQDW SURSULHL VDOH FUHD LL 6HQVXO DFWXDO DO FRQFHSWXOXL VH GDWRUHD]  vQV  OXL 0DU[

(Manuscrise economico-ILORVRILFH$FHVWDvOXWLOL]HD] SHQWUXDGHVHPQDRUHOD LHvQWUHRPúL

OXPHDFUHDW GHHOFDUDFWHUL]DW SULQWU-RU VWXUQDUHvQUDSRUWFXRVWDUHSUHVXSXVDILQRUPDO OXPHD

pe care a construit-R DYkQG R ORJLF  LQXPDQ  'HúL IRUPXODW  vQ FRQWH[WXO WHRULHL VDOH SULYLWRDUH OD
societatea capitalLVW úLFRPXQLVW WHRULDa.DOXL0DU[DDYXWRPDUHLQIOXHQ vQJkQGLUHDILORVRILF 
úL VRFLRORJLF  DFWXDO  ÌQ FRQFHS LD VD a. UHSUH]LQW  XQ IHQRPHQ GH QHDGDSWDUH JOREDO  D RPXOXL OD

OXPHD VD DYkQG vQV  VXUVH QX SHUVRQDOH FL VRFLDO-culturale. PrincipiLOH GH RUJDQL]DUH D VRFLHW LL

VXQW UHVSRQVDELOH GH XQ DVHPHQHD WLS GH UHOD LH 'DF  OD +HJHO a. UHSUH]LQW  R FDUDFWHULVWLF 

LQHYLWDELO  D H[LVWHQ HL XPDQH SHQWUX 0DU[ HD HVWH R FRQVHFLQ  D RUJDQL] ULL VRFLDOH ED]DWH SH

SURSULHWDWHD SULYDW  DVXSUD PLMORDFHORU GH SURGXF LH ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL VH SURGXFH R GLVWRUVLXQH

SURIXQG  D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH RP úL PHGLXO V X VRFLDO A. DUH ORF vQ SULQFLSDO vQ XUP WRDUHOH WUHL

planuri:
a. ID  GH SURGXV – SURGXVXO PXQFLL ³HVHQ D XPDQ  RELHFWLYDW ´ D F UHL DSURSLHUH UHSUH]LQW  R

FRQGL LH D UHDOL] ULL XPDQH DSDU LQH DOWXLD HO GHYLQH vQ FRQVHFLQ  XQ PRG DO GHSHQGHQ HL GH

FHO ODOWRIRU VWU LQ GRPLQDWRDUH

a. ID  GH SURSULD DFWLYLWDWH – munca, crearea de bunuri, dintr-R DFWLYLWDWH FUHDWLY  VSHFLILF XPDQ 
în carH SURSULLOH FDSDFLW L IL]LFH úL LQWHOHFWXDOH VXQW SXVH vQ IXQF LH DFWXDOL]DWH úL DPSOLILFDWH
GHYLQHXQ VLPSOXPLMORFH[WHULRUSHQWUX RE LQHUHD EXQXULORUQHFHVDUHYLH LLRPXOVHVLPWHHOvQVXúL

GRDU vQ DFWLYLW LOH HOHPHQWDUH FkQG EHD P QkQF  VH FXOF  GDU QX úL vQ DFWLYLWDWHD FDUH vL HVWH vQ

FHOPDLvQDOWJUDGVSHFLILF FHDDFUHD LHLGHEXQXULGHYDORULXPDQH

a. – vQ ORFXO XQRU UHOD LL GH FRRSHUDUH IRQGDWH SH ³QHYRLD GH FHO ODOW´ VXQW
vQ UHOD LLOH FX FHLODO L

LQVWDXUDWHUHOD LLGHFRQFXUHQ  de exploatare, de dominare. A., apare, pe de o parte, ca dominare a

RPXOXLGHIRU HOHSHFDUHHOvQVXúLOH-DFUHDWLDUSHGHDOW SDUWHFDRFDUDFWHULVWLF DOXPLLFUHDWHGH

RP GH D QX H[SULPD ORJLFD RPXOXL FL R ORJLF  VWU LQ  2PXO QX VH PDL VLPWH ³DFDV ´ vQ OXPHD SH

FDUH HO vQVXúL D FUHDW R PDL PXOW DFHDVW  OXPH vL GLVWRUVLRQHD]  SURIXQG SURSULD L H[LVWHQ
- - 

impunându-L XQ VHQV FDUH vL HVWH VWU LQ

A. DUH ORF QX QXPDL vQ VIHUD SURGXF LHL FL vQ WRDWH VIHUHOH
YLH LL XPDQH SROLWLF  PRUDO  HWF A. poaWH IL UHDO  FD vQ FD]XO IRU HORU HFRQRPLFH FDUH vO

VXERUGRQHD]  SH RP XQHL ORJLFL LPSRVLELO GH VHVL]DW úL FRQWURODW VDX GRDU simbolic-iluzorie, ca în

FD]XOUHOLJLHLXQGHRPXOVHVXERUGRQHD] SURSULLORUVDOHFUHD LLPHQWDOHÌQFHSkQGFX0DU[H[LVW R

lunJ  WUDGL LH GH FULWLF  D VRFLHW LL GH FRQVXPFDXQ PRG DOLHQDQW GH RUJDQL]DUH VRFLDO  3URGXF LD

FDSLWDOLVW  RULHQWDW  VSUH SURILWXO SULYDW DUJXPHQWHD]  0DU[ QX VHUYHúWH vQWU -un mod adecvat
QHYRLORUUHDOHDXWHQWLFHDOHRPXOXLFLvLGLVWRUVLRQHD] VLVWHPXOGHQHYRLvORULHQWHD] VSUHFRQVXP

exagerat în anumite sfere (de exemplu celebra teorie a consumului ostentativ a lui Thorstein
9HEOHQ vLFUHHD]  IDOVHQHYRL vQ WLPS FH QHYRL FDUH QX VXQWH[SORDWDELOHvQ PRGHFRQRPLF U PkQ

subdezvoltate. A. se poate manifesta în toate sferele. A.SROLWLF  statul, constituit pentru a organiza
úFRQGXFHYLD DVRFLDO vQVSLULWXOLQWHUHVHORUFROHFWLYLW LLvLDSDUHLQGLYLGXOXLPDLGHJUDE FDFHYD

VWU LQ IXQGDPHQWDO RVWLO FDUH vO GRPLQ  úL RSULP  A. WHKQRORJLF : GDF  UHYROX LD LQGXVWULDO  D

XúXUDW vQ PXOWH SULYLQ H PXQFD HD D SURGXV WRWRGDW  PXQFL VLPSOLILFDWH VODE FDOLILFDWH PRQRWRQH

FRQWURODWH GLQDIDU  OLSVLWH GH DXWRQRPLH H[FOX]kQG LQL LDWLYD FUHDWLYLWDWHD úL DVXPDUHD GH

UHVSRQVDELOLW L DVHPHQHD PXQFL FRQWUDYLQ QHFHVLW LL XPDQH GH GH]YROWDUH GH
autorealizare (K.
Marx), de autoactualizare $0DVORZÌQFRQFHS LDPDU[LVW GHS úLUHDa. nu poate avea loc decât
vQ FRQGL LLOH HOLPLQ ULL SURSULHW LL SULYDWH FX WRDWH FRQVHFLQ HOH VDOH VWUXFWXUDOH RSR]L ia dintre

LQWHUHVHOHSULYDWHDOHSURGXF WRULORUGLQWUHLQWHUHVHOHSURGXF WRULORUúLFRQVXPDWRULORUH[SORDWDUHD

PDQLSXODUHDúLFRHUFL LDXQHLFODVHvPSRWULYDFHORUODOWH
 2 DOW  VXUV  D a. HVWH LGHQWLILFDW  GH F WUH XQLL DQDOLúWL vQWU-un anumit statut al HYROX LHL
VRFLHW LLFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQWU-RFUHúWHUHQHFRQWURODW DFRPSOH[LW LL9LD D VRFLDO DFUHVFXWUDSLGvQ

FRPSOH[LWDWHUH]XOWDWXOILLQGvQV RFRPSOH[LWDWHGH]RUJDQL]DW LQFRQWURODELO FDUHVHvQWRDUFHSULQ

procesele sale spontane, împotriva LQWHQ LLORU FHORU FDUH DX FUHDW R 'HS úLUHD
- a. GHYLQH SRVLELO  vQ

DFHDVW  LSRWH]  vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH LQGLYLGXO úL FROHFWLYLWDWHD vúL GH]YROW  FDSDFLW LOH ORU GH

FXQRDúWHUHúLDF LXQHvQFkWV VXSXQ XQXLFRQWUROJOREDOHILFDFHFRPSOH[LWDWHDYLH LLOR r.

Un moment important în dezvoltarea problematicii sociologice a a. vO UHSUH]LQW  WHQWDWLYHOH
GHRSHUD LRQDOL]DUHDDFHVWHLDVXEIRUPDXQRULQGLFDWRULVFDOHGH a.$FHVWHvQFHUF ULSRUQHVFGHOD

lucrarea lui M. Seeman (On the Personal Consequences of Alienation in Work, 1959) care,
sprijinindu-VH SH WHRULD OXL 0DU[ RIHU  R FRQFHSWXDOL]DUH PDL RSHUD LRQDO  (O GHILQHúWH 
GLPHQVLXQL DOH DOLHQ ULL lipsa de putere – FUHGLQ D F  QX SR L GHWHUPLQD FRQWUROD UH]XOWDWHOH

LQWHQ LRQDWH DOHD LXQLL WDOH lipsa de sens – VWDUHD GH FRQIX]LH OLSVD GH FODULWDWH vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH

PRGXO  vQ FDUH DU WUHEXL V - L RULHQWH]L  SURSULD YLD  anomia – confuzia valorilor, lipsa de norme,

SULQFLSLL FUHGLQ D F  QXPDL SULQ PLMORDFH QHOHJLWLPH VH SRW DWLQJH RELHFWLYHOH GH]LUDbile, izolarea

VRFLDO – OLSVD GH DGH]LXQH OD FUHGLQ HOH úL LGHDOXULOH FROHFWLYLW LL JUXSXOXL F UXLD DSDU LL úL
vQVWU LQDUHD GH VLQH VHQWLPHQWXO F  WRW FHHD FH IDFL HVWH GLFWDW GH IRU H H[WHULRDUH SURSULD YLD 

DS UkQGFDFHYDVWU LQvQFDUHQXWHUHJ VHúWLúLvQFRQVHFLQ SURIXQGLQVDWLVI F WRDUH3RUQLQGGH

ODDFHDVW FRQFHSWXDOL]DUH'*'HDQ$OLHQDWLRQ,WV0HDQLQJDQG0HDVXUHPHQWDGH]YROWDW

XQ LQVWUXPHQW GH P VXU  D a. XWLOL]DW IUHFYHQW vQ FHUFHW ULOH HPSLULFH SHQWUX D GHWHUPLQD
consHFLQ HOH DOLHQDQWH DOH GLIHUL LORU IDFWRUL VRFLDOL ÌQ VRFLRORJLD DFWXDO  FRQFHSWXO GH a. úL
indicatorii de a. VHIRORVHVF vQDFHVW VHQVPDL JHQHUDO GHILQLQG R VWDUHD UHOD LLORU RPXOXL FX OXPHD
VDWHRULDPDU[LVW ILLQGGRDUXQPRGHOH[SOLFDWLYSRVLELOal acesteia. Indicatorii de a.VXQWXWLOL]D LúL

FDHOHPHQWHDOHVLVWHPXOXLLQGLFDWRULORUFDOLW LLYLH LL9DXWRDFWXDOL]DUHDQRPLHQHYRLVRFLDOH(=

$6,67(1  62&,$/  ³6RFLDO :RHN´ vQ ULOH GH OLPE  HQJOH]  DQVDPEOXO GH LQVWLWX LL

programe, m VXUL DFWLYLW L SURIHVLRQDDOL]DWH GH SURWHMDUH D XQRU SHUVRDQH JUXSXUL FRPXQLW L FX

SUREOHPH VRFLDOH DIODWH WHPSRUDU vQ GLILFXOWDWH vQ FUL]  úL GHFL YXOQHUDELOH $FHVWHD GDWRULW  XQRU

PRWLYH SHUVRQDOH GH QDWXU  HFRQRPLFR PDWHULDO  VRFLR FXOWXUDO  ELRORJLF  VDX SVLKRORJLF  QX DX
- -
SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D VH LQWHJUD SULQ PLMORDFH úL HIRUWXUL SURSULL vQ FROHFWLYLWDWH vQ OLPLWHOH  XQXL PRG

QRUPDO GHFHQW GH YLD  3HQWUX R DQXPLW  SHULRDG  GH WLPS HOH QX SRW GXFH R YLD  DFWLY  DXWR -
VXILFLHQW  I U  XQ D jutor economico-PDWHULDO VDX I U  XQ VXSRUW IL]LF PRUDO VRFLDO GLQ H[WHULRU ♦
A.s., FD PRG RSHUDWLY GH SXQHUH vQ DSOLFDUH D SURJUDPHORU GH SURWHF LH VRFLDO  SUHFXP úL FD XQ

FRPSRQHQWHVHQ LDO DODFHVWHLDSULQVHUYLFLLOHúLDFWLYLW LOHHLVSHFLDOL]DWHDMXW  SHUVRDQH úLJUXSXUL

vQQHYRLHQXQXPDLV  IDF ID PRPHQWHORUGLILFLOHGHFUL] VLWXD LLORUDQRUPDOH GHYLD  FDUHSRW

V  DSDU  SHQWUX R DQXPLW  SHULRDG  GH WLPS GDU HD VXV LQH SULQ PRELOL]DUHD UHVXUVHORU LQVWLWX LLORU

GH VWDW YROXQWDUH úL D HIRUWXULORU FRPXQLW LL SULQ FUHDUHD XQRU FRQGL LL VRFLR -culturale favorabile,
UHIDFHUHD FDSDFLW LORU SURSULL GH LQWHJUDUH VRFLR FXOWXUDO  QRUPDO  D FDWHJRULLORU GHIDYRUL]DWH 6H
-
HOLPLQ  DVWIHO WUHSWDW VLWXD LD ORU GH GLILFXOWDWH 'H DFHHD DVLVWHQWXO VRFLDO WUHEXLH V  DLE  vQ YHGHUH

SHUPDQHQWD LQWHUDF LXQH GLQWUH FHL GRL IDFWRUL LQGLYLGXO úL PHGLXO OXL GH YLD  VRFLR -economic,
SROLWLF FXOWXUDOIDPLOLDOPRUDOHWFSRVHGkQGFXQRúWLQ H DWkWGHVSUH GH]YROWDUHDOXLXPDQ GHVSUH

SHUVRQDOLWDWHD OXLFkW úL G

espre contextul socio-FXOWXUDO úL PRUDO vQFDUH WU LHúWH 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH
vedere, a.s.DUH QHYRLHGHRFRPELQD LHGHFXQRúWLQ HVSHFLDOL]DWH GHSVLKRORJLHVRFLDO VRFLRORJLH
SHGDJRJLHPHGLFLQ HFRQRPLHSVLKRSDWRORJLHDQWURSRORJLHHWFFDUHUHSUH]LQW XQIXQGDOWHRUHWLF

JHQHUDO LQGLVSHQVDELO PHWRGHORU úL WHKQLFLORU VSHFLDOL]DWH SHQWUX DMXWRU LQWHUYHQ LH úL WHUDSLH vQ

VLWXD LLOHFRQFUHWHGHFUL]  A.s.RIHU FHORUvQQHYRLHSRVLELOLW LGHFXQRDúWHUHúLGHDFFHVODVHUYLFLL

VSHFLDOL]DWH GH SURWHF LH VRFLDO  vL RULHQWHD]  F WUH vQ HOHJHUHD úL XWLOL]DUHD FDGUXOXL OHJLVODWLY GH

SURWHF LHVRFLDO PRELOL]HD] FRPXQLWDWHDSHUVRDQHOHúLJUXSXULOHvQGLILFXOWDWHGHDLQIOXHQ DDFWLY

SROLWLFLOH VRFLDOH (D IXUQL]HD]  FHORU vQ QHYRLH DMXWRU ILQDQFLDU PDWH rial, moral, psihoterapie,
consiliere. ♦ În cadrul programelor de a.s. VH vQVFULX úL DFHOH DFWLYLW L GH SUHYHQLUH D XQRU VLWXD LL

GH YLD  GH]HFKLOLEUDQWH VWUHVDQWH HFRQRPLF FXOWXUDO SVLKRORJLF VDX PRUDO SHQWUX LQGLYL]L VDX

JUXSXUL DFWLYLW L FDUH SRW IL DGHVHD PDL SX LQ FRVWLVLWRDUH GHFkW WHUDSLD SURSULX ]LV 
- ♦ Având în
YHGHUH VLWXD LL GLQ FHOH PDL FRPSOH[H úL GLIHULWH GLQ GRPHQLXO a.s. FHQWUDWH SH SURWHF LD FRSLLORU
DEDQGRQD L QHJOLMD L DEX]D L FX GL]DELOLW L IL]LFH VDX SVLKLFH YDJDERQ]L D V UDFLORU D E WUkQLORU

FX SHQVLL PLFL EROQDYL I U  DMXWRU GLQ IDPLOLH D úRPHULORU SH WHUPHQ OXQJ D FXSOXULORU

dezorganizate etc., a.s. úL-D GH]YROWDW vQF  GH OD vQFHSXWXO DFHVWXL VHFRO XQ DQVDPEOX GH PHWRGH úL
tehnici proprii:
ƒ de identificare a cazuriloUDSUREOHPHORUGHUH]ROYDWSULQGLDJQRVWLFGLIHUHQ LDW

ƒ GHHYDOXDUHDSRVLELOLW LORUGHLQWHUYHQ LHUDSLG SULQF XWDUHDXQRUVROX LLVSHFLILFHúLDOHJHUHD

unor metode adecvate pentru cazurile particulare;

ƒ de promovare a unor strategii de prevenire (preYHQ LH D VLWXD LLORU GHIDYRUL]DQWH FX ULVF
FUHVFXWSHQWUXJUXSXULúLLQGLYL]L

ƒ GH DVLJXUDUH D XQRU FRQGL LL VSHFLDOH SHQWUX UHVSHFWDUHD FX VWULFWH H D VWDQGDUGHORU HWLFH

specifice profesiei de asistent social.

3ULQ DQVDPEOXO V X GH PHWRGH WHKQLFL GH LQWHUYHQ LH VWUDWHJLL GH DF LXQH SURJUDPH úL P VXUL

specializate, a.s.RIHU XQVSULMLQGLUHFWHILFLHQWSHQWUXDFHOHSHUVRDQHúLJUXSXULFDUHQXSRWGLVSXQH

FRQIRUP FDGUXOXL OHJLVODWLY GH YHQLWXUL GH UHVXUVH HFRQRPLFH úL EXQXUL VXILFLHQWH GH vQJULMLUH

meGLFDO  GH SHQVLH VRFLDO  GH VXSRUW IL]LF VDX PRUDO HWF RUL DFHVWHD QX VXQW FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH vQ

UDSRUW FX QHFHVLW LOH ORU GH ED]  6SULMLQXO GDW SHUVRDQHORU vQ QHYRLH GH a.s. nu este stabilit prin
OHJH FL SULQ DQDOL]D GH OD FD] OD FD] D VLWXD LLORU GH YLD  SH ED]D DQFKHWHORU VRFLDOH HIHFWXDWH GH

SURIHVLRQLúWL 6SULMLQXO ILQDQFLDU VDX vQ SURGXVH EXQXUL PDWHULDOH GHVWLQDW a.s. provine fie de la
bugetul de stat (fonduri speciale pentru a.s. ILH GLQ FRQWULEX LLOH YROXQWDUH LQGLYLGXDOH VDX

FRPXQLWDUH úL HVWH DFRUGDW FHORU vQ QHYRLH vQ IXQF LH GH QHFHVLW LOH ORU XUJHQWH ♦ A.s. poate fi
SULYLW GLQPDLPXOWHSHUVSHFWLYH

¾ DSURIHVLHLFDDWDUHFXXQVWDWXWSURSULXFXVFRSXULúLFDUDFWHULVWLFLGLVWLQFWH

¾ D IRUP ULL VSHFLDOLúWLORU vQ a.s. FD VLVWHP HGXFD ional-IRUPDWLY FX QLYHOH GLVWLQFWH GH HGXFD LH úL

calificare (ex: nivel postliceal, colegiu, universitar, postuniversitar);

¾ D VLVWHPXOXL LQVWLWX LRQDO-administrativ, incluzându-VH DLFL VIHUD VHUYLFLLORU DFWLYLW LORU SUDFWLFH

GHVI úXUDWH vQ YHGHUHD VROX LRQ ULL FD]XULORU OD QLYHO LQGLYLGXDO PXQFD FX ³FOLHQWXO´ LQGLYLGXO FX

probleme, “case work”), la nivel de grup (munca cu grupurile în dificultate, “group work”), la nivel
GHFRPXQLWDWHPXQFDFXDFHOHFRPXQLW LvQQHYRLHSHQWUXUHIDFHUHDUHVXUVHORUQHFHVDUHLQWHJU ULL

lor, “community work and community development”).

A.s. HVWH R SURIHVLH SURQXQ DW DSOLFDWLY  (D IRORVHúWH PLMORDFH FRPSOH[H GH VRFLR úL SVLKRWHUDSLH
A.s. SUHVXSXQH vQ DFHODúL WLPS FXQRúWLQ H WHRUHWLFH GLQ GRPHQLXO úWLLQ HORU VRFLR-umane
SVLKRORJLH SVLKRORJLH VRFLDO DQWURSRORJLH PHGLFLQ  LQWHUQ  úL VRFLDO HFRQRPLH GUHSWHWF SH

GHRSDUWHGHSULQGHULDELOLW LSUDFWLFHvQGHPQXULGHDFRPXQLFDúLOXFUDFXSHUVRDQHúLJUXSXULvQ

GLILFXOWDWH GH SH DOW  SDUWH úL QX vQ XOWLPXO rând, un set de valori, principii, norme, reguli morale
FRGGHRQWRORJLFDOSURIHVLHLFDUHDVLJXU UHVSHFWDUHDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLI U GHRVHELUHGHUDV VH[

FXORDUHYkUVW  OLPE  UHOLJLHHWFÌQDFHVWFDGUXVHXWLOL]HD] IUHFYHQWvQXOWLPXOWLPS , termenul

GH ³DF LXQH DILUPDWLY ´ ³DIILUPDWLYH DFWLRQ´ FDUH VH UHIHU  OD XQ FRPSOH[ GH P VXUL GH DFWLYLW L

RUJDQL]DWH OD QLYHOXO RUJDQL]D LLORU LQVWLWX LLORU VDX FROHFWLYLW LL GH QDWXU  D HOLPLQD GLVFUHSDQ HOH

LQHJDOLW LOHvQUHOD LLOHGLQWUHJUXSXULOHPLQRULWDUHGH]DYDQWDMDWHúLSRSXOD LDPDMRULWDU GHDFUHúWH

RSRUWXQLW LOH ORU HGXFD LRQDOH SURIHVLRQDOH GH SURPRYDUH vQ VFRSXO  LQWHJU ULL ORU QRUPDOH vQ

FRPXQLWDWH 8QHRUL FX VHPQLILFD LH DSURSLDW  PDL HVWH XWLOL]DW úL WHUPHQXO GH ³GLVFULPL nare
SR]LWLY ´ 'H DFHHD SURIHVLD GH DVLVWHQW VRFLDO LPSOLF  R ILORVRILH SURSULH FHQWUDW  XPDQLVW

$VLVWHQWXO VRFLDO DUH R GXEO  UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH ID  GH FHL vQ QHYRLH úL ID  GH LQVWLWX LD SH FDUH R

GHVHUYHúWH+XPSKUH\V 'LQHUPDQ ♦ Primele înFHUF ULGHDMXWRUDSHUVRDQHORUvQQHYRLH

GH IDSW vQF  GLQ FHOH PDL vQGHS UWDWH WLPSXUL OHJDWH GH RFURWLUHD FHORU vQ LPSDV RUIDQL EROQDYL

V UDFLY GXYHHWFGHF WUHELVHULFL$FWHOHGHFDULWDWHRULHQWDWHVSUHFHLQHDMXWRUD LDOHLQVWLWX LLORU

reliJLRDVHDSDU FD SULPH DF LXQL vQ UH HDXD GH a.s.. De o dezvoltare a profesiei de asistent social se
SRDWHYRUELODvQFHSXWXODFHVWXLVHFROÌQXOWLPHOHGHFHQLLvQFRQWH[WXOVSRULULLVHUYLFLLORUSXEOLFHúL

VRFLDOH VH DVLVW  OD R H[SOR]LH GH DFWLYLW L GH RFURWLUH VRFLDO  D FHORU vQ GLILFXOWDWH vQ LPSDV a.s.
GREkQGLQG XQ vQDOW QLYHO GH SURIHVLRQDOLWDWH (D úL D FRQWXUDW WUHSWDW R DULH SUREOHPDWLF  UHODWLY
-
DXWRQRP  XQ SURILO SURIHVLRQDO GLVWLQFW VSULMLQLW  SH PHWRGH úL WHKQLFL GH vQ HOHJHUH FRPXQLFDUH

WHUDSLH úL VSULMLQ D FHORU GHIDYRUL]D L GHVSHUD L YXOQHUDELOL 3URIHVLD GH DVLVWHQW VRFLDO D HYROXDW
UDSLG DWkW vQ H[WHQVLH FkW úL vQ LQVWUXPHQWDMXO HL GH OXFUX PHWRGH úL WHKQLFL GLQ FH vQ FH PDL

VSHFLDOL]DWHúLPDLVRILVWLFDWHGHODDVLVWHQ DLQGLYLGXOXLFXPLMORDFHVRFLDOHúLSVLKRORJLFHFODVLFH

OD WHUDSLD VSHFLDOL]DW  D JUXSXULORU GHIDYRUL]DWH VDX D FRPXQLW LORU vQ GLILFXOWDWH SkQ  OD

FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD SHUVRDQHORU vQ QHYRLH GH GUHSWXULOH úL SRVLELOLW LOH ORU GH VSULMLQ 'H DVHPHQHD

asistentul soFLDO HVWH FHO FDUH SRDWH DMXWD JUXSXUL FRPXQLW L LQGLYL]L vQ LGHQWLILFDUHD SUREOHPHORU

QHYUDOJLFHDUHVXUVHORUPDWHULDOHúLXPDQHGLVSRQLELOHSUHFXPúLvQSURLHFWDUHDVWUDWHJLLORUFROHFWLYH

GH UH]ROYDUH D VLWXD LLORU GH FUL]  A.s.  DERUGHD]  SUREOHPH la diferite niveluri, începând cu cel
LQGLYLGXDO FRQWLQXkQG FX UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU LPSHUVRQDOH WHUDSLD IDPLOLHL D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH

VR LS ULQ LúLFRSLLUHOD LLvQFDGUXOFXSOXOXLHWFWUHFkQGODQLYHOXODFWLYLW LLSURIHVLRQDOHWHUDSLD

persoanHORU FX SUREOHPH GH LQWHJUDUH vQ PXQF  úL D úRPHULORU úL VIkUúLQG FX QLYHOXO FRPXQLW LL

UH]ROYDUHD FRQIOLFWHORU HWQLFH JUXSDOH PRELOL]DUHD HQHUJLLORU LQGLYLGXDOH úL FROHFWLYH SHQWUX

UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU FRPXQH $X H[LVWDW QXPHURDVH GLVFX LL vQ MXUX l statutului a.s.. Unii autori
DXDSUHFLDW OD vQFHSXWXO DFHVWXL VHFROF  a.s. QX EHQHILFLD]  GH XQ GRPHQLX SURSULX )OH[QHU 

VDXF HDDUWUHEXLFRQVLGHUDW GRDUFDRTXDVLSURIHVLH(W]LRQVDXF DUSXWHDILDVRFLDW FX

un statut minor cu altH SURIHVLL FD GUHSWXO PHGLFLQD *NOD]HU  $O LL DX SXV OD vQGRLDO 
VSHFLILFLWDWHDúLDXWRQRPLDHLSkQ WkU]LX(SVWHLQ &RQUDG&RKHQ :DJQHU ♦ A.s.
vQ IRVWHOH UL VRFLDOLVWH SUH]LQW  VHPQH VSHFLILFH DOH VXEGH]YROW ULL ÌQ WLPSXO UHgimului comunist,

a.s. vQ 5RPkQLD DYHD R SRQGHUH H[WUHP GH UHGXV  SUH]HQWkQG XQ FDUDFWHU SDVLY úL ELURFUDWLF 'H
IDSWVLVWHPXOSURWHF LHLVRFLDOHvQUHJLPXOWUHFXWVHFDUDFWHUL]DSULQ

SROLWLFD GH XWLOL]DUH LQWHJUDO  D IRU HL GH PXQF  úL FDUDFWHUXO ODUJ comprehensiv al sistemului de
SHQVLL DVLJXU UL GH ERDO  FUHkQG FYDVLDXWRPDW FHOHL PDL PDUL S U L GLQ SRSXOD LH UHVXUVH GH YLD 

GHúL PLQLPH GDU UHODWLY VLJXUH VDODULL SHQVLL GH E WUkQH H VDX GH ERDO  DORFD LL SHQWUX FRSLL

vQJULMLUHVDQLWDU JUDWXLW HWF

¾ PRGXOJHQHUDOL]DWGHDFRUGDUHDDFHVWXLVXSRUWFXSODWFXLOX]LDF VRFLDOLVPXOUH]ROY SULQHOvQVXúL

GLILFXOW LOH VRFLDO HFRQRPLFH D I FXW FD

- a.s. V  ILH PDUJLQDOL]DW  GDF  QX HOLPLQDW  FRPSOHW
SULPLQGXQFDUDFWHUPDLPXOWIRUPDOúLELURFUDWLc.

În fapt a.s.FDOLWDWLY SHUVRQDOL]DW RULHQWDW VSUHUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORUXPDQHXUJHQWHDIRVW

GHVILLQ DW  FRQVLGHUkQGX-VH F  PHFDQLVPHOH ELURFUDWLFH GH VWDW úL FHOH SROLWLFR-administrative sunt

FDSDELOHV UH]ROYHWRDWHSUREOHPHOH(IHFWXODIRVW dublu:

ƒ reducerea la minimum a serviciilor de a.s.;

ƒ GHSURIHVLRQDOL]DUHDFRPSOHW DVLVWHPXOXLGHa.s..

6SHFLDOLúWLL DX IRVW  vQORFXL L GH IXQF LRQDUL 3H DFHDVW  OLQLH VH  vQVFULH úL GHVILLQ DUHD

vQY PkQWXOXLGHJUDGXQLYHUVLWDU vQHODIXQF LRQD t între 1929 – 1952), reducându-l apoi la
XQ QLYHO SRVWOLFHDO  úL D GHVILLQ DW úL DFHVWD vQ  A.s. FD SDUWH LQWHJUDQW  D SURWHF LHL

VRFLDOH VXSRUW  úL HD OLPLWHOH VXEGH]YROW ULL &DX]HOH FDUH SRW H[SOLFD DFHDVW  VLWXD LH vQ 5RPkQLD

sunt:
ƒ natura RSUHVLY DIRVWXOXLUHJLPFRPXQLVWOLSVDXQHLGHPRFUD LLUHDOH

ƒ SUH]HQ D WHRULHL FRQIRUP F UHLD SUREOHPHOH XPDQH VH UH]ROY  SULQ PHFDQLVPH SROLWLFH úL

DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RDUHFXP DXWRPDW GDWRULW  RULHQW ULL ³XPDQLVWH´ D VLVWHPXOXL $FHDVWD D

reprezentat mai PXOWRLGHRORJLHMXVWLILFDWLY GHFkWXQIDFWRUH[SOLFDWLYUHDO

ƒ LQGLIHUHQ D SUDFWLF  ID  GH RP UH]XOWDW  GLQ VDFULILFLXO LQGLYLGXOXL vQ UDSRUW FX RELHFWLYHOH

XWRSLFHQDLYHDOHFRQVWUXF LHLXQXL³QRXWLSGHVRFLHWDWH´

♦ 'XS  UHYROX LH vQ 5RPkQLD SURJUDPXO GH UHFRQVWUXF LH GH UHIRUP  SH ED]D PHFDQLVPHORU

GHPRFUDWLFH úL D SLH HL OLEHUH D FUHDW FRQúWLLQ D QHFHVLW LL GH]YROW ULL XQXL VLVWHP GH a.s. modern,
DFWLY vQDOW SURIHVLRQDOL]DW RULHQWDW VSUH VROX LRQDUHD SUREOHPHORU VRFLDOH úL XPDQH VSHFLILFH În
DFHVWFRQWH[WODMXP WDWHDDQXOXL V DSXVSUREOHPDIRUP ULLSURIHVLRQDOHDDVLVWHQ LORUVRFLDOL
-
vQ FDGUXO XQHL úFROL SRVWOLFHDOH DSRL D XQXL FROHJLX XQLYHUVLWDU úL GLQ DQXO  D XQHL VHF LL

XQLYHUVLWDUH vQ FDGUXO IDFXOW LL GH VRFLRORJLH SVL hologie, pedagogie, în marile centre universitare
GLQ DU  %XFXUHúWL ,DúL &OXM 7LPLúRDUD 'H DVHPHQHD vQ FDGUXO LQVWLWXWHORU WHRORLJFH a.s.
IXQF LRQHD] FDRVSHFLDOL]DUHGLVWLQFW ÌQWUHFXWvQ5RPkQLDDH[LVWDWXQVLVWHPEXQGHIRUPDUHD

VSHFLDOLú tilor în a.s. vQFHSkQG GLQ DQXO  FkQG VH vQILLQ HD]  ùFRDOD 6XSHULRDU  GH $VLVWHQ 

³3ULQFLSHVD,OHDQD´ÌQY PkQWXOGHDVLVWHQ VRFLDO DIXQF LRQDWSHED]DXQRUEXQHWUDGL LLSkQ vQ

1969. Sprijinindu-VH SH PRGHOH SURIHVLRQDOH GH YkUI GLQ ULOH FX R ERJDW  H[SHULHQ  vQ IRUPDUHD
DVLVWHQ LORU VRFLDOL IRORVLQGX-VH H[SHULHQ D DFXPXODW  vQ FDGUXO úFROLL VRFLRORJLFH vQ XQLYHUVLW LOH

noastre s-D GH]YROWDW XQ SURJUDP FRPSOH[ GH SUHJ WLUH D VSHFLDOLúWLORU OD QLYHOXO VWDQGDUGHORU
LQWHUQD LRQDOH$WkWIRUPDUHDúLHGXFD LDDVLVWHQ LORUVRFLDOLFkWúLWLSXULOHGHDFWLYLW LSHFDUHWUHEXLH

V OHUHDOL]H]HWUHEXLHSULYLWHvQFRQWH[WXOQHYRLORUúLSUREOHPHORUFRQFUHWHFHDSDUODQRL$VWIHOvQ

XOWLPXODQUHFXOXOHFRQRPLFDDYXWHIHFWHGUDPDWLFHGLUHFWHúLLQGLUHFWHDVXSUDVWDQGDUGXOXLGHYLD 

DOXQRUODUJLFDWHJRULLGHRDPHQL3URFHVHVRFLDOHFDVF GHUHDUDSLG DYHQLWXULORUUHDOHFUHúWHUHDvQ

PDV DV U FLHLFUHúWHUHDLQVHFXULW LLODORFXOGHPXQF ULGLFDUHDUDWHLúRPDMXOXLDOLHQDUHDSROLWLF 

a unei p U L ODUJL D SRSXOD LHL GHPRUDOL]DUHD GDWRUDW  OLSVHLIRUPHORU HILFDFH GH SDUWLFLSDUH OD YLD D
social-SROLWLF  QHvQFUHGHUHD vQ LQVWLWX LLOH úL SHUVRQDOLW LOH SROLWLFH OLSVD GH WUDQVSDUHQ  D
FRQGXFHULL SROLWLFH vQ XQHOH VLWXD LL FRUXS LD DFFHQWXDW  GDWRUDW  OLSVHL FRQWUROXOXL FUHúWHUHD UDWHL

FULPLQDOLW LL úL D GHOLFYHQ HL D DEX]XULORU úL D YLROHQ HL GH WRW IHOXO DFFHQWXDUHD XQRU FRQIOLFWH

etnice, marginalizarea unor grupuri sociale etc., sunt alarmante pentru asistentul social. De aceea,
FRPSHWHQ D DVLVWHQWXOXL VRFLDO WUHEXLH GHILQLW  QXPDL vQ FRQWH[WXO SURYRF ULORU VSHFLILFH LDU

dezvoltarea sistemului a.s. WUHEXLH JkQGLW  DWkW GLQWU R SHUVSHFWLY  SH WHUPHQ VFXUW úL PHGLX GDU úL
-
SH WHUPHQ OXQJ $YkQG vQ YHGHUH SULPD SHUVSHFWLY  VH SRDWH DSUHFLD F  VRFLHWDWHD QRDVWU  WUHFH

printr-XQ SURFHV GH UHDúH]DUH D WXWXURU VWUXFWXULORU HFRQRPLFH VRFLDO-FXOWXUDOH úL PRUDOH SURFHV
DIHFWDW QHJDWLY GH FUL]D HFRQRPLF  FDUH HVWH vQF  vQ FXUV GH DGkQFLUH 6LWXD LD 5RPkQLHL GLQ DFHVW

punct de vedere este complet diIHULW  GH FHD ULORU vQ FDUH VWUXFWXULOH VRFLDOH úL HFRQRPLFH VXQW

UHODWLY VWDELOH ÌQ DFHVW GLQ XUP  UL H[LVW  R SUREDELO R WHQGLQ  MXVWLILFDW  FD DVLVWHQWXO VRFLDO V 

WUDWH]H PDL PXOW FD]XULOH UH]LGXDOH vQ FDUH VLVWHPXO VRFLDO HúXHD]  $VLVWHQWXO VRF ial apare aici ca
DYkQGRIXQF LHPDLPXOWFRUHFWLY úLFRPSHQVDWRULHÌQVLWXD LDQRDVWU SURFHVHOHGHUHFRQVWUXF LH

VRFLDO  VH FRPELQ  FX FHOH GH GH]RUJDQL]DUH VRFLDO  úL FX YHFKLOH PHQWDOLW L úL SUDFWLFL DOH XQHL

culturi presive, de tip manipulativ. De aceea, aici asistentului social îi revin sarcini suplimentare: el
WUHEXLH  V  LQWHUYLQ  DFWLY vQ FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD DFHVWRU SURFHVH vQ VSULMLQLUHD LQGLYL]LELORU úL D

FROHFWLYLW LL vQ vQFHUFDUHD GH D IDFH ID  VFKLPE ULORU úL SUREOHPHORU GLILFLOH FKLDU GH D LQL LD

VFKLPE UL vQWU R PDQLHU  SR]LWLY  $FHDVWD vQWUXFkW  vQ QHYRLH úL YXOQHUDELO  HVWH QX QXPDL R
-
PLQRULWDWHvPSLQV ODPDUJLQHDVRFLHW LLFLvQGLIHULWHJUDGHúLVIHUHvQWUHDJDFROHFWLYLWDWH3URFHVXO

GH WUDQ]L LH OD R HFRQRPLH GH SLD  FX SURIXQGHOH UHVWUXFWXU UL SH FDUH OH LPSOLF  DIHFWHD]  PDUL

JUXSXUL SURIHVLRQDOH úL FKLDU vQWUHJL FRPXQLW L $X DS UXW IHQRPHQH QRL H[SOR]LYH ùRPDMXO

UHSUH]LQW XQDGHY UDWúRFSVLKRORJLFúLFXOWXUDOSHQWUXRDPHQLLRELúQXL LvQWUHFXWV DLE XQORFGH

PXQF J VLWFXXúXULQ úLPHQ LQXWFXRúLPDLPDUHXúXULQ 6FKLPEDUHDDWLWXGLQLLID GHPXQF 

RULHQWDUHD DFWLY  F WUH PHQ LQHUHD  VDX F XWDUHD XQXL ORF GH PXQF  UHFRQYHUVLD SURIHVLRQDO 

UHSUH]LQW  XQ RELHFWLY SH FDUH DVLVWHQWXO VRFLDO vO SRDWH UHDOL]D SUL n consiliere, sprijinind adaptarea
XQRU LQGLYL]L úL JUXSXUL OD VFKLPE UL HFRQRPLFH VWUXFWXUDWH 0DL PXOW WUHEXLH FXOWLYDW  LQL LDWLYD

ILHF UXLD GH D úL GHILQL R DFWLYLWDWH XWLO  FDUH V

- -L RIHUH úL UHVXUVHOH QHFHVDUH H[LVWHQ HL VDOH GHPQH
6HDVLVW ODRFUHúWHUHPDVLY DGHOLFYHQ HLMXYHQLOHXQQRXIHQRPHQ –³FRSLLLVWU ]LL´PDULPDVHGH
RDPHQL vPSLQVH UDSLG vQ V U FLH úL QHYRL DFWXDOH 7RDWH DFHVWHD QX PDL UHSUH]LQW  GLILFXOW L

PDUJLQDOH DOH XQRU SHUVRDQH YXOQHUDELOH FL PDL GHJUDE  SUREOHPH FUXFLDOH DOH FROHFWLYLW LL vQV úL

1XQXPDLXQLLLQGLYL]LVXQWvQQHYRLHFLvQV úLFROHFWLYLWDWHDÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WDVLVWHQWXOVRFLDOHVWH

PXOW PDL PXOW GHFkW XQ UHSUH]HQWDQW DO FROHFWLYLW LL FDUH DVLVW  SHUVRDQH L]RODWH vQ QHYRLH HO

UHSUH]LQW  WRWRGDW  FROHFWLYLWDWHD FDUH YUHD V  VH DVLVWH úL V  VH VSULMLQH SH HD vQV úL $LFL WHUDSLD

LQGLYLGXDO WUHEXLHVXSOLPHQWDW FXWHUDSLDGHJUXSúLODQLYHOGHFROHFWLYLWDWH'HDVHPHQHDWHUDSLD

WUHEXLHvQV V DLE vQYHGHUHQXQXPDLDF LXQHDDVXSUDHIHFWHORUSDWRORJLLORUVRFLDOHúLXPDQHFLV 

YL]H]H úL FDX]HOH FDUH OH DX JHQHUDW (OLPLQDUHD FDX]HORU WUHEXLH V  FkúWLJH vQ LPSRUWDQ
-  vQ UDSRUW

cu minimizarea efectelor. Un ex.: în sistemul trecut, socialist, practicându-se o filosofie a

egalitarismului, peste 90% din poSXOD LHWU LDvQFRQGL LLPRGHVWHGDUUHODWLYHJDOH6 U FLDDEVROXW 
HUD XQ IHQRPHQ LQGLYLGXDO SX LQ U VSkQGLW ÌQ XOWLPLL GRL DQL GLIHUHQ HOH VRFLDOH V-au accentuat

UDSLG([LVW SHULFROXOFDV U FLDV VHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWU-RVWDUHLQGLYLGXDO vQXQDFROHFWLY DWLQJkQG

JUXSXUL úL FRPXQLW L PDUL DIHFWDWH PDVLY GH V U FLH *UXSXULOH úL FRPXQLW LOH SRW GH]YROWD

mecanisme defensiv-DGDSWDWLYH DO F URU UH]XOWDW HVWH SHUSHWXDUHD úL H[WLQGHUHD VW ULL GH V U FLH 3H

OkQJ  DMXWRUDUHD V UDFLORU GH D WU L PDL ELQH vQ FRQGL LL GH V U FLH DVLVWHQWXO VRFLDO WUHEXLH V -i
VSULMLQH SHQWUX D GHS úL VLWXD LLOH FDUH L IDF V UDFL ÌQ DFHDVW  SHUVSHFWLY  ODUJ 
- a.s. în România nu
WUHEXLH V VHOLPLWH]HvQDVSULMLQLLQGLYL]LúLJUXSXULvQQHYRLH V  VHDGDSWH]HODFRQGL LLle existente

GDWHFLWUHEXLHJkQGLW WRWRGDW úLFDXQLQVWUXPHQWHILFLHQWDOVFKLPE ULORUVRFLDOH$VLVWHQWXOVRFLDO

QXDSDUH FDXQ VLPSOXFRQVLOLHUVDXWHUDSLVWSHQWUXFHLvQGLILFXOWDWHFLúLFDXQDFWXDOL]DWRUDOXQRU

SRVLELOH VFKLPE UL DOWHUQDWLYH SH FDUH FROHFWLYLWDWHD úL LQGLYL]LL SRW V  OH DOHDJ  HL vQúLúL ÌQ DFHVWH

FRQGL LL GH FH DVLVWHQWXO VRFLDO QX úL DU DVXPD úL IXQF LD GH FDWDOL]DWRU DO XQRU SURFHVH úL VFKLPE UL
-
GHPRFUDWLFHRULHQWDWHXPDQLVW"$VLVWHQWXOVRFLDOvQFRQGL LLOHDFWXDOHGHODQRLQXSRDWHV UHIX]HR

DVHPHQHD SURYRFDUH (O WUHEXLH V  VH FRQVLGHUH XQ DVLVWHQW DO SURFHVHORU GHPRFUDWLFH SULQ FDUH

FROHFWLYLWDWHD vQV úL vúL FUHHD]  IRUPHOH VDOH GHFHQWH GH YLD  DMXWkQG SH FHL YXOQHUDELOL 5HDOLWDWHD

QRDVWU  VRFLDO  HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQWU R H[SOR]LH D SUREOHPHORU VRFLDOH FXOWXUDOH PRUDOH GDU úL
-
printr-R FURQLF  IUXVWUDUH JHQHUDW  GH LQFDSDFLWDWHD PRúWHQLW  GLQ WUHFXW GH D IDFH ID  DFHVWRUD 'H
aceea, sistemul de a.s.vQ5RPkQLDDIODWODvQFHSXWXULOHVDOHHVWHvQID DQXQXPDLDXQHLSURYRF UL
generate de numeroase probleme socio-XPDQH GDU úL D XQHL úDQVH LVWRULFH GH GH]YROWDUH vQWU-o
GLUHF LHFDUHHVWHQXQXPDLQHFHVDU GDUúLUHDOL]DELO 3UXGHQ DFRQVHUYDWRDUHDLFLQXIDFHGHFkWV 

DQXOH]HGLQVWDUWRDVHPHQHDúDQV  V. DEX]GHYLDQ SROLWLFLVRFLDOHV U FLHVHUYLFLLVRFLDOH(= .

COMPORTAMENT PROSOCIAL, WLS GH FRPSRUWDPHQW RULHQWDW VSUH VXV LQHUHD FRQVHUYDUHD úL

SURPRYDUHD YDORULORU VRFLDOH I U  DúWHSWDUHD XQRU UHFRPSHQVH H[WHUQH $MXWRUDUHD SURWHMDUHD úL

sprijinLUHDGH]YROW ULLRDPHQLORU – altruismul –RFXS RSR]L LHFHQWUDO vQVLVWHPXOc.p.. Pentru a se

SXWHD YRUEL GH H[LVWHQ D XQXL c.p. WUHEXLH vQGHSOLQLWH FHO SX LQ GRX  FRQGL LL LQWHQ LD GH D DFRUGD
DMXWRU DOWRU SHUVRDQH úL OLEHUWDWHD DOHJHULL FRQGXLWHL +DQV :HUQHU %LHUKRII  $O L FHUFHW WRUL

FRQVLGHU DILREOLJDWRULLWUHLFRQGL LLLQWHQ LDGHDDMXWDDFWXDOFRPSRUWDPHQWDOV ILHLQL LDWvQPRG

YROXQWDUúLFHOFDUHUHDOL]HD] DFWXOFRPSRUWDPHQWDOV QXXUP UHDVF RE LQHUHDYUHXQHLUHFRPSHQVH

externH 9- 'HUORJD - *UD]HODN  (PHUJHQ D c.p. D IRVW H[SOLFDW  SULQ GRX  LSRWH]H
alternative: ipoteza cost-EHQHILFLX -$ 3LOLDYLQ úL FRODE  úL LSRWH]DQRUPDWLY  -3 5XVKWRQ
1980). Analiza cost-EHQHILFLX GHULYDW  GLQ WHRULD HFKLW LL D IRVW DSOLFDW  FX VXFFHV vQ H[SOLFDUHD
c.p. DFRUG P DMXWRU DOWRUD GDF  HVWLP P F  EHQHILFLXO UHFRPSHQVHOH PRUDOH LQWHUQH YRU GHS úL
FRVWXOLPSOLFDWGHDMXWRUXOGDWHIRUWXOIL]LFúLSVLKLFULVFXOSLHUGHULLYLH LLFKHOWXLHOLILQDQFLDUHHWF

Cu cât costuOHVWHPDLULGLFDWFXDWkWHPHUJHQ D c.p.HVWHPDLSX LQSUREDELO &HUFHW ULOHHIHFWXDWH

GH %LEE /DWDQH úL -RKQ 0 'DUOH\  DX DWUDV DWHQ LD DVXSUD IHQRPHQXOXL GH ³GLIX]DUH D

UHVSRQVDELOLW LL´FXFkWVXQWPDLPXO LPDUWRULRFXODULFXDWkWYDILPDLUHGXV SURSRU LDFHORUFDUH

DFRUG  DMXWRU úL FX DWkW PDL vQGHOXQJDW YD IL WLPSXO GH DúWHSWDUH SkQ  OD LQWHUYHQ LD GH DMXWRUDUH

*UDGXO GH FRQWURO P VXUD vQ FDUH YLFWLPD VH IDFH YLQRYDW  GH VLWXD LD vQ FDUH VH IDO  LQIOXHQ HD] 

acordarea ajutorului: emHUJHQ D c.p. HVWH PDL SUREDELO  GDFD VH DSUHFLD]  F  IDFWRULL FDX]DOL QX DX

VWDW VXE FRQWUROXO YLFWLPHL / %HUNRZLW]  6LPSDWLDDQWLSDWLD ID  GH FHL FDUH FHU DMXWRU

PHGLD] HPHUJHQ D c.p. (B. Weiner, 1982). De asemenea, modul în care se cere ajutorLQIOXHQ HD] 

GHFODQúDUHD c.p. GDF  DSHOXO LD IRUPD LPSHUDWLY  DFRUGDUHD DMXWRUXOXL YD IL DPkQDW  VDX

VXVSHQGDW  (VWH ³HIHFWXO EXPHUDQJ´ vQ DFRUGDUHD DMXWRUXOXL 6+ 6FKZDUW] - +RZDUG 

6LPLODULWDWHDWU V WXULORUGHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDFHORU FDUHVROLFLW  FXFHLF URUDOL VHG DMXWRU FRQVWLWXLH

XQHOHPHQWGHSUHGLF LHDO c.p.5HDOL]HD]  c.p. cu o mai mare probabilitate persoanele care sunt mai
FRPSHWHQWH /0 +RIIPDQ  FDUH XQ PDL PDUH FRQWUR DVXSUD GHVI úXU ULL HYHQLPHQWHORU -

Rotter, 196úLRPDLDFFHQWXDW VWLP GHVLQH-5H\NRZVNL9DOWUXLVPPRUDO . S.C.

36,+2/2*,( 62&,$/  36,+262&,2/2*,( GRPHQLX LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU GH FXQRDúWHUH

úWLLQ LILF  D LQWHUDF LXQLL FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU úL SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH XPDQH P.s. VWXGLD]  FXP V e
GHVI úRDU  úL FX FH UH]XOWDWH VH ILQDOL]HD]  LQWHUDF LXQHD FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU LQGLYLGXDOH úL GH JUXS

FXPLQIOXHQ HD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXQHLSHUVRDQHFRQGXLWDDOWHLSHUVRDQHVDXDF LXQHDJUXSXOXLFXP

PRGLILF  SUH]HQ D DOWRUD SURSULD DFWLYLWDWH FDUH VXQW PHFDQLVPHOH SVLKLFH DOH UHOD LLORU

LQWHUSHUVRQDOH úL LQWHUJUXSDOH FH UH]XOW  vQ SODQ VSLULWXDO GLQ WUDLXO ODRODOW  DO RDPHQLORU GLQ

DF LXQHD ORU FRPXQ  FH HIHFWH DX DVXSUD SHUVRQDOLW LL FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH GLQ WUHFXW DOH DOWRUD FXP

LQIOXHQ HD]  LQWHUDF LXQHD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  SUH]HQW  FRQGXLWD YLLWRDUH D RDPHQLORU úL JUXSXULORU

umane. P.s. VWXGLD]  GH DVHPHQHD VW ULOH úL SURFHVHOH SVLKLFH FROHFWLYH VLWXD LD GH JUXS
SHUVRQDOLWDWHD VXE UDSRUWXO FRQGL LRQ ULL VRFLR -culturale. Floyd H. Allport (n. 1890), care a condus
primul program de doctorat în p.s. OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD 6\UDFXVD 68$ úL FDUH D SXEOLFDW SULPD
lucrare de p.s. ED]DW  SH GDWH H[SHULPHQWDOH 6RFLDO 3V\FKRORJ\  FRQVLGHU  F  p.s. are ca
RELHFW³VWXGLXOUHOD LLORUUHDOHVDXLPDJLQDUHGLQWUH persoane într-XQFRQWH[WVRFLDOGDWvQP VXUDvQ

FDUH DFHVWH UHOD LL DIHFWHD]  SHUVRDQHOH LPSOLFDWH vQ VLWXD LLOH UHVSHFWLYH´ DSXG *XVWDYH-Nicolas

)LVFKHU/HV&RQFHSWV)RQGDPHQWDX[GHOD3V\FKRORJLH6RFLDOHS'LQGHILQL LDSURSXV 

de Floyd + $OOSRUW ³DSUHFLDW SH GUHSW FD IRQGDWRU DO SVLKRORJLHL VRFLDOH FD GLVFLSOLQ  úWLLQ LILF ´

,QWHUQDWLRQDO(QF\FORSHGLDRIWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHYRO,'DYLG/6LOOHVHGSUH]XOW F 

p.s. VH FHQWUHD]  SH UHOD LLOH LQWHUSHUVRQDOH SXQkQG DF centul pe contextul social – aspect devenit
DVW ]LIXQGDPHQWDOSULQSUHRFXSDUHDGHVWXGLHUHDUHSUH]HQW ULORUVRFLDOH$OWHGHILQL LLPDL UHFHQWH

VXEOLQLD]  IDSWXO F 
p.s. VLVWHPDWLF LQWHUDF LXQLOH XPDQH úL IXQGDPHQWDOH SVLKRORJLFH DOH DFHVWRUD
(K.J. Gergen, M.M. Gergen, Social Psychology, 1981). Ca domeniu interdisciplinar, p.s.LQWHJUHD] 
FRQWULEX LLOH WHRUHWLFH úL PHWRGRORJLFH QX QXPDL DOH SVLKRORJLHL úL VRFLRORJLHL FL úL DOH DOWRU úWLLQ H

GHVSUH RP QDWXU  úL VRFLHWDWH DQWURSRORJLH IL]LF  DQWURSRORJLH VRFLDO  úL FXOWXUDO  GHPRJUDILH

GUHSW HFRQRPLH HFRORJLH HWRORJLH HWQRJUDILH LVWRULH IROFORU JHRJUDILH XPDQ  OLQJYLVWLF 

SHGDJRJLH SROLWRORJLH úD RIHULQG WRWRGDW  VSUH UHIOHF LHFHORUODOWHúWLLQ H VRFLR

-umane rezultatele
FHUFHW ULORUGLQSURSULXOGRPHQLXFRQFHSWHWHRULLúLPHWRGHGHLQYHVWLJDUH P.s. este în prezent unul
GLQ FHOH PDL GLQDPLFH GRPHQLL DOH úWLLQ HORU VRFLR-umane, reunind pe plan mondial eforturile unui

PDUHQXP UGHVSHFLDOLúWLJUXSD LvQDVRFLD LLúWLLQ LILFHQD LRQDOHúLLQWHUQD LRQDOHúLHGLWkQGUHYLVWH

de specialitate (de exemplu: British Journal of Social Psychology, European Journal of Social
Psychology, Human Relations, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Social Behavior, Social Psychology
4XDUWHUO\ &D GLVFLSOLQ  DFDGHPLF  p.s. s-a structurat într-XQ FRUS GH FXQRúWLQ H WHRUHWLFR-

metodologice (p.s. JHQHUDO  úL PDL PXOWH VXEGRPHQLL GH VSHFLDOLWDWH p.s. GH UDPXU 
psihosocioloJLD RUJDQL]D LLORU FOLQLF  LQGXVWULDO  MXGLFLDU  D UHOLJLHL D RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL
FRPXQLFD LHLvQPDV HWF

P.s. DUH R vQGHOXQJDW  SUHLVWRULH GDU R UHODWLY VFXUW  LVWRULH 'HúL UHIOHF LLOH SVLKR
-sociologice nu
OLSVHVF GLQ VFULHULOH JkQGLWRULORU úL filosofilor din cele mai vechi timpuri, constituirea p.s. ca
GRPHQLX GH FXQRDúWHUH GDWHD]  GLQ FHD GH-D GRXD MXP WDWH D VHFROXOXL DO ;,;-lea. Pentru autorii

francezi, fondatorii p.s. ar fi Gabriel Tarde (1843 – 1904) cu atât de controversatele sale legi ale
LPLWD LHL OHV /RLV GH O¶LPLWDWLRQ  úL *XVWDYH OH %RQ  –  FX SUHRFXS ULOH VDOH GH

VWXGLHUH D SVLKRORJLHL PXO LPLORU 3V\KRORJLH GHV )RXOHV  $XWRULL JHUPDQL FRQVLGHU  F 

DSDUL LD
p.s.DIRVWSUHJ WLW GHDFWLYLWDWHDHWQRORJLORU7KHRdor Waitz (1821 –úL$GROI%DVWLDQ
(1826 –  FDUH DX VWXGLDW PHQWDOLWDWHD úL VSHFLILFXO GLIHULWHORU SRSRDUH úL GHV YkUúLW  GH
Wilhelm M. Wundt (1832 – 1920), care a publicat zece volume de psihologia popoarelor
(Völkerpsychologie, 1900 – 1920), YDVW  OXFUDUH GH LVWRULH FRPSDUDW  D FXOWXULL vQ FDUH VXQW
DQDOL]DWH OLPED DUWD PLWXULOH UHOLJLD RELFHLXULOH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH HWF vQ YHGHUHD FXQRDúWHULL

“sufletului poporului”. În literatura anglo-VD[RQ  GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VH VXV LQH FHO PDL DGHVHD F  GHúL
p.s.DUHRULJLQLvQGHS UWDWHHDDIRVWODQVDW vQSULQSXEOLFDUHDOXFU ULORUSocial Psychology. An
Outline and Source Book GH ($ 5RVV úL Introduction to Social Psychology de W. McDougall.
Psihologul englez W. McDougall (1871 –  úL VRFLologul american Edward A. Ross (1866 –
VXQWSULPLLFDUHDXSXEOLFDWOXFU ULFXWLWOXOGH p.s. Anterior, în 1897, termenul de p.s. fusese

utilizat de James Mark Baldwin ca subtitlu al studiului Social and Ethical Interpretation in Mental
Development. ÌQ FRQVWLWXLUHD úL DILUPDUHD p.s. FD GLVFLSOLQ  úWLLQ LILF  UHODWLY DXWRQRP  XQ URO
important l-a jucat aplicarea experimentului în acest domeniu. Primul studiu de p.s.H[SHULPHQWDO D
IRVW UHDOL]DW GH 1RUPDQ 7ULSOHWW úL SXEOLFDW vQ $PHULFDQ -RXUQDO RI 3Vychology (n. 9, 1897). De-a

OXQJXO HYROX LHL HL vQ p.s. s-DX FRQWXUDW QXPHURDVH RULHQW UL WHRUHWLFH EHKDYLRULVW  ELRORJLVW 

FRJQLWLYLVW  FXOWXUDOLVW  GLQDPLF  WRSRORJLF  JHVWDOWLVW  PDU[LVW  SUDJPDWLVW-IXQF LRQDOLVW 

SVLKDQDOLWLF  VLPEROLF  VRFLRPHWULF  VWUXFWXUDOLVW  'LF LRQDU GH SVLKRORJLH VRFLDO  %XFXUHúWL

1981). De asemenea, s-DX SURSXV QXPHURDVH LSRWH]H H[SOLFDWLYH úL WHRULL QHREHKDYLRULVW  1 (

0LOOHU - & 'ROODUG VRFLREHKDYLRULVW  $ %DQGXUD D FRQGXLWHL VRFLDOH HOHPHQWDUH  G. C.
+RPDQV D UH]XOWDWHORU LQWHUDF LXQLL - : 7KLEDOXW ++ .HOOH\ D LQWHUDF LXQLL ED]DW  SH
autoritate (J.J. Adams, A.K.Rommey), a echilibrului (F. Heider), a simetriee (Th. Newcomb). a
GLVRQDQ HL FRJQLWLYH / )HVWLQJHU D FRQJUXHQ HL FRJQLWLYH (C. E. Osgood, P. N. Tannenbaum),

SVLKDQDOLVW  D IXQF LRQ ULL JUXSXOXL : 5 %LRQ D GHDYROW ULL JUXSXOXL : * %HQQLV 1 $

6KHSDUG WULGLPHQVLRQDO  D FRQGXLWHL LQWHUSHUVRQDOH & : 6FKXOW] SVLKDQDOLWLF  D DWLWXGLQLORU

sociale (L. Festinger), a reDOL] ULLGHJUXS516WRJGLOODUROXOXLVRFLDO5/LQWRQDJUXSXOXLGH

UHIHULQ  5 . 0HUWRQ D VFKLPE ULL DWLWXGLQDOH & +RYODQG D UHDFWDQ HL - : %UHKP D

FRPSOLDQ HL.HOPDQDPLQRULW LORUDFWLYH60RVFRYLFLDLQRFXO ULL:-0F*XLUHDWUDW ULL

FHQWUDOH úL SHULIHULFH D LQIRUPD LLORU 5 ( 3HWW\- 7 &DFLRSSR D LPSOLF ULL 6 &KDONHQ úD 3

Golu, 2ULHQW UL úL WHQGLQ H vQ SVLKRORJLD VRFLDO  FRQWHPSRUDQ  %XFXUHúWL  5HJUXSkQG
diversele teorii, Gustave-Nicolas FisFKHUDSUHFLD] F vQSUH]HQWSULQFLSDOHOHRULHQW ULvQSV
sunt:
¾ behaviorismul;

¾ cognitivismul;

¾ fenomenologia;

¾ LQWHUDF LRQLVPXOVLPEROLF

ÌQ DUD QRDVWU  p.s. D DYXW R HYROX LH FRQWUDGLFWRULH FX PRPHQWH GH VLQFURQL]DUH FRQWUDGLFWRULH FX
momente dHVLQFURQL]DUHHXURSHDQ úLQRUG-DPHULFDQ GDUúLFXSHULRDGHGHGHFOLQGHLGHRORJL]DUH
IRU DW 5 PkQHWRWXúLUHPDUFDELOHIRUWXO p.s.URPkQHúWLGHDVHUDFRUGDODVSHFLILFXOQD LRQDOGHD

VWXGLDUHDOLW LOHFRQFUHWHLPSOLFkQGX-se în rezolvarea problemelor sociale, contribuind la progresul

cultural-úWLLQ LILF úL HFRQRPLFR-social al României, analizând fenomenele psihosociale din timpul
UHJLPXOXL WRWDOLWDU úL HPHUJHQ D SHUVRQDOLW LL GHPRFUDWLFH vQ QRXO FRQWH[W VRFLDO ÌQ ID]D

SUHPHUJ WRDUH DILUP ULL p.s. FD úWLLQ  VHF ;9, – ;,; F U LOH GH FRPSRUWDUH FURQLFLOH

vQVHPQ ULOH GH F O WRULH úL VFULHULOH OXL 'LPLWULH &DQWHPLU RIHU  UHIOHF LL SVLKRVRFLRORJLFH RULJLQDOH

(A. NeculauÌQFHSXWXULOHXQHLYL]LXQLSVLKRVRFLDOHDVXSUDPDQLIHVW ULORUXPDQHODYHFKLLF UWXUDUL

români  & U LOH GH FRPSRUWDUH &DUWH URPkQHDVF  GH vQY WXU , 1646; Îndreptarea legii,
1652; 2JOLQGD DU WDW  RPXOXL vQ HOHSW, 1807; Omu de lume, 1819; Adunare de pilde  úD vQ
mod GHRVHELW ÌQY WXULOH OXL 1HDJRH %DVDUDE F WUH ILXO V X 7KHRGRVLH (Sec. al XVI-lea), care
FRQVWLWXLHXQDGHY UDW³PDQXDOGH SVLKRORJLHQRUPDWLY SHQWUX FHLFKHPD LV FRQGXF  SHDO LL´7

Herseni, 1963), cuprinde numeroase teme p.s. $úD FXP UHPDUFDX 7 +HUVHQL úL 1 5DQGX 
“psihologia româneaVF RULJLQDO QXDvQFHSXWFXSVLKRORJLDLQGLYLGXDO FLFXFHDVRFLDO ´$SRUWXO
cronicarilor (Stolnicul Constantin Cantacuzino, Grigore Ureche, Miron Costin, Ion Neculce) la
dezvoltarea p.s.  URPkQHúWL QX HVWH GHORF QHJOLMDELO vQ FURQLFL VXQW UHDOL]DWH portrete
psihosociologice ale domnitorilor, tipologii de personalitate, sunt discutate raporturile dintre
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH vQQ VFXWH úL FHOH GREkQGLWH GLQWUH QRUPD VRFLDO  úL DF LXQH úDPG ÌQVHPQ ULOH GH

F O WRULH  Descrierea Chinei, de Nicolae Milescu, 1677; Peregrinul Transilvan, de I. Codru

'U JXúHDQX –SULOHMXLHVFREVHUYD LLúLDQDOL]HSVLKRVRFLRORJLFHFRPSDUDWLYHvQVR LQGX-
VH vQ GLUHF LD HODERU ULL XQRU PRGHOH GH vQY DUH VRFLDO  ÌQ ILQH Descrierea Moldovei (1714) de

Dimitrie CantemiU FD úL FHOHODOWH VFULHUL DOH PDUHOXL GRPQLWRU úL vQY DW PROGRYHDQ PDUFKHD]  R
FRQWULEX LH vQVHPQDW  OD FULVWDOL]DUHD UHIOHF LHL SVLKRVRFLRORJLFH vQ DUD QRDVWU  /D VIkUúLWXO

secolului al XIX-OHD úL vQFHSXWXO VHF DO ;;-lea se poate vorbi de etapa primelor fundamente
teoretice ale p.s. URPkQHúWL ÌQ DFHDVW  SHULRDG  LVWRULFXO $';HQRSRO GHVFULH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH
psihice ale românilor (Histoire des Roumains de la Dacie Trajane  DVHP Q WRU RULHQW ULL GH
VWXGLHUH GH SVLKRORJLH D SRSRDUHORU LOXVWUDW de W. Wundt. În 1848, C. Dimitrescu – ,DúL  –
 SXEOLF  PDL PXOWH VWXGLL DOH p.s., reunite postum în volumul 6WXGLL GH SVLKRORJLH VRFLDO 

/HJLOHSVLKRORJLFHDOHLPLWD LHLvQFDUHVHUDSRUWHD] FULWLFODFRQFHS LDOXL*7DUGHVWXGLXO

a IRVWWUDGXVúLSXEOLFDWXQDQPDLWkU]LXúLvQ1RXD5HYLVW 5RPkQ QU– 36). P.s.URPkQHDVF vL

GDWRUHD] OXL'XPLWUX'U JKLFHVFX– 1945) programul primului curs universitar de p.s. /HF LD

GHGHVFKLGHUHDIRVW LQXW ODQRYOD8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ%XFXUHúWL''U JKLFHVFXDSXEOLFDW

în 1907 Le probleme de la conscience. Etude psychosociologique úL Din psihologia poporului

român 7RW vQ DFHDVW  SULP  HWDS  GH GH]YROWDUH D p.s. URPkQHúWL VH vQVFULH úL DFWLYLWDWHD OXL &
5 GXOHVFX-Motru (1868 –  FDUH úL-a continuat opera de-D OXQJXO PDL PXOWRU ID]H GH HYROX LH

vQ DUD QRDVWU  2SHUD YDVW  D OXL & 5 GXOHVFX-0RWUX FXSULQGH úL OXFU UL GH p.s. precum: “Cultura
URPkQ  úL SROLWLFLDQLVPXO´  ³6XIOHWXO QHDPXOXL QRVWUX´  ³3VLKRORJLD LQGXVWULDúXOXL´

 ³3VLKRORJLD FLRFRLVPXOXL´  &RQFHS LD GHVSUH QHFHVLWDWHD FD SVLKRORJLD V  VWXGLH]H

³RPXOvQVRFLHWDWH´úL-a expus-RvQF GLQDQXO vQOXFUDUHD³3UREOHPHOHSVLKRORJLHL´ &HD GH-a

GRXD HWDS  vQ GH]YROWDUHDp.s. în România, pHULRDGD LQWHUEHOLF  VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  GXS  FXP
DSUHFLD] $QD7XFLFRY– Bogdan, prin:

ƒ FHUFHWDUHDVLVWHPDWLF DIHQRPHQHORUSVLKRORJLFHDXWRKWRQH

ƒ DGHFYDUHDPHWRGHORUúLWHKQLFLORUGHFHUFHWDUHODVSHFLILFXOIHQRPHQHORUSVLKRVRFLDOH

ƒ DSDUL LD SULPHORU OXFU UL DOH

p.s. propriu-]LVH GLQWUH FDUH PHQ LRQ P ,QWHOLJHQ D VRFLDO  úL
SVLKRORJLDFRQGXF WRUXOXL
, de Gr. Popa (1935), Psihologia reclamei, de D. Tudoran (1935),
2SLQLD SXEOLF  GH & 6XGH HDQX  $GDSWDUHD VRFLDO  GH )O ùWHI QHVFX-*RDQJ  $O

5RúFa, S. Cupcea (1938), &RQWULEX LL OD SVLKRORJLD RQHVWLW LL, de Z. Barbu (1940),

3VLKRORJLD DWLWXGLQLORU VRFLDOH FX SULYLUH VSHFLDO  OD URPkQL, de A. Chircev (1941),

Conducerea la copii, de G.M. Marica (1942), (OHYXO FRQGXF WRU, de L. Bologa (1943). În
perLRDGD LQWHUEHOLF  p.s. DFDGHPLF  vQUHJLVWUHD]  XQ GHRVHELW DYkQW /D 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ
%XFXUHúWL&5 GXOHVFX-0RWUXSUHG RVXLW GHWHPHGHp.s. în cadrul cursului de psihologie

JHQHUDO  $FHVW FXUV SXEOLFDW vQ FXSULQGHD DWkW WHPH GH SVLKRORJLHLQGLYLGXDO FkW úL

WHPH GH SVLKRORJLH HWQLF  úL SVLKRORJLH GH FODV  /D 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ ,DúL 0LKDL 5DOHD

(1896 –  SUHG  vQ DQLL  –  XQ ³&XUV GH SVLKRORJLH VRFLDO ´ FRQ LQkQG

XUP WRDUHOH WHPH PDUL VWUXFWXUD VRFLDO  D IHQRPHQHORU SVLKLFH XPDQH LQIOXHQ D JUXSXOXL

DVXSUD LQGLYLGXOXL SVLKRORJLD LQWHULQGLYLGXDO  VDX LQWHUSVLKRORJLD LQIOXHQ D LQGLYLGXOXL

DVXSUDJUXSXOXLVRFLDOSDWRORJLDYLH LLVRFLDOH$SRUWXOOXL0LKDL5DOHDODGH]YROWDUHD p.s. în

5RPkQLD VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  GXS  FHO GH -al doilHDU ]ERL PRQGLDO SULQ SXEOLFDUHD vPSUHXQ 

FX7UDLDQ+HUVHQLDOXFU ULL³,QWURGXFHUHvQSVLKRORJLDVRFLDO ´/D8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ

&OXM )O ùWHI QHVFX *RDQJ  

- –  D SUHGDW FXUVXO GH ³3VLKRORJLH VRFLDO ´ WUDWkQG

teme precum: obiectul p.s. HUHGLWDWHD VRFLDO  JUXSHOH VRFLDOH SULPDUH úL VHFXQGDUH

PXO LPHD úL RSLQLD SXEOLF  VRFLDOL]DUHD FRRSHUDUHD úD 'XS  vQFKHLHUHD FHOXL GH -al doilea
U ]ERL PRQGLDO úL SkQ  OD UHIRUPD vQY PkQWXOXL GLQ  VXQW FRQWLQXDWH SUHRFXS ULOH GH

p.s.: Mihai 5DOHD H[SXQH vQ  OD )DFXOWDWHD GH OLWHUH úL ILORVRILH 8QLYHUVLWDWHD

%XFXUHúWL XQ ³&XUV GH SVLKRORJLH ³ úL SXEOLF  OXFUDUHD ³([SOLFDUHD RPXOXL´  ÌQ

 $O 5RúFD SUHG  OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ &OXM XQ ³&XUV GH SVLKRORJLH VRFLDO 

experimHQWDO ´ WUDWkQG vQWUH DOWHOH WHUPHQHOH PHWRGHOH p.s. LQIOXHQ D JUXSXOXL DVXSUD
DFWLYLW LORU PLQWDOHPRWLYD LD VRFLDO  DWLWXGLQLOH SUHMXGHF LOHFRQGXFHUHD UROXO PHGLXOXL

VRFLDO vQ IRUPDUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL 3HULRDGD  –  UHSUH]LQW  ID]D GH G eclin a p.s.
URPkQHúWLFkQGSVLKRVRFLRORJLHLFDúLVRFLRORJLHLQXLVHPDLUHFXQRDúWHVWDWXWXOGHúWLLQ 

'XS DFHDVW SHULRDG DVLVW PODUHODQVDUHDFHUFHW ULORUGH p.s.FRQFUHW ODSXEOLFDUHDXQRU

OXFU UL GH VLQWH]  vQ GRPHQLX D XQRU PRQRJUDILL úL manuale universitare. P.s. a fost
UHLQWURGXV   vQ VLVWHPXO vQY PkQWXOXL VXSHULRU úL OD ,QVWLWXWXO GH SVLKRORJLH DO $FDGHPLHL

5RPkQH D IRVW vQILLQ DW  R VHF LH GH p.s. 5HODWLYD L]RODUH GH FRPXQLWDWHD LQWHUQD LRQDO  D

SVLKRVRFLRORJLORU LGHRORJL]DUHD IRU DW  GHVILLQ DUHD DEX]LY  D ,QVWLWXWXOXL GH 3VLKRORJLH

 UHGXFHUHD QXP UXOXL GH VSHFLDOLúWL DXFUHDW XQ GHFDODM vQWUH p.s. GLQ 5RPkQLD úLFHD
GLQ ULOHGH]YROWDWH6FKLPE ULOHVRFLDOHGXS GHFHPEULHDXJHQHUDWVSHUDQ DUHGXFHULL

acestui decalaj úL VLQFURQL] ULL FX HYROX LD p.s. pe plan mondial. 9 $QWURSRORJLH FXOWXUDO 

DQWURSRORJLH VRFLDO  GHPRJUDILH HFRORJLH HWQRORJLH SROLWRORJLH SVLKLDWULH VRFLDO 

sociologie. S.C.

36,+2/2*,(80$1,67  curent în psihologie constituit în anii ’50 în S.U.$úLDSRLU VSkQGLW

UDSLG vQ DQLL ¶ úL ¶ vQ (XURSD FX SXWHUQLFH LQIOXHQ H vQ VRFLRORJLH SVLKRORJLH VRFLDO 

DQWURSRORJLHVRFLDO úLFXOWXUDO 'LQWUHSHUVRQDOLW LOHFDUHDXFRQWULEXLWODFRQWXUDUHDQRLLRULHQW UL

se pot cita: Abraham H. Maslow, Carl R. Rogers, Clark E. Moustakas, G. Murphy, Henry Muray,
Charlotte Buhler, James F.T. Bugental, Rollo May, Anthony J. Sutich, John Cohen, Albert Wellek,
.XUW *ROGVWHLQ 'XS  DQLL ¶ DSDU R VHULH GH OXFU UL IXQGDPHQHWDOH FDUH YRU LQIOXHQ D vQWUHDJD

PLúFDUH : A. Maslow – Motivation and Personality, 1954, Toward a Psychology of Being, 1962,
Becoming, 1955; Ch. Buhler – Values in Psychotherapy, 1962; Cl. Moustakas – The Self, 1956;
Carl Rogers – Client-&HQWUHG 7KHUDS\  ÌQ  DSDUH R UHYLVW  VSHFLDOL]DW Journal of
+XPDQLVWLF 3V\FKRORJ\ LDU vQ  VH FRQVWLWXLH $VRFLD LD DPHULFDQ  SHQWUX SVLKRORJLH XPDQLVW 

FDUHVHWUDQVIRUP PDLWkU]LXvQWU RRUJDQL]D LHLQWHUQD LRQDO 

-
P.u. s-DFRQVWLWXLWFDRUHDF LHGHSURIXQG LQVDWLVIDF LHvQPRGVSHFLDOID GHFHLODO LID GH

SVLKRORJLD WUDGL LRQDO  GDU úL ID  GH úWLLQ HOH VRFLDO-XPDQH vQ JHQHUDO 3VLKRORJLD WUDGL LRQDO 

conform criticii p.u. QXLD vQFRQVLGHUDUHFRPSOH[LWDWHDSVLKLFXOXLXPDQ úLSUREOHPH YLWDOHSHQWUX

RP vQ FDOLWDWHD VD GH ILLQ  VXSHULRDU  FXP VXQW IHULFLUHD LGHDOXO VHQVXO YLH LL DILUPDUHD XPDQ 

GH]YROWDUHD XPDQ  DOLHQDUH DXWHQWLFLWDWH XPDQ  FRRSHUDUH HWF ùWLLQ HOH VRFLDOH OD UkQGXO ORU DX

UHSUH]HQWDWRvQFHUFDUHGHH[SOLFDUHvQVLQHDIHQRPHQHORUVRFLDOHI FkQGDEVWUDF LHGHVHPQLILFD LD

ORU SHQWUX RP 'DWRULW  LQH[LVWHQ HL XQHL FXQRDúWHUL VLVWHPDWLFH D DFHVWHL SUREOHPH FUXFLDO  SHQWUX

ILLQ DXPDQ úWLLQ DQXDSXWXWRIHULLQVWUXPHQWHOHQHFHVDUHvPSOLQLULLúLVROX LRQ ULLORU

Critica freudismului 'HúL D DYXW PHULWXO GH D UHSUH]HQWD SULPD DERUGDUH FDOLWDWLY  D

SVLKLFXOXL XPDQ GH]YROWkQG WHKQLFL GH WHUDSLH SVLKRORJLF  LDU QX ELRFKLPLF  IUHXGLVPXO D

GH]YROWDW R LPDJLQH GHIRUPDW  D ILLQ HL XPDQH ÌQ SULPXO UkQG DFFHQWXkQG vQ PRG FRUHFW

DSDUWHQHQ D RPXOXL OD UHJQXO DQLPDO LPSRUWDQ D FRUSXOXL úL D QHYRLORU ELRORJLFH HO D UHGXV

FRPSOH[LWDWHD ILLQ HL XPDQH OD ELRORJLF SXQkQG vQ FHQWXO H[LVWHQ HL XPDQH LQVWLQFWXO VH[XDO ÌQ DO

GRLOHD UkQG IUHXGLVPXO D SULYLW RPXO FD R ILLQ  IXQGDPHQWDO EROQDY  DFFHQWXkQG DFWLYLWDWHD GH

tratament al patologiilor umane. I-DXIRVWFRPSOHWVWU LQHSUHRFXS ULOHGHGH]YROWDUHXPDQ SURSULX -

]LV  (O D DYXW vQV  PHULWXO GH D IL GH]YROWDW XQ WLS GH WHUDSLH IRQGDW  SH LGHHD GH UHFRQVWUXF LH D

QRUPDOLW LL SVLKLFH XQGH SDFLHQWXO HVWH FHO FDUH MRDF  XQ URO DFWLY 3VLKDQDOLVWXO IXUQL]HD]  GRDU

RSRUWXQLW LSHQWUXDXWRFXQRDúWHUHDGHVLQHúLSHDFHDVW ED] DUHJkQGLULLSURSULHLYLH LSVLKLFH

Critica behaviorismului 2EVHGDW GH LQWHUSUHWDUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL XPDQ FD XQ U VSXQV
strict determinat la un VWLPXO EHKDYLRULVPXO úL-D FRQFHQWUDW DWHQ LD vQ PRG H[FOXVLY DVXSUD
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL ³RELHFWLY´ VXELHFWLYLWDWHD XPDQ  ILLQG FRQVLGHUDW  D IL XQ HSLIHQRPHQ R XPEU 

GHWLSSODWRQLFDUHDOLW LLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHILLQGGHFLOLSVLW GHDXWRQRPLHRQWRORJLF  Ca urmare a

DWLWXGLQLL SURJUDPDWLF DQWLVXELHFWLYH SHUVRQDOLWDWHD XPDQ  HVWH SULYLW  GLQWU R SHUVSHFWLY  DWRPLVW 
-
úL UHGXF LRQLVW PHFDQLFLVW  ([LVWHQ D XPDQ  QX SRDWH IL LQWHJUDO GHWHUPLQDW  GH IDFWRUL H[WHUQL HD
-
nu este un sistem pasiv, lipsit de insten LRQDOLWDWH úL LQL LDWLY  FL GLPSRWULY  XQXO DFWLY FX R

VHPQLILFDQW  OLEHUWDWH GH D VH DXWRGHILQL DXWRGH]YROWD DXWRGHS úL FD SHUVRQDOLWDWH GLVWLQFW  úL

UHVSRQVDELO SHWRWSDUFXUVXOYLH LLVDOH

Surse filosofice.$FFHQWXkQGUROXOVXELHFWLYLW LLvQvQ HOHJHUHDILLQ HLXPDQH p.u. a încercat

V  YDORULILFH R VHULH GH RULHQW UL ILORVRILFH vQ FDUH VXELHFWLYLWDWHD HUD SXV  FD RELHFW SULPDU DO

analizei: fenomenologia úL H[LVWHQ LDOLVPXO )HQRPHQRORJLD  RIHUHD XQ SURJUDP GH DQDOL] 

VLVWHPDWLF  D FRQúWLLQ HL FDUH UHDOLWDWH LQGHSHQGHQW  /D UkQGXO V X H[LVWHQ LDOLVPXO UHVSLQJkQG

DERUGDUHD DEVWUDFW  XQLYHUVDOLVW  úL H[FHVLY GH UD LRQDOLVW D ILORVRILHL FODVLFHDFFHQWXD QHFHVLWDWHD

FRQVLGHU ULLXQLFLW LLILLQ HLXPDQHúLQHFHVLWDWHDvQ HOHJHULLDFHVWHLDvQVLWXD LDFRQFUHW 

2LQIOXHQ vQVHPQDW vQFULVWDOL]DUHD p.u. a avut-o dinamica grupului (Kurt Lewin). Grupul
VRFLDO UHSUH]LQW  PHGLXO IXQGDPHQWDO GH H[LVWHQ  D RPXOXL SULQ FDUH DFHVWD VH FXQRDúWH úL VH

GHILQHúWH([LVW RORJLF DJUXSXOXLVRFLDOFXSDWRORJLLúLSRWHQ LDOLW LVSHFLILFH0DLDOHVODQLYHOXO

terapiei, metodele de grup au fost masiv preluate. Dinamica grupului deschide perspectiva
vQ HOHJHULLXQRUFRPSRQHQWHVXSHULRDUHDOHSHUVRQDOLW LLXPDQHúLPDLDOHVDORFXOXLSHFDUH-ORFXS 

³UHOD LDFXFHO ODOW´

Modelul uman propus de p.u. SUH]LQW  XUP WRDUHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL SHUVRDQD XPDQ  HVWH
SULYLW  FD R
totalitate HD UHSUH]LQW  XQ VLVWHP GHVFKLV RULHQWDW VSUH FUHúWHUH DXWRGH]YROWDUH RPXO
HVWH DWkW FRPSRUWDPHQWXO V X HOHPHQWDU GH QDWXU  ELRORJLF  FkW úL FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VXSHULRU

VSHFLILF XPDQ LUHGXFWLELO OD ELRORJLF $QDOL]D WUHEXLH V  VH GHSODVH]H GH OD SDUWHD DQRUPDO 

EROQDY DRPXOXLODFHDV Q WRDV WHUDSLDSURFHVHORUSDWRORJLFHWUHEXLHFRPSOHWDW FXSURPRYDUHD

IRU HORU SR]LWLYH RULHQWDWH VSUH FUHúWHUH XPDQ  8QLFLWDWHD H[LVWHQ HL XPDQH RPXO QX WUHEXLH

FRQVLGHUDW FD XQ FD] SDUWLFXODU DO XQHL UHDOLW L JHQHULFH FL FD R ILLQ  XQLF  FH WUHEXLH vQ HOHDV  HD

vQV úL 3VLKRORJLD HVWH PRG QHFHVDU R úWLLQ  QRPRWHWLF  GDU ILHFDUH SHUVRDQ  UHSUH]LQW  R

FRPELQD LH XQLF  GH HOHPHQWH úL OHJL JHQHUDOH LPSRVLELO GH UHGXV OD R VFKHP  JHQHUDO  P.u. este
FHQWUDW SHLPSHUDWLYXO³DLFLúLDFXP´2PXO³vQJHQHUDO´HVWHvQORFXLWDVWIHO FX³RPXOvQ VLWXD LH´

cu problemele lui multiple de zi cu zi, FHVHGHJDM DLFLúLDFXP´,QGLYLGXOUHSUH]LQW vQHOvQVXúLXQ

vQWUHJ DUPRQLRV FDUH WUHEXLH vQ HOHV vQ XQLFLWDWHD VD 2PXO HVWH R YDORDUH vQ VLQH SULQ VLPSOD VD

H[LVWHQ UHVSHFWXOSHQWUXGHPQLWDWHDXPDQ HVWHXQSULQFLSLXIXQGDPHQWDOUHVSHFWXOQHFRQGL LRQDW

SHQWUX VLQH úL SHQWUX RULFH DOW  ILLQ  XPDQ   vQ FDOLWDWHD VD GH H[LVWHQ  VLQJXODU  XQLF  úL

LUHGXFWLELO  3HUVRDQD XPDQ  WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW  D IL OLEHU  úL vQ FRQVHFLQ  GHSOLQ UHVSRQVDELO 

SHQWUXSURSULDVDYLD VDUFLQDVSHFLDOLVWXOXLHVWHvQFRQVHFLQ QXGHD ORULHQWDSHRPvQGLUHF LD

-
unui model uman anume, ci de a-L RIHUL SRVLELOLWDWHD DXWRGH]YROW ULL vQ GLUHF LD SH FDUH VLQJXU vQ
PRGOLEHUúLUHVSRQVDELORDOHJH
spontaneitateaFDIRUP IXQGDPHQWDO DFUHDWLYLW LL, este modul
de constituire a persoanei umane unice; terapia non-GLUHFWLY  SURSXV  GH & 5RJHUV HVWH R
FRQVHFLQ ORJLF DDFHVWXLSULQFLSLX7HUDSHXWXOWUHEXLHV ILHXQ³FRQVLOLHU´³UHIOHFWRU´DOJkQGLULL

VXELHFWLYH FDUH QX vúL LPSXQH SURSULLOH VDOH VFKHPH GH JkQGLUH úL VLP LUH 0DWXULWDWHD UHSUH]LQW  R

SUHFRQGL LH HVHQ LDO  D OLEHUW LL úL UHDOL] ULL GH VLQH SHUVRDQHOH PDWXUH GHYLQ FRQúWLHQWH GH HOH

vQVHOH FDSDELOH V  UHIOHFWH]H DVXSUD H[SHULHQ HL ORU GH YLD  PDL VWDELOH FX XQ DFFHQWXDW VLP  DO

LGHQWL LL GH VLQH PDWXULWDWHD RIHU  IXQGDPHQWXO DXWRQRPLHL SHUVRDQD PDWXU  QX PDL HVWH GLULMDW 

GHPRWLYHLQFRQúWLHQWHGHFRQIOLFWHOHFRSLO ULHLVDXGHYDULDWHVWHUHRWLSXULHVWHPDLLQGHSHQGHQW GH

LQIOXHQ HOH H[WHULRDUH úL GHFL PDL FDSDELO  GH DXWRGH]YROWDUH OLEHU  úL FRQúWLHQW  sinceritatea úL
unorul VXQW FRQGL LL DOH FUHúWHULL DXWHQWLFH HOLEHUDUHD GH RULFH SUHMXGHFDW  úL LOX]LH FUX]LPH FKLDU

ID GHRULFHVFKHP LPSXV GHSURSULDH[LVWHQ VDXGHF WUHDO LLXPRUXOFDH[SUHVLHDGHWDú ULLGH

VLQH úLGHVLWXD LLOHYLH LLFDPRGDOLWDWHDXQXLUHODWLYLVPFRQVWUXFWLYXPDQ3HUVRDQHOH PDWXUHVXQW

PDL ³DORFHQWULFH´ PDL RULHQWDWH VSUH FHLODO L FDSDELOH V -L vQ HOHDJ  V  GH]YROWH VHQWLPHQWH GH

VLPSDWLHGUDJRVWHFRRSHUDUHVLQFHULWDWHúLGHVFKLGHUHvQUDSRUWFXHLVLQFHULWDWHDúLGHVFKLGHUHDvQ

UHOD LLOH LQWHUSHUVRQDOH SRW V  IXQF LRQH]H FD XQ VWLPXOHQW DO GH]YROW ULL XPDQH GRDU vQ FRQGL LLOH

unei atitudini reciproce, fundamental pozitive în contextul unei morale bazate pe imperativul co-
GH]YROW ULL FD R QRUP  GH ED]  FH JXYHUQHD]  UHOD LLOH FX FHLODO L HVWH SULQFLSLXO UHFLSURFLW LL;

FRPSHWHQ D LQWHUSHUVRQDO  UHSUH]LQW  R FRQGL LH HVHQ LDO   D FR-GH]YROW ULL GRDU GH]YROWDUHD  XQHL

VRFLHW L HXSVLKLFH 0DVORZ SRDWH RIHUL FDGUXO HIHFWLYHL GH]YROW UL XPDQH 7HUDSLD WUHEXLH V  ILH

RULHQWDW QXQXPDLVSUHYLQGHFDUHFLúLVSUHFUHúWHUHXPDQ WHUDSHXWXOWUHEXLHV VSULMLQHSHUVRDQD

XPDQ SHQWUXD úL³FRQVWUXL´SURSULDYLD

- UHOD LLOHOXLFXFHLODO L P.u. propune nu numai o teorie a
RPXOXLFLúLRQRX ILORVRILHDYLH LLGH]LFX]LXQ³ZHOWDQVFKDXQJ´

P.u.SURSXQHvQORFXLUHDLGHLL GH³ERDO  PHQWDO ´FX FHDGH³SUREOHP XPDQ ´3ULQDFHDVWD

VH HOLPLQ  REVHVLD SVLKRORJLHL FODVLFH SHQWUX GHUHJO ULOH SVLKRORJLFH úL FDUH GH IDSW SDUDOL]HD] 

DWLWXGLQHDDFWLY FRQVWUXFWLY DSDFLHQWXOXLID GHHOvQVXúL'HILQLQGERDODPHQWDO FDRSDWRORJLH

D YLH LL XPDQH vQ DQVDPEOXO HL LDU QX FD R GHUHJODUH GH RULJLQH VWULFW ELR IL]LRORJLF  LQGLYLGXDO 
-
p.u. pune bazele unor noi modele terapeutice. Ceea ce este caracteristic, în mod special, acestor
PHWRGH HVWH OLSVD XQHL RSR]L LL vQWUH WHUDSLH úL GH]YROWDUH XPDQ  7HUDSLD DSDUH PDL GHJUDE  FD XQ

HOHPHQW FRPSRQHQW DO FUHúWHULL XPDQH HD vQV úL SXWkQGX -se realiza eficient doar în contextul mai
JHQHUDO DO DILUP ULL DXWHQWLFH GH VLQH 2 SULP  FRQVHFLQ   R UHSUH]LQW  GHPRFUDWL]DUHD UHOD LHL

GLQWUH WHUDSHXW úL SDFLHQW .DUHQ +RUQH\ &DUO 5RJHUV D SXV DFHDVW  LGHH OD ED]D XQXL VLVWHP

WHUDSHXWLF GH PDUH LQIOXHQ  VHPQLILFDWLY LQWLWXODW ³WHUDSLH FHQWUDW  SH FOLHQW´ (VWH SURPRYDW  R

terDSLHGHWLSHPSDWLF$FHVWJHQGHWHUDSLHWUHEXLHV WUDQVFHQG PRGXOFRJQLWLY-analitic, fondându-

VH SH FDSDFLWDWHD XPDQ  GH D-O DSURSLD úL vQ HOHJH SH FHO ODOW ³7HUDSLD XPDQLVW ´ QX DFRUG  R

LPSRUWDQ  SUHD PDUH WUHFXWXOXL SDFLHQWXOXL FD VXUV  GH DXWRO PXULUH D VD &KLDU GDF  U G FLQLOH

SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH DFWXDOH VH J VHVF vQ HYHQLPHQWHOH GLQ WUHFXW DFHVWHD SHQWUX D IL IRU H DFWLYH

WUHEXLH V  ILH HOHPHQWH FRQVWLWXHQWH DOH H[SHULHQ HL SUH]HQWH 'H DFHHD DFFHQWXO HVWH SXV QX FD vQ

SVLKRORJLDIUHXGLVW SHH[SORUDUHDWUHFXWXOXLFLSHFRQVWUXF LDSUH]HQWXOXL³DLFLúLDFXP´

Un merit important al p.u. FRQVW  vQ GHVFRSHULUHD SRVLELOLW LORU WHUDSHXWLFH DOH JUXSXOXL vQ

YLQGHFDUHD úL FUHúWHUHD LQGLYLGXOXL XPDQ &DUO 5RJHUV DILUP  F  GHVFRSHULUHD WHKQRORJLHL G e grup
HVWHHFKLYDOHQW FDLPSRUWDQ FXGHVFRSHULUHDHQHUJLHLQXFOHDUHÌQPRPHQWXODFWXDOVXQWXWLOL]DWH

variate forme de terapie de grup ca: T-*UXSXO JUXSXO GH vQY DUH – “Training group”), grupul de
întâlnire (“Encounter - Group”), grupul de formareúLHGXFDUHDVHQ]LWLYLW LL³6HQVLWLYLW\*URXS´
grupul centrat tematic (“Theme-Centred-Group”) sau “Tavistock-Group, dezvoltat în Anglia),
grupul de confruntare (“Confrontation-Group”).
8Q SXQFW HVHQ LDO DO SURJUDPXOXL SURSXV GH p.u. îl constituie umaQL]DUHD HGXFD LHL

8UP WRDUHOHGLUHF LLVXQWDYXWHvQYHGHUH

DFFHQWXOSOXVSHODWXUDIRUPDWLY LDUQXSHvQVXúLUHDPHFDQLF 

DFFHQWSHDXWRGH]YROWDUHSULQFXQRDúWHUHDúLDVLPLODUHLDUQXSHLQVWUXLUHGLQH[WHULRUUHDFWXDOL]DUHD

îndemnului socratic “cunRDúWH-WH SH WLQH vQVX L´ VH VXEOLQLD]  QX QXPDL PRWLYD LD LQWHULRDU  D

vQY ULLFLúLLPSOLFDUHDDFWLY vQSURJUDPDUHDSURFHVXOXLGHvQY DUH

DFFHQWSHFUHDWLYLWDWHSHVSLULWFULWLFvPSRWULYDWLSDUHORUULJLGHúLDLPSXQHULLDXWRULW LLvQHGXFD LH

umanizarea tuturor disciplinelor prin reintegrarea lor ca elemente componente ale unei viziuni
XPDQH SULQ HYLGHQ LHUHD VHPQLILFD LLORU ORU SHQWUX RP SULQ HSXUDUHD WXWXURU IRUPHORU RSUHVLYH GLQ

procesul de educare;
DFFHQWXDUHD PRWLYD LHL LQWHUQH FUHDUHD XQRU FRQGL LL SULQ FDUH vQY DUHD  V  VH WUDQVIRUPH GLQWU -o
activitate obligatorie într-R PXQF  FX VDWLVIDF LL PDMRUH SHQWUX LQGLYLG 6H GHS úHúWH DVWIHO

SRODULWDWHDGLQWUHvQY DUHúLMRFGDWRULHúLSO FHUH

P.u.DDYXWLQIOXHQ HLPSRUWDQWHvQWRDWHGLVFLSOLQHOHVRFLDOHRIHULQGXQPRGHOXPDQGHUHIHULQ ÌQ

PRG VSHFLDO SXWHP FLWD SXWHUQLFD LQIOXHQ  VRFLDO  D RUJDQL]D LLORU 5 /LFNHUW 0DF *UHJRU &ULV

Argyris). În mod special teoria ierarhiei nevoilorDOXL$EUDKDP0DVORZHVWHGHRVHELWGHLQIOXHQW 

în abRUGDUHDPRWLYD LHLSHUIRUPDQ HLúLSURPRYDUHDGLIHULWHORUSURJUDPHGHumanizare a muncii.
6WXGLLOHDS UXWHvQSHULPHWUXOp.u.GLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHPHWRGRORJLFSUH]LQW DGHVHDRFDUDFWHULVWLF 

PDL GHJUDE  VSHFXODWLY-ILORVRILF  'HúL H[LVW  RH[SHULHQ FOLQLF  ERJDW DFXPXODW  vQ RULHQW ULOH

p.u. GDWRULW  OLSVHL XQRU LQVWUXF LXQL VLVWHPDWLFH GH GHVFULHUH RELHFWLY  úL XQDQLP DFFHSWDW  D
IDSWHORU OD FDUH VH UHIHU  WHRULLOH IRUPXODWH DLFL VXQW PDL GHJUDE  LPSUHVLRQDQWH GHFkW YHULILFDELOH

Mijloacele “mai tDUL´ GH FXOHJHUH D IDSWHORU úL GH YHULILFDUH D WHRULLORU OLSVHVF vQWU-R PDUH P VXU 
'LQDFHDVW FDX] 
p.u.RFXS XQORFVSHFLDOvQPLúFDUHDúWLLQ LILF FRQWHPSRUDQ (DHVWHSULYLW GH
F WUH XQLL WHRUHWLFLHQL FDUH DX GH]YROWDW R DPSO  PHWRGRORJLH GH WLSXO FHOHL GLQ úWLLQ HOH QDWXULL FX

PXOW VXVSLFLXQH9vPERJ LUHDPXQFLLPRWLYD LH .E.Z.

PUTERE.
Capacitatea cuiva de a-úL LPSXQH YRLQ D vQ FDGUXO XQHL UHOD LL VRFLDOH vQ FLXGD RULF UHL UH]LVWHQ H
vQWkPSLQDWH úL LQGLIHUHQW GH IDFWRULL FDUH GHWHUPLQ  DFHDVW  FDSDFLWDWH 0 :HEHU Wirtschaft und

Gessellscaft, 1920). P.HVWHRGLPHQVLXQHDDQXPLWRUUHOD LLGHLQWHUGHSHQGHQ VRFLDO FHHDFHIDFH

GLQHD XQFRQFHSWUHOD LRQDO1XVH SRDWHDILUPDGHVSUHRSHUVRDQ VDXQJUXS GHF ³DUH p.” I U D

se specifica vQ UHOD LH FX FLQH úL FH DQXPH vL FRQIHU  DFHVW DWULEXW P. HVWH PDL GHJUDE  XQ SURFHV
GHFkWRHQWLWDWHVDXRVWUXFWXU IL[ 

'HILQL LD ZHEHULDQ  QX VH UHIHU  vQ PRG GHOLEHUDW OD UHVXUVHOH FDUH SRW IDFH SRVLELO H[HUFL LXO p. În
XOWLP  LQVWDQ  RULFH FRQIHU  XQHL SHUVRDQH VDX XQXL JUXS XQ DQXPLW FRQWURO DVXSUD D FHHD FH DO LL

DXQHYRLHúLGRUHVF SRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWFDRUHVXUV GH p.&HUFHW ULOHVRFLRORJLFHDXDYXW vQYHGHUH

diferite asemenea resurse: capitalul, venitul, prestigiul conferit de status, cunRDúWHUHDvQGHPkQ ULOH
GHRVHELWHúLUDUHYLUWX LOHPDJLFHFKDULVPDúD&HHDFHIXQF LRQHD] VRFLDOPHQWHFDRUHVXUV GHp.

GHSLQGH GH WLSXO GH VRFLHWDWH GH SLOG  vQ VRFLHW LOH DUKDLFH FRQWUROXO ULWXDOXULORU PDJLFH SRDWH

FRQVWLWXLRVXUV GH p., în tiPSFH FDSLWDOXODUHRLPSRUWDQ SUHSRQGHUHQ vQ VRFLHW LOH FDSLWDOLVWH

PRGHUQH 'LVWLQF LD OXL :HEHU vQWUH FODVH JUXSXUL GH VWDWXV úL SDUWLGH VH UHIHU  OD WLSXUL GLIHULWH GH

grupuri sociale, particularizate prin controlul anumitor resurse de p.: cele economice în cazul
FODVHORUSUHVWLJLXOvQFD]XOJUXSXULORUGHVWDWXVúLDFFHVXOODDSDUDWXOSROLWLFR-administrativ în cazul

SDUWLGHORU'LVWULEX LDGLIHULWHORUUHVXUVHGH p. WLQGHV ILHRUJDQL]DW úLLQVWLWX LRQDOL]DW vQVWUXFWXUL

GHGRPLQD LHUHODWLYVWabile pentru fiecare tip de societate. Un element important în acest proces de

LQVWLWX LRQDOL]DUH vO FRQVWLWXLH DSDUL LD IHQRPHQXOXL OHJLWLPLW LL 3UREOHPDWLFD OHJLWLPLW LL FDUH YD

GHYHQL FHQWUDO  vQ FRQFHSWXDOL]DUHD ZHEHULDQ D p.D IRVW VHVL]DW  vQF de J.J. Rousseau: “Cel care
VW SkQHúWH QX HVWH QLFLRGDW  GHVWXO GH SXWHUQLF SHQWUX VW SkQ GDF  QX WUDQVIRUP  IRU D vQ GUHSW úL

supunerea în datorie” (Du contact social, 1762). P.DFFHSWDW FDOHJLWLP GHF WUHFHLDVXSUDF URUD

HVWHH[HUFLWDW GHYLQHD
utoritate. Weber distinge trei tipuri ideale de autoritate:
 ƒ FKDULVPDWLF vQWHPHLDW SH³VDQFWLWDWHDHURLVPXOVDXFDUDFWHUXOH[HPSODUDOXQHLSHUVRDQH

úLSHPRGHOXOQRUPDWLYUHOHYDQWVDXLPSXVGHDFHDVW SHUVRDQ 

ƒ WUDGL LRQDO  DYkQG OD ED]  ³FUHGLQ D vQU G FLQDW  vQ VXSUHPD LD WUDGL LLORU LPHPRULDOH úL vQ

DFHOHSHUVRDQHF URUDDFHVWHWUDGL LLOHFRQIHU OHJLWLPLWDWH´

ƒ UD LRQDO OHJDO
- ED]DW SH³FUHGLQ DvQOHJDOLWDWHDUHJOHPHQW ULORULPSXVHúLvQGUHSWXOFHORU

SODVD LvQSR]L LLGHDXWRULWDWHSULQDVHPHQHDUHJXOLGHDHPLWHRUGLQH´%LURFUD LDvQFDUQHD] 

vQ PRG H[HPSODU WLSXO GH DXWRULWDWH UD LRQDO OHJDO  LDU FHHD FH :HEHU GHQXPHúWH
-
SDWULDUKDOLVP SDWULPRQLDOLVP úL IHXGDOLVP DX IRVW VLVWHPH VRFLDOH vQ FDUH D IXQF LRQDW

SUHGRPLQDQW DXWRULWDWHDWUDGL LHL&KDULVPD HVWH R IRU  UHYROX LRQDU  FDUHD JHQHUDWPLúF UL

sociale de-D OXQJXO LVWRULHL GDU FDUH GHJHQHUHD]  vQ PRG LQHYLWDELO SULQ ³UXWLQL]DUH´ GH

vQGDW FHGLVSDUHOLGHUXOFKDULVPDWLF

*kQGLUHD PRGHUQ  D IRVW FDSWLYDW  GH p. SROLWLF  IRUPD FHD PDL VSHFWDFXORDV  úL vQ DFHODúL WLPS
RPQLSUH]HQW  D p. SUHFXP úL GH FDGUXO vQ FDUH DFHDVWD VH PDQLIHVW  vQ VRFLHW LOH PRGHUQH VWDWXO
)D  GH p.  SROLWLF  VRFLRORJLD úL-D PDQLIHVWDW LQWHUHVXO vQ FkWHYD GLUHF LL SULQFLSDOH ÌQ SULPXO UkQG

ea a considerat statXORLQVWLWX LHSROLWLF ODIHOFDRULFDUHDOWDLDULQVWLWX LLOHSROLWLFHOH-a integrat, ca

RFDWHJRULH GLVWLQFW LQVWLWX LLORU VRFLDOHvQ JHQHUDO ÌQDOGRLOHDUkQGVRFLRORJLDDDFRUGDWRDWHQ LH

SDUWLFXODU DVSHFWHORULQIRUPDOHIXQF LLORUODWHQWHúLGLVIXQF LLORULQVWLWX LLORUSULQFDUHVHH[HUFLW  p.

SROLWLF &HHDFHDDWUDVGXS VLQHQXQXPDLSUHRFXSDUHDSHQWUXUHOD LLOHGLQWUHLQVWLWX LLOHSROLWLFHúL

FHOHODOWH WLSXUL GH LQVWLWX LL GDU úL R PDUH GHVFKLGHUH vQ UDSRUW FX DVSHFWHOH OHJDWH GH ED]HOH sociale
ale p.ÌQDOWUHLOHDUkQGVRFLRORJLDDFWXDO WLQGHV FRQIHUHRDFFHS LXQHIRDUWHODUJ WHUPHQXOXLGH

³SROLWLF´ 'LQ FH vQ FH PDL PXOW VH FRQVLGHU  F  XQLYHUVXOXL SROLWLF vL DSDU LQ I U  GHRVHELUH WRDWH

IHQRPHQHOHFDUHLPSOLF UHOD LLGH p., aXWRULWDWHFRQGXFHUHHWFÌQDFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY  p. apare ca o

UHOD LHVRFLDO IRDUWHJHQHUDO DOHF UHLPHFDQLVPHVXQWGDF QXLGHQWLFHFHOSX LQDVHP Q WRDUHvQ

FDGUXO XQRU LQVWLWX LL DWkW GH GLIHULWH SUHFXP VWDWXO RUJDQL]D LD HFRQRPLF  SDUWLGXO SR litic,
sindicatul, biserica sau familia.
ÌQOLQLLJHQHUDOHGRX RULHQW ULIXQGDPHQWDOHDXPDUFDWDWkWVRFLRORJLDSROLWLF FkWúLSROLWRORJLDvQ

OHJ WXU FXED]HOHúLIXQF LRQDUHD p.FRQVHQVXDOLVPXOúLFRQIOLFWXDOLVPXO([LVW úLRDWUHLDWUDGL LH

deloFQHJOLMDELO FDUHDVXEOLQLDWFRH[LVWHQ DFRQVHQVXOXLúLDFRQIOLFWXOXLvQPDQLIHVW ULOHp. Pentru
Tocqueville, exercitarea p. într-XQ VLVWHP GHPRFUDWLF LPSOLF  XQ HFKLOLEUX vQWUH IRU HOH FRQIOLFWXOXL
úL FHOH DOH FRQVHQVXOXL 'H OD GHPRFUDWLH HQ $PHULTXH, 1835). Mai recent, un sociolog de talia lui

60 /LSVHW DGRSW  R SR]L LH VLPLODU  FRQVLGHUkQG F  GHPRFUD LD HVWH XQ PHFDQLVP GHVWLQDW

DGRSW ULL GHFL]LLORU OD QLYHO VRFLHWDO FX PLQLPXP GH IRU  úL PD[LPXP GH FRQVHQV vQ FRQGL LLOH

H[LVWHQ HL XQRU JUXSXUL cu interese conflictuale (Political Sociology, în R. K. Merton et al., eds.,
Sociology today, 1959).
7HRULLOH FRQVHQVXOXL DX SXV DFFHQW SH IDSWXO F  p. SROLWLF  HVWH FHD FDUH SHUPLWH FRRUGRQDUHD

DFWLYLW LORU GHLQWHUHVJHQHUDODVLJXUDUHDRUGLQLLúLDFRQWLQXLW LLVRFLDOH([HUFLWDUHD p.UHSUH]LQW 

XQ LQVWUXPHQW HVHQ LDO SULQ FDUH RULFDUH FRPXQLWDWH vúL JHVWLRQHD]  VXSUDYLH XLUHD 6RFLRORJLD

PDUFDW  GH DFHDVW  RULHQWDUH D IRVW LQWHUHVDW  GH IXQF LRQDUHD p. FRQGL LL IRUPH WLSRORJLL HWF úL
PDL SX LQ GH PHFDQLVPHOH HURG ULL úL WUDQVIRUP ULL VDOH &RQFHS LLOH FRQIOLFWXDOLVWH DX VFRV vQ

HYLGHQ  FDUDFWHUXO HPLQDPHQWH FRHUFLWLY DO p. SROLWLFH LPSXQHUHD VD GH F WUH JUXSXULOH GRPLQDQWH

DVXSUD FHORU GRPLQDWH vQ VFRSXO UHDOL] ULL SURSULLORU LQWHUHVH &HHD FH SDUH V  FDUDFWHUL]H]H DFHDVWD

RULHQWDUH HVWH ³FRQFHSWXO GH VXP  QXO ´ 7 3DUVRQV VDX WH]D ³FDUDFWHUXOXL OLPLWDW´ DO p. (R.S.
Lynd): într-RVRFLHWDWHGDW H[LVW R FDQWLWDWH OLPLWDW GH p. DVWIHOF RULFHH[WLQGHUHD p. unui grup
se face în detrimentul aOWXLD3HDFHDVW OLQLHWHRULDPDU[LVWDFODVLF DVXEOLQLDWIXQF LDSULQFLSDO GH
GRPLQD LH GH FODV  D LQVWLWX LLORU SROLWLFH – statul în primul rând – FDUDFWHUXO ORU LVWRULF SUHFXP úL

fundamentele economice ale distribuirii p. vQ VRFLHWDWH 5HGXF LRQLVPul economic marxist a fost
XOWHULRU QXDQ DW úL RDUHFXP UHOD[DW $ *UDPVFL D DQDOL]DW UROXO LQVWLWX LLORU FXOWXUDOH vQ LPSXQHUHD

³KHJHPRQLHL´ FODVHL FRQGXF WRDUH $FHVWHD FRQWULEXLH SULQ PLMORDFHOH ORU VSHFLILFH OD RE LQHUHD

consensului maselor, ceea ce GXFH OD FRERUkUHD SUDJXOXL GH FRHUFL LH GLUHFW  QHFHVDU  SHQWUX

PHQ LQHUHD GRPLQD LHL ÌQ DFHHDúL RUGLQH GH LGHL / $OWKXVVHU D DUJXPHQWDW WH]D IXQF LRQ ULL

³DSDUDWHORU LGHRORJLFH DOH VWDWXOXL´ vQ VHQVXO vQF OF ULL ³UHVSHFWXOXL LQGLYL]LORU ID  GH GLYL]LX nea
tehnico-VRFLDO DPXQFLL´SULQLQWHUPHGLXOF UHLDHVWHUHSURGXV VWUXFWXUDGHGRPLQD LHH[LVWHQW vQ

VRFLHWDWH 7K $GRUQR D UHPDUFDW ³WRWDOD UHLILFDUH´ D FRQúWLLQ HL VRFLDOH FX HIHFWH GH]DVWUXRDVH

DVXSUDIRUP ULLXQHLJkQGLULFULWLFHLQGHSHQGHQWH

CRQVWDWkQGIHQRPHQXOH[WLQGHULLELURFUD LHLvQVRFLHW LOHLQGXVWULDOL]DWH&:0LOOVDSUHOXDWLGHHD

ZHEHULDQ  D OHJ WXULL GLQWUH ELURFUDWL]DUHD úL SURIHVLRQDOL]DUHD DSDUDWXOXL SROLWLFR -administrativ,
FULWLFkQGHIHFWHOHQHIDVWHDOHDFHVWHLWHQGLQ HFOLYDMXOFUHVFkQGGLQWUHLQVWLWX LLúLSXEOLFRSDFL]DUHD

OHJ WXULORU GLQWUH FRQGXF WRUL úL FRQGXúL GHWHULRUDUHD GHPRFUD LHL úL IRUPDUHD XQHL ³HOLWH D p.”.
$FHVW FHUF UHVWUkQV DO YkUIXULORU GHFL]LRQDOH GLQ VHFWRDUHOH SROLWLFH HFRQRPLFH úL PLOLWDUH KRW U úWH

GHVWLQXOXQHLvQWUHJLVRFLHW L The Power Elite, 1951).

(YROX LDVRFLRORJLHLFRQWHPSRUDQHvQGHRVHELVWXGLLOHGHVRFLRORJLDRUJDQL]D LRQDO DXDGXVvQSULP

plan problematica p. în sens larg FRQGXFHUH DXWRULWDWH HWF úL vQ FRQWH[WH GLIHULWH GH DFHOD DO
LQVWLWX LLORU SROLWLFH SURSULX-]LVH 3HQWUX IRDUWH PXO L VRFLRORJL D GHYHQLW HYLGHQW IDSWXO F  vQVXúL

SURFHVXO IXQF LRQDO DO FRRSHU ULL GLQWUH JUXSXULOH DQJUHQDWH vQ PDULOH RUJDQL]D LL LQGXVWULDOH

JHQHUHD]  FRQIOLFWH GH DXWRULWDWH IULF LXQL DOLHQDUH ÌQ acest sens, P. Druker a analizat motivele
SHQWUX FDUH PDQDJHPHQWXO QX SRDWH FRQVWLWXL  FRQGXFHUH GHSOLQ OHJLWLP  GHRSRWULY  vQ LQWHULRUXO

RUJDQL]D LHL úL OD QLYHO VRFLHWDO  The New Society  5 'DKUHQGRUI FRQVLGHUD F  VHSDUDUHD

SURSULHW LL OHJDOH DVXSUD PLMORDFHORU GH SURGXF LH GH FRQWUROXO GLUHFW DO DFHVWRUD FUHHD]  QRL

raporturi de p. úL QRL WLSXUL GH DXWRULWDWH vQ VRFLHW LOH FDSLWDOLVWH DYDQVDWH YH]L úL $ %HUOH *
Means, The Modern Corporation and the Private Property, 1933; J. Burnham, The Managerial
Revolution, 1941; J.R. Galbraith, The New Industrial State  6RFLRORJXO JHUPDQ PHUJH vQV 
PDL GHSDUWH VXV LQkQG F  VWUXFWXUD GH DXWRULWDWH D VRFLHW L JOREDOH úL D VXEDQVDPEOHORU VDOH

RUJDQL]D LL LQVWLWX LL HWF FRQVWLWXLH vQ SUH]HQW HOHPHQWXO VWUXFWXUDO DO IRUP ULL FODVHORU úL D

FRQIOLFWXOXLGHFODV  Soziale Klassen und Klasskonflict in der Industriegesellschaft, 1957).

P. HFRQRPLF  SRVLELOLW LOH GH DF LXQH úL UH]LVWHQ D GH FDUH GLVSXQH R SHUVRDQ  XQ JUXS VDX R

RUJDQL]D LH EDQFDU  LQGXVWULDO  HWF vQ SURPRYDUHD SURSULLORU LQWHUHVH úL FDUH vúL DX RULJLQHD vQ

DYHUH UH]HUYH ILQDQFLDUH SDFKHWH GH DF LXQL GLPHQVLXQLOH DFWLYLW LL GHVI úXUDWH SR]L LD GH

monopol etc.
P. PLOLWDU  FDSDFLWDWHD GH DF LXQH DUPDW  D XQXL VWDW DVLJXUDW  GH SRWHQ LDOXO V X PLOLWDU VROGD L

FDGUHDUPDPHQWORJLVWLF 

P. GH FXPS UDUH FDSDFLWDWHD XQHL SRSXOD LL GH D úL SURFXUD EXQXUL úL VHUYLFLL GHWHUPLQDW  GH
-
UDSRUWXOGLQWUHYHQLWXULúLSUH XUL'LILFXOW LOHGHD LQHVHDPDGHVWLOXULOHGHYLD úLGHHYROX LDORU

IDFH FDHVWLPDUHD DFHVWHLD V  QXILH YDODELO  GHFkW SHQWUX JUXSXUL RPRJHQH úL SH SHULRDGH VFXUWH GH

timp.
Separarea puterilorSULQFLSLXIRUPXODWGH0RQWHVTXLHXO¶(VSULWGHV/RLVúLDIODWODRULJLQHD
GRFWULQHORU FRQVWLWX LRQDOH OLEHUDOHFDUH SUHVFULXLQGHSHQGHQ D p. legislative (parlament), executive

JXYHUQ úL MXGHF WRUHúWL FRQFRPLWHQW FX DVLJXUDUHD XQRU PHFDQLVPH GH HFKLOLEUDUH D ORU. V.

DXWRULWDWHELURFUD LHFRQWUROVRFLDOFODV GHPRFUD LHHOLWHSDUWLGSROLWLFUHJLPSROLtic. C.A.

SISTEM SOCIAL. În general prin s.VHvQ HOHJHRPXO LPHGHRELHFWHFDUHDF LRQHD] vQWUHHOHDWkW

GHLQWHQVvQFkWVW ULOHORUVXQWLQWHUGHSHQGHQWHPRGLILFDUHDXQXLDGXFkQGODPRGLILF ULGHWHUPLQDWH

vQ WRDWH FHOHODOWH 3ULQ QDWXUD VD YLD D VRFLDO  SUH]LQW  FDUDFWHULVWLFD GH s. la toate nivelele sale de
RUJDQL]DUH JUXSXO GH PXQF  IDPLOLD vQWUHSULQGHUHD ORFDOLWDWHD VRFLHWDWHD JOREDO  XPDQLWDWHD

8QLWDWHD FHD PDL VLPSO  FDUH SUH]LQW  FDUDFWHULVWLFD s. D YLH LL VRFLDO-umane este activitatea care
UHSUH]LQW  XQ s. GH FRPSRUWDPHQWH GH DF LXQL DVWIHO RUJDQL]DW úL RULHQWDW vQFkW V  UHDOL]H]H R
DQXPLW ILQDOLWDWHFLWLWXOXQHLF U LSURGXFHUHDXQXLSURGXVFRQVWUXLUHDXQHLFDVH&HHDFHGLVWLQJH

un s.s. de un s. uman individual este participarea PDLPXOWRUSHUVRDQHODUHVSHFWLYDDFWLYLWDWH'DF 

FLWLWXO XQHL F U L GH F WUH R SHUVRDQ  UHSUH]LQW  XQ V XPDQ ULGLFDUHD XQHL FDVH GH F WUH XQ JUXS GH

FRQVWUXFWRULUHSUH]LQW XQ s.s.

S.s.  FD GH DOWIHO úL FHOHODOWH WLSXUL GH s., VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQWr-o stare de echilibru intern
care poate fi static sau dinamic (FKLOLEUXO VWDWLF UHSUH]LQW  R FRQILJXUD LH GH VW UL D HOHPHQWHORU s.
care sunt reciproc compatibile, prezentând deci o mare stabilitate. În acest sens, un s. poate avea
PDL PXOWH FRQILJXUD LL VW UL LQWHUQH SRVLELOH ILHFDUH SUH]HQWkQG XQ JUDG ULGLFDW GH VWDELOLWDWH S.
GLQDPLFH VXQW FDUDFWHUL]DWH SULQ IDSWXO F  VFKLPE ULOH LQWHUQH VXQW FRQWLQXH I U  D VH DMXQJH OD

IRUPH GH HFKLOLEUX vQDOWVWDELOH (FKLOLEUXO UHSUH]LQW  PDLPXOW XQ SURFHVFRQWLQXX GHHFKLOLEUDUH úL

reechilibrare. Un exemplu foarte simplu de asemenea s. GLQDPLF vO RIHU  DQDOL]D GLQDPLFLL
s.
PRQGLDO vQWUHSULQV  GH FROHFWLYXO FRQGXV GH '+ 0HDGRZV  Limits of Growth, 1972) care ia în
considerare 5 parametri fundamentali care se iQIOXHQ HD]  FRQWLQXX XQXO SH FHO ODOW SURGXF LD

LQGXVWULDO  SURGXF LD DJUDU  UHVXUVHOH QDWXUDOH SRSXOD LD úL SROXDUHD S.s. DUH R DQXPLW  HYROX LH
GDWRULW GLQDPLFLLDFHVWRUSDUDPHWUL2GLVWLQF LHIRDUWHXWLO PHWRGRORJLFHVWHvQWUH s. finalisteúLs.
GH LQWHUDF LXQH sau supras.. S. finaliste VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ IDSWXO F  vQWUHDJD ORU RUJDQL]DUH

VWUXFWXUDUHúLGLQDPLF HVWHGHWHUPLQDW GHUHDOL]DUHDXQHLILQDOLW L)DEULFDUHDXQXLWLSGHSURGXVH

GHWHUPLQ  RUJDQL]DUHD LQWHUQ  D XQHL vQWUHSULQGHUL GH]YROWDUHD FXQRDúWHULL GHWHUPLQ  PRGXO GH

RUJDQL]DUH D DFWLYLW LORU GH FHUFHWDUH úWLLQ LILF  OD QLYHOXO DFWLYLW LL XQXL FHUFHW WRU VDX D XQXL

LQVWLWXW GH FHUFHW WRUL 8Qs. finalist este compus dintr-R PXO LPH GH DF LXQL DVWIHO FRQVWLWXLWH vQFkW
ansaPEOXO ORU V  GXF  OD UHDOL]DUHD UHVSHFWLYHL ILQDOLW L 'H UHJXO  s. finaliste WLQG V -úL H[SULPH
organizarea într-un amplu s.GHVWDWXWHúLUROXUL6WDWXWHOHúLUROXULOHIRUPHD] XQs.SHQWUXF ILHFDUH
DUHIXQF LDVDFRPSOHWkQGX-se reciproc astfel înckWV DVLJXUHUHDOL]DUHDXQRUILQDOLW LVSHFLILFH([

VWDWXWHOHUROXULOH PHGLFXOXL úL SDFLHQWXOXL  IRUPHD]  XQ s.  D F UXL ILQDOLWDWH HVWH YLQGHFDUHD

pacientului. S. GHLQWHUGHSHQGHQ QXVXQWILQDOLVWHFL VXQWFRPSXVHGLQPDLPXOWH subs. GHUHJXO 

finaOLVWH FDUH LQWHUDF LRQHD]  WLQG V  UHDOL]H]H XQ DQXPLW HFKLOLEUX  FDUH UHSUH]LQW  R UH]XOWDQW  D
DFHVWRU LQWHUDF LXQL 'LQ IDSWXO F  UHSUH]LQW  XQ s. rezultat GLQ LQWHUGHSHQGHQ D PDL PXOWRU s.

orientate finalist, ele pot fi numite suprasisteme (sisteme dH VLVWHPH 5 %RXGRQ G  XQ H[HPSOX
foarte simplu de s. GHLQWHUDF LXQHFR]LOHODFDVHGHELOHWHvQYHFLQDWHYRUWLQGHV ILHHJDOH6WDUHD
GHHJDOLWDWHUHSUH]LQW QXRILQDOLWDWHDs. FHORUGRX FR]LFLUH]XOWDQWDILQDOLW LLILHF UHLSHUVRDQHGH

a-úLPLQLPL]DDúWHSWDUHD$QDOL]Ds.VHUHDOL]HD] úLHDvQPDLPXOWHYDULDQWH
$QDOL]D IXQF LRQDO  DSULRULF  VH SRUQHúWH GH OD ILQDOLWDWHD JHQHUDO  VDX GH OD FHULQ HOH IXQF LRQDOH

IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RULF UXL s. sau ale tipului de s. DYXW vQ YHGHUH úL VH FDXW  V  VH LGHQWLILFH WLSXO GH

HOHPHQWH FDUH UHDOL]HD]  DFHVWH FHULQ H IXQF LRQDOH (VWH FD]XO WHRULHL OXL 7 3DUVRQV $FHVWD

FRQVLGHU  FD RULFH s. WUHEXLH V  UHDOL]H]H  SUHFRQGL LL IXQF LRQDOH UHDOL]DUHD VFRSXOXL DGDSWDUHD

PHQ LQHUHDPRGHOXOXLODWHQWúLLQWHJUDUHD3RUQLQGGHODDFHVWHLPSHUDWLYHIXQF LRQDOHIXQGDPHQWDOH

se pot detecta în organizarea unui s. real acele subs.FDUHDXIXQF LDGHDOHUHDOL]DSocial Systems,
 $FHODúL WLS GH DQDOL]  VH UHDOL]HD]  DGHVHD úL vQ OHJ WXU  FX vQWUHSULQGHUHD Finalitatea ei

JHQHUDO HVWHVWDELOLWDGHDVHPHQHDSULQFLSDOHOHWLSXULGHFHULQ HIXQF LRQDOHúLGH subs.SURGXF LH

PDUNHWLQJFHUFHWDUHúLGH]YROWDUHSHUVRQDOHWF

$QDOL]D IXQF LRQDO  ³DSRVWHULRULF ´ SRUQHúWH LQYHUV GH OD GHVFULHUHD DP QXQ LW  D RUJDQL] ULL s. –
VWDWXWH úL UROXUL QRUPH GH DF LXQH – úL VH vQFHDUF  V  SXQ  vQ HYLGHQ  IXQF LD SH FDUH ILHFDUH

HOHPHQW LGHQWLILFDW DQWHULRU R vQGHSOLQHúWH $QDOL]D s. GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQ  JHQHUHD]  DOWH WLSXUL GH

abordare.
'HWHFWDUHDHIHFWHORULQWHUDF LXQL i dinamice dintre elemente, prin intermediul unui s.GHHFXD LL(VWH
cazul analizei de s.GH]YROWDW GH-:)RUUHVWHU

3RUQLQGGHODDQDOL]DRULHQW ULORU
s. finalisteFRPSRQHQWHLQGLYL]LL XPDQLvQXOWLP LQVWDQ  VHSRW
IRUPXODOHJLOHGHFRPSXQHUHúLDJUHJDUHDDFHVWRUDúLFDUHIRUPHD] VXEVWDQ Ds.GHLQWHUDF LXQH([
analizele lui R. Boudon (La logique du social, 1979, Les effets pervers, 1977). S. finaliste FRQ LQ
XUP WRDUHOHPDULWLSXULGHHOHPHQWH

ƒ actorii – indivizi, grupuri sau chiar colectiviW L

ƒ DF LXQLOH FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH DFHVWRUD FDUH UHSUH]LQW  VXEVWDQ D VLVWHPXOXL SURSULX -zis (s. este
RPXO LPHGHDF LXQL

ƒ UHOD LLOHGHLQWHUGHSHQGHQ DGLQWUHHOHPHQWHOHFRPSRQHQWHDOHVLVWHPXOXL

(VWH QHFHVDU D VH RSHUD GLVWLQF LD GLQWUH V úL VWUXFWXU  6WUXFWXUD UHSUH]LQW  PRGXO GH RUJDQL]DUH

LQWHUQ DXQL s.. Un s.SRDWHDYHDRVWUXFWXU VDXDOWD2vQWUHSULQGHUHGHH[HPSOXSRDWHILIRQGDW SH

R VWUXFWXU  LHUDUKLF GHRFUDWLF  VDX SH R DOW  IRUP  DOWHUQDWLY  GH FRQGXFHUH 7RDWH DFHVWH DFHVWH
-
structuri suQW DOWHUQDWLY IXQF LRQDOH $GHVHD XQ s. poate avea simultan mai multe structuri
DOWHUQDWLYHVWDUHDOXLLQWHUQ VXQSUHVLXQHDGLIHUL LORUSDUWLFLSDQ LSRDWHRVFLODvQWUHRVWUXFWXU VDX

DOWD SULQFLSLXO SOXUDOLW LL VWUXFWXUDOH ). De exemplu, o întreprinGHUH SRDWH WLQGH V  DLE  R LHUDUKLH
DXWRULWDU  JHQHUDW  GH FRPSRUWDPHQWXO GLUHFWRUXOXL úL D DOWRU SDUWLFLSDQ L FDUH SURPRYHD]  XQ

FRPSRUWDPHQW DXWRULWDU vO DFFHSW  úL VROLFLW  vQ WLPS FH DO L SDUWLFLSDQ L WLQG V  SURPRYH]H R

VWUXFWXU GHPRFUDWLF 
s. rezXOWDWILLQGRRVFLOD LHúLRWHQVLXQHvQWUHFHOHGRX WHQGLQ HVWUXFWXUDOH2
SUREOHP  WRW PDL LPSRUWDQW  D DQDOL]HL HVWH UHOD LD GLQWUH s. FDUH SRW IL UHOD LL GH VXE- úL
supraordonare (S./subs. VDX UHOD LL GH YHFLQ WDWH GH LQIOXHQ  UHFLSURF  GH FRPSHWL LH VDX GH
FRRSHUDUH 7HRULD PDWHPDWLF  D MRFXULORU UHSUH]LQW  XQ LQVWUXPHQW IRDUWH XWLO GH DQDOL]  D UHOD LLORU

GLQWUHVLVWHPHOHDIODWHvQFRPSHWL LHFRRSHUDUH subs.. 9IXQF LHVWUXFWXU , C.Z.

SOCIALITATE.
Concept fundamental al sociologiei, prin cDUH VH U VSXQGH vQWUHE ULL GRPLQDQWH vQ PDL WRDWH

FRQFHS LLOH úL WHRULLOH VRFLRORJLHL FXP HVWH SRVLELO  RUGLQHD VRFLDO " ³SUREOHPD KREEHVLDQ  D

ordinii”). S. HVWH FRQVLGHUDW  GUHSW SUHPLVD FRQVWLWXWLY  D VRFLHW LL úL HVWH H[SOLFDW  ILH FD R

FRQVHFLQ DQDWXULLXPDQHRPXOHVWHRILLQ VRFLDO ILHFDRFRQVHFLQ DvQ HOHJHULLVDXDFRUGXOXL

UD LRQDO VWDELOLWH vQWUH RDPHQL FRQWUDFW VRFLDO ÌQ SULPXO FD] QDWXUD XPDQ  HVWH DQDOL]DW  FD XQ

FRPSOH[GHLQVWLQFWHvQFOLQD LLVHQWLPHQWH VW ULGHVSLULWHWFFDUHGHWHUPLQ  LQGLYLGXOXPDQV VH

DVRFLH]HFXFHLODO LVDXGLPSRWULY V FRQFXUH]HFXDFHúWLDFHHDFHSHUPLWHGHILQLUHD s. ca instinct

social. În al doilea caz, s. HVWH H[SOLFDW  FD XQ SURGXV DO UD LXQLL úL HVWH GHILQLW  SULQ XUPDUH FD R

QRUP VDXYDORDUHVRFLDO ÌQDPEHOHVLWXD LL s.SRDWHILvQV FRQVLGHUDW FDIRUP DLQWHU H[LVWHQ HL
-
RDPHQLORU DH[LVWHQ HLVRFLDOHPDL SUHFLVD RUGLQLLVRFLDOHÌQDQDOL]D s. WUHEXLHV DYHP vQYHGHUH

XUP WRDUHOH

ƒ GHWHUPLQDQ LL HFRQRPLFL DL s. DF LRQHD]  WRWGHDXQD vQ VWUkQV  OHJ WXU  FX FHL QRQHFRQRPLFL

ELRORJLFLELRHFRORJLFLGHPRJUDILFLFXOWXUDOLúLVSLULWXDOLvQJHQHUDO

ƒ VH FRQVWLWXLH vQ WLSXUL VDX IRUPH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH VWUXFWXULORU HFRQRPLFH DOH VRFLHW LL

(cooperativ/competitive, participativ/coRUGRQDWRDUH HJDOLWDUHLQHJDOLWDUH úLVDX VWUXFWXULORU

FDUHUH]XOW GLQLQWHUDF LXQHDYDULDELOHORUHFRQRPLFHúLQRQHFRQRPLFHDOHVRFLHW LL

ƒ RULFH IRUP  VDX WLS GH

s. DUH R GHWHUPLQDUH LVWRULF  vQ VHQVXO FD VH VFKLPE  RGDW  FX
modificarea propriilor detHUPLQDQ L úL vQ JHQHUDO vQ VHQVXO F  VH WUDQVIRUP  FRUHVSXQ] WRU
FRQGL LLORUvPSUHMXU ULORUGHORFúLGHWLPSDOHH[LVWHQ HLXPDQH

6LQRQLPDOVRFLDELOLW LLFDUHGHILQHúWHFDUDFWHULVWLFDRPXOXLGHDILILLQ VRFLDO UHVSHFWLYGHDWU L

în societateGHDVHLQWHJUDvQDFHDVWDSULQSURFHVXOGHVRFLDOL]DUHVDXSXUúLVLPSOXGHDVHDVRFLD

FX DOWH ILLQ H XPDQH ÌQWUH s.  úL VRFLDELOLWDWH VXQW vQV  GLIHUHQ H GHWHUPLQDWH GH IDSWXO F 

VRFLDELOLWDWHD FXSULQGH GRDU PDQLIHVW ULOH ³SR]LWLYH´ * 6LPPHO DOH s. (altruism, cooperare,

JUHJDULVP vQWUDMXWRUDUH HWF 3ULQ XUPDUH VRFLDELOLWDWHD SRDWH IL GHILQLW  SULQ UDSRUWDUH OD s., doar

FD R IRUP  VDX FD XQ WLS DO DFHVWHLD 'DU FKLDU úL DWXQFL FkQG vQ FDGUXO IRUPHORU VRFLDELOLW LL VXQW

LQFOXVH úL DVRFLD LLOH XPDQH UHDOL]DWH SULQ ³RSR]L LH´ WUHEXLH V  GLVWLQJHP FHOH GRX  FRQFHSWH

ILLQGF s., FD SUHPLV  FRQVWLWXWLY  D VRFLHW LL HVWH  úL SUHPLVD VRFLDELOLW LL
. V. contract social,
socializare, societate. I.U.

SOCIALIZARE
([WLQGHUHD QXP UXOXL GH DJHQ L LQGLYLGXDOL FDUH H[HUFLW  FRQWURO VDX SDUWLFLS  GLUHFW OD GH]YROWDUHD

unui sistem, subsistem sau sector de activitate. În acest sens, se are în vedere s. SURGXF LHL úL D
muncii sau s. PLMORDFHORU GH SURGXF LH &D XUPDUH D DGkQFLULL GLYL]LXQLL PXQFLL D FRPELQ Uii unor
IXQF LL VSHFLDOL]DWH GH PXQF  úL D FRQFHQWU ULL ORU vQ XQLW L SURGXFWLYH VH SURGXFH s.  PXQFLL úL

SURGXF LHL

Proces psihosocial de transmitere-DVLPLODUH D DWLWXGLQLORU YDORULORU FRQFHS LLORU VDX PRGHOHORU GH
comportare specifice unui grup sau uQHLFRPXQLW LvQYHGHUHDIRUP ULLDGDSW ULLúLLQWHJU ULLVRFLDO
a unei persoane. În acest sens, s. este un proces interactiv de comunicare, presupunând dubla
FRQVLGHUDUHDGH]YROW ULLLQGLYLGXDOHúLDLQIOXHQ HORUVRFLDOHUHVSHFWLYPRGXOSHUVRQDOGHUHceptare

úL LQWHUSUHWDUH D PHVDMHORU VRFLDOH úL GLQDPLFD YDULDELO  D LQWHQVLW LL úL FRQ LQXWXO LQIOXHQ HORU

sociale. S. SUHVXSXQH vQY DUHD VRFLDO  FD PHFDQLVP IXQGDPHQWDO GH UHDOL]DUH ILQDOL]kQGX-se în
asimilarea indivizilor în grupuri. Studiul sociologic al s. VH ED]HD]  SH GLVWLQJHUHD úL FRUHODUHD GH
YDULDELOH FDUH VH UHIHU  OD FDUDFWHULVWLFL LQGLYLGXDOH YkUVW  VH[ PDWXUL]DUH GH]YROWDUH LQWHOLJHQ 
HWF DJHQ L DL s. FXOWXU  QD LXQH RUJDQL]D LL IDPLOLH JUXSXUL FODVH VRFLDOH úFRDO  metodH úL
IRUPH GH WUDQVPLWHUH OLPEDM PHFDQLVP GH FRQWURO ULWXDOXUL SUDFWLFL GH FUHúWHUH D FRSLLORU VL GH

LQWHJUDUH VRFLDO  IRUPH GH LPLWD LH GH LGHQWLILFDUH VXEVWLWXLUH LQKLEL LH VDX vQW ULUH VWUXFWXUL GH

DWLWXGLQL YDORUL DF LXQL úL FRPSRUWDPHQWH UROXUL úL VWDWXVXUL VRFLDOH PRUDOLWDWHD UHOD LLORU VRFLDOH

HWLFD PXQFLL RULHQW UL SROLWLFR FLYLFH

- SHUIRUPDQ H DOWUXLVP LQWHJUDUH FRQIRUPDUH HWF

(QXPHUDUHD YDULDELOHORU FDUH QX VH YUHD H[KDXVWLY  D LQXW FRQW GH IUHFYHQ D DSDUL LHL ORU vQ

contexte analitice ale s.3ULQFRPELQD LLWHRUHWLFHPXOWLSOHVHSRWFDUDFWHUL]DVDXLQGLYLGXDOL]DWLSXUL

diverse de s.3ULQFRPELQD LLWHRUHWLFHPXOWLSOHVHSRWFDUDFWHUL]DVDXLQGLYLGXDOL]DWLSXULGLYHUVHGH
s. 3ULQ FRPELQD LL WHRUHWLFH PXOWLSOH VH SRW FDUDFWHULza sau individualiza tipuri diverse de s. În
JHQHUDO LQkQGFRQWGHILQDOLWDWHDXUP ULW VDXGHHIHFWHOHGHMDSURSXVHVHGLVWLQJHvQWUHs.DGDSWLY 

VDXLQWHJUDWLY úL s.DQWLFLSDWRDUH3ULPDFRQGXFHODFRQILJXUDUHDDFHORUFDUDFWHULVWLFLVDXFDSDFLW L

peUVRQDOHFDUHIDFLOLWHD] LQWHJUDUHDSDUWLFLSDUHDúLUHDOL]DUHDVRFLDO DXQRUDFWLYLW L vQWU-un cadru

LQVWLWX LRQDOGDW S.DQWLFLSDWRDUHFRQVW vQDVLPLODUHDDFHORUQRUPHYDORULúLPRGHOHGHFRPSRUWDUH

FDUHIDFLOLWHD] DGDSWDUHDVDXLQWHJUDUHD vQWU-un FDGUXLQVWLWX LRQDOVDXRUJDQL]D LRQDOYLLWRU8QHRUL

s. DQWLFLSDWRDUH SRDWH FRQGXFH vQ SODQ SURIHVLRQDO OD VLWXD LL GH FRQIOLFW YDORULF VDX QRUPDWLY
Intensitatea b.HVWHPD[LP vQFRSLO ULHVDXvQSHULRDGHOHGHWUDQ]L LHGHODXQVWDGLXGHYLD ODDOWul.
&XRLQWHQVLWDWHPDLUHGXV s. VHUHDOL]HD] GH-DOXQJXOvQWUHJLLYLH LDXQHLSHUVRDQH'LQS FDWHDX

fost realizate mai ales studii transversale ale s.úLSUHDSX LQHGHWLSORQJLWXGLQDOFDUHDUILPXOWPDL

relevante. Corelate cu s. sunt procesele GH GHVRFLDOL]DUH úL GH UHVRFLDOL]DUH s. VHFXQGDU 
'HVRFLDOL]DUHD SUHVXSXQH L]RODUHD IL]LFD úL VRFLDO  D XQHL SHUVRDQH VDX GHS UWDUHD HL GH FRQWH[WHOH

sau persoanele care i-DX VDWLVI FXW QHYRLOH GH LQWHUDF LXQH úL L -au sprijinit statusurile adoptate, în
YHGHUHD HOLPLQ ULL PRGHOHORU GH FRPSRUWDUH úL GH LQWHUDF LXQH DQWHULRU vQVXúLWH 5HVRFLDOL]DUHD HVWH

FRQFRPLWHQW FXGHVRFLDOL]DUHDúLFRQVW vQRULHQWDUHDvQY ULLúLFRQWUROXOXLVRFLDOF WUHDVLPLODUHD

úL PDQLIHVWDUHD GH FRPSRUWDPHQWH LQGLYLGXDOH FRPSDWLELOH FX WDEOD GH YDORUL úL DWLWXGLQL D QRXOXL

VLVWHPLQWHJUDWRU(ILFDFLWDWHDUHVRFLDOL] ULLGHSLQGHQXQXPDLGHUHFHSWLYLWDWHDLQGLYLGXDO FLúLGH

LQWHQVLWDWHD FRQWUROXOXL VRFLDO H[HUFLWDW GH QRXD DJHQ LH GH

s. úL GH JUDGXO GH HOLPLQDUH D IDFWRULORU
gratificatori anteriori. 9DVLPLODUHFRPXQLFDUHFRQWUROVSHFLDOvQY DUHVRFLDO . L.V.

62&,$/,=$5($ 1$ ,81,/25 scop final al sociologiei comparate elaborate de Nicolae

Petrescu (1886 –  VHPQLILFkQG vQFUHGHUHD REVWLQDW  D DXWRUXOXL vQ GHVWLQXO WHUDSHXWLF úL
PHQLUHD UHIRUPDWRDUH DO VSLULWXOXL VRFLRORJLHL VDOH DYkQG XUP WRUXO FRQ LQXW FRQGXLWD QD LRQDO 

WUHEXLHV vQFHWH]HV JHQHUH]HWHQVLXQLúLFRQIOLFWHGHYHQLQGVRFLDO SULQDGPLWHUHDIDSWXOXLF RULFH

JUXS VRFLDO DSDU LQH FD SDUWH vQWUHJXO ui. S.n. SUHVXSXQH HOLPLQDUHD GLQ FRQúWLLQ D LQGLYL]LORU úL
JUXSXULORUDGRFWULQHLIDOVHDLQGLYLGXDOLW LLDEVROXWHDVWDWHORUQD LRQDOHJUXSXULORUHWQLFHúLFUHDUHD

FRQúWLLQ HLXPDQHDLGHQWLW LLQDWXULLXPDQH S.n.VHvQWHPHLD] SHWUHLUD LXQL

QD LXQLOHPDQLIHVW RLGHQWLWDWHvQVWUXFWXUDORUSVLKRORJLF 

LQWHUHVHOHORULQGLYLGXDOHúLLPHGLDWHQHFHVLW FRRSHUDUH

LGHDOXULOH ORU FXOWXUDOH SRW IL GHSOLQ UHDOL]DWH GRDU  vQ FDGUXO VRFLHW LL XPDQH FDUH GHS úHúWH

JUDQL HOHORFDOHúLQD LRQDOH V compara LHFRQIOLFWQD LXQH. M.L.

SOCIETATE.0RGRUJDQL]DWGHH[LVWHQ vQVIHUDIHQRPHQHORUYLH LL'DF  s.SUHVXSXQHH[LVWHQ D

FRPXQLWDU DXQRULQGLYL]LDUWLFXOD LvQDQVDPEOXULPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQSHUVLVWHQWHDWXQFLHDHVWH

proprie nu numai naturii umaQHGDUvQJUDGHGLIHULWHúLPXOWRUVSHFLLGLQOXPHDDQLPDO (WRORJLD

úL VRFLRORJLD  DX FRQILUPDW vQWU DGHY U F  FKLDU úL OD QLYHOXO VSHFLLORU LQIHULRDUH YLH XLWRDUHOH vúL
-
RUJDQL]HD]  FRPSRUWDPHQWXO vQ IRUPH FDUH DPLQWHVF GH FHHD FH vQ VIHUD XPDQXOXL VH QXPHúWH

IDPLOLH SURSULHWDWH LHUDUKLH WHULWRULX FRPXQ vQWUDMXWRUDUH DOWUXLVP SUH]HQ D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL

VRFLDO OD YLH XLWRDUHOH LQIHULRDUH VSHFLHL XPDQH O -a determinat pe Rene Maunier (Introduction a la
sociologie  V  FRQVLGHUH F  DO WXUL GH V tudiul s. XPDQH VRFLRORJLD DU WUHEXL V -úL LQWHJUH]H úL
WDEORXOVRFLHW LORUGHDQLPDOH$QDORJLDvQWUHYLD DVRFLDO DRDPHQLORUúLYLD DVRFLDO DDQLPDOHORU

DIRVWREVHUYDW vQF GLQDFWLFKLWDWHV DYRUELWDWXQFLGHSLOG GH³UHSXEOLFLGHIXUQLFL´vQV DELD

-
în secolele XVIII –;,;DFHDVW DQDORJLHGHYLQHRELHFWGHREVHUYD LHVSHFLDO vQGHRVHELGLQSDUWHD
biologilor, culminând cu lucrarea lui Alfred Espinas, Societes animales WH]  GH GRFWRUDWFI
Maunier, Op. cit.). Sociologii, prin Durkheim în primul rând , s-DXDU WDWGLQWUXvQFHSXWUHIUDFWDULOD

DVHPHQHD DQDORJLL UHVWUkQJkQG FDUDFWHUXO YLH LL DQLPDOH  OD LQVWLQFWH úL UHIOH[H 1LFL DQWURSRORJLD

FXOWXUDO Q DIRVWVWU LQ GHRDVHPHQHDUHDF LH7HRULDVXSUDRUJDQLFLVW FXOWXULL$/.URHEH

- r, The
Superorganic, 1917) aducea în prim-SODQXO GLVFX LHL GRX  LGHL GLUHFWRDUH vQWkL FXOWXUD HVWH VXSUD
-
LQGLYLGXDO GHWHUPLQLVPXOHLQXVHUHD]HP vQFKLSHVHQ LDOSHLQGLYL]LLXPDQLDSRLFXOWXUDGH LQH

VODEH úL LPSUHYL]LELOH OHJ WXUL FX VXEVWUDWXO ELRORJLF DO H[LVWHQ HL XPDQH 3RVLELOLWDWHD GH D VWXGLD

FRPSRUWDPHQWXO XPDQ úL FHO ]RRORJLF vQWU R SHUVSHFWLY  XQLILFDWRDUH S UHD GHFLFRPSURPLV  OD
-
începutul sec. al XX-OHD6HPQLILFD LDDFHVWRUSULPHUHDF LLQHIDYRUDELOHYHQLWHGHVSUHVRFLRORJLHúL
antroSRORJLH FXOWXUDO  QH DSDUH SHVWH WLPS PDL OLPSHGH vQ FD]XO OXPLL DQLPDOH VRFLDOLWDWHD QX
LQWU vQGLIHUHQ DVSHFLILF vQFD]XORPXOXL DFHDVW LQFOXGHUHDUHORFILUHúWH FXQHFHVLWDWH$OWIHO

VSXVVRFLDOLWDWHDHVWHXQIHQRPHQVHFXQGDUSHQWUXFXQRDúWHUHDELRORJLF XQGHDQDWRPLDIL]LRORJLD

úL VWUXFWXUD JHQHWLF  D RUJDQLVPHORU UHSUH]LQW  WHPH VSHFLILFH GH VWXGLX vQ VFKLPE OD RP

VRFLDOLWDWHD LQH GH DWULEXWHOH HVHQ LDOH úL QX vQWkPSO WRU GHQXPLUHD JHQHULF  GH ³úWLLQ H VRFLDOH´ VH

DSOLF  DGHVHD GLVFLSOLQHORU PDL vQGUHSW LWH SRDWH D VH QXPL ³DQWURSRORJLFH´ VDX ³VRFLR -umane”.
$OWPLQWHUL QX H PDL SX LQ DGHY UDW LDU VRFLRORJLL úL FXOWXURORJLL V-au convins de aceasta ulterior)

F  WRWXúL s.  XPDQ  QX SRDWH IL vQ HOHDV  FRPSOHW I U  D VH LQH VHDPD Ge substratul biologic al

LQGLYL]LORUFHLQWU vQFRPSRQHQ DHL'DF  GHH[HPSOXOX P s.FD JUXS XPDQSULPDHLLSRVWD] H

FHD GHPRJUDILF  s. H vQWkL GH WRDWH R SRSXOD LH FX WRDWH DWULEXWHOH DFHVWHLD LQFOXVLY FX WHQGLQ D

ILUHDVF  GH D VH UHSURGXFH ELRORJLF ÌQV úL FULWHULLOH GH ³VH[´ GXS  R X]DQ  PDL QRX  ³JHQ´ úL

³YkUVW ´ FDUH JHQHUHD]  LPSRUWDQWH FRQILJXUD LL DOH VWUXFWXULL XQHL
s. (= ale structurii sociale) sunt
de fapt criterii naturale, biologice; consacrarea úL efectele lor (ceea ce, e drept, QX vQVHDPQ  SX LQ
OXFUX UHSUH]LQW  SURFHVH VRFLDOH GDU FULWHULLOH FD DWDUH VXQW QDWXUDOH 'HYLQH R GDW  vQ SOXV

explicabil de ce sociologii folosesc frecvent în locul termenului s. H[SUHVLD ³YLD  VRFLDO ´ 7UDLDQ
Herseni (6RFLRORJLH 7HRULD JHQHUDO  D YLH LL VRFLDOH  GHILQHD VRFLRORJLD GUHSW ³úWLLQ D
IRUPHORU FROHFWLYH GH YLD  RPHQHDVF ´ DQXQ kQGX-úL H[SOLFLW SUHGLOHF LD SHQWUX VXEVWLWXLUHD GH

FkWH RUL VH SRWULYHúWH  D WHUPHQXOXL s.  FX H[SUHVLD ³YLD  VRFLDO ´ $QWKRQ\ *LGGHQV The

Constitution of Society  UHOHY  GRX  FDWHJRULL GH VHQVXUL DOH FRQFHSWXOXL GH s. O prima
FDWHJRULH VXEVXPHD]  FULVWDOL] UL VSHFLILFH GH UHOD LL vQWUH LQGLYL]LL XPDQL úL vQWUH LQVWLWX LL s.

FDSLWDOLVW  s. UXUDO  s.SOXUDO HWF$GRXDFDWHJRULHYL]HD] FDUDFWerul de unitate (entitate) pe care

vOGREkQGHVFUHOD LLOHVRFLDOHUHODWLYKRW UQLFLWHs.JHUPDQ s.URPkQHDVF s. HXURSHDQ HWFWRWvQ

DFHDVW  FDWHJRULH GH VHQVXUL VH LQWHJUHD]  úL FRPXQLW LOH PLFL FDUH VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWLYH SHQWUX R

]RQ GHWHUPLQDW DYkQGGHFLYDORDUHGHHúDQWLRQúLFDUHVHUYHVFGUHSWED]HGHFHUFHW ULHWQRJUDILFH

(s. Nuer, s. Tikopia, sau –GDF IRUPXODDFHDVWDV-DUILIL[DWúLvQOLPEDMXOURPkQHVFGHVSHFLDOLWDWH-

s. Nereju, s. 'U JXú HWF vQ ILQH vQ DFHHDúL FDWHJRULH VHFXQG pot fi introduse, de asemenea,
DVRFLD LLOH SURIHVLRQDOH GH SLOG  6RFLHWDWHD GH $QWURSRORJLH GLQ 3DULV $VRFLD LD (XURSHDQ  D

$QWURSRORJLORU6RFLDOL$VRFLD LD6RFLRORJLORUGLQ5RPkQLD&KLDUúLFXDFHVWHSUHFL] ULFRQFHSWXO

ca atare de s.U PkQHYDJúLH[SXVRELHF LLORUÌQ*UXSXOGH'H]EDWHULvQ7HRULD$QWURSRORJLF 

*'$7GHSHOkQJ 8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ0DQFKHVWHUDOXDWvQGLVFX LHPR LXQHDFXWLWOXO The Concept

of Society in Theoretically Obsolete / Conceptul de societate este teoretic perimat GLVFX LL
SXEOLFDWHvQ0DULO\Q6WUDWKHUQFDUHDúLSURSXVPR LXQHDFRQWHVW XWLOLWDWHDDFHVWXLFRQFHSW

prezentându-O FD R UHLILFDUH D XQHL DEVWUDF LL úL DYDQVkQG FD SRVLELO VXEVWLWXW DO s. sociabilitatea
vQV úL6-DI FXWREVHUYD LD(OLVDEHWK7RQNLQF s.FDRULFHDOWFRQFHSWRSHUHD] PDLELQHvQXQHOH

cazuri empirice decât în altele. S-D PDL UHOHYDW GH DVHPHQHD 7LP QJROG F  DWLWXGLQLOH GH ID  GH
DFHVWFRQFHSWH[SULP GRX PRGXULGHDJkQGLJkQGLUHUHOD LRQLVW SHGHRSDUWHJkQGLUHDWUDV GH

HQWLW L SH GH DOWD ÌQ JHQHUDO FRQWHVWD LLOH OD DGUHVD FRQFHSWXOXL GH s. sunt ecouri târzii ale
VWUXFWXUDOLVPXOXL SRUQLWH vQ VSHFLDO GLQ FRQFHS LD OXL (GPRQG /HDFK &KHVWLXQHD HVWH vQF  vQ

GLVFX LH .XSHUConceptualizing Society, 1992). Ce-i dUHSW SULQ VLQH vQVXúL FRQFHSWXO GH s. nu
vQFDSVXOHD] RID HXULVWLF GHRVHELW )RORVLWGHVWXOGHGHVvQOLPEDMXOFRPXQ³MRFGH s.”, “om de

s.”, “s. RPHQHDVF ´ HWF HO QX-úL UHDOL]HD]  RSHUD LRQDOLWDWHD DQDOLWLF  GHFkW VXE IRUPD DOWRU
concepte –V Oe zicem “izotropice” –SUHFXP³VLVWHPVRFLDO´³VWUXFWXU VRFLDO ´³FRPXQLWDWH´ILH
PLF  ILH FRPSOH[  /XFUXULOH QX VWDX vQV  DOWIHO vQ SULYLQ D XQRU FRQFHSWH GLQ DOWH GLVFLSOLQH

úWLLQ LILFH&RQFHSWXOGH³FXOWXU ´vQDQWURSRORJLHGHH[QXHVWHRSHUD LRQDOSULQVLQHvQV úLFLSULQ

LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU FRQFHSWH GHULYDWH SUHFXP ³FDWHJRULLOH XQLYHUVDOH DOH FXOWXULL´ ³FXOWXU 

PDWHULDO ´ ³FXOWXU  VSLULWXDO ´ HWF 9 DQWURSRORJLH FXOWXUDO  FRPXQLWDWH FXOWXU  VLVWHP VRFLDO

sociobiologie, sociologie, VWUXFWXU VRFLDO  Gh.G.

62&,(7$7( &,9,/  /D vQFHSXW WHUPHQXO GHVHPQD DFHD SDUWH D VRFLHW LL GLIHULW  GH

RUJDQL]D LLOH PLOLWDUH VDX FRQJUHJD LRQDOH úLHUD VLQRQLPFX WHUPHQXO GH ³VRFLHWDWH SROLWLF ´ 3H

P VXU  FH VIHUD SROLWLF  D VRFLHW LL V -a particuODUL]DW WRW PDL PXOW WHUPHQXO D vQFHSXW V 

GHQXPHDVF DFHOHDUDQMDPHQWHFRGXULúLLQVWLWX LLVRFLDOHúLHFRQRPLFHDOWHOHGHFkWFHOHVWDWDOH

$FHVW WHUPHQ SURYLQH GLQ ODWLQ   civilis societas 3ULQFLSDOHOH VDOH VHPQLILFD LL OD GDWRU P OXL

Cicero. În accHS LDOXLVXQWVXEVXPDWHDLFLQXQXPDLVWDWXOVDXLQGLYL]LLFLúLFRQGL LLOHGHYLD 

DOH XQHL FRPXQLW L SROLWLFH FLYLOL]DWH VXILFLHQW GH GH]YROWDW  SHQWUX D FXSULQGH RUDúH FX OHJL

SURSULLUHOD LLVRFLDOHFXGHOLFLLOHúLOLEHUW LOHXQHL³YLH LFLYLOH´úLXQHLHFRQRPLLGHSLD $LFL

VH RULJLQHD]  DVSLUD LLOH ³FRPXQHORU´ VDX ³EXUJK -urilor” medievale, reprezentate de clasa care
DYHD V  OH SRDUWH QXPHOH – EXUJKH]LD úL V  OH LQFOXG  vQWU -o ideologie. Pentru John Locke,

³VRFLHWDWHDFLYLO VDXSROLWLF VHRSXQHDXWRULW LLSDWHUQDOHúLVW ULLGHQDWXU úLHVWHXQIDFWRUGH

SURJUHV JHQHUDWRU GH FRQIRUW úL GH RUGLQH ED]DW  SH OHJH +HJHO úL 0DU[ DYHDX V  LQYHUVH]H

DFHVW UDSRUW PRUDO LPSOLFLW SURPRYkQG R SHUVSHFWLY  vQ FDUH VRFLHWDWHD FLYLO  DSDUH FD R VWDUH

DWLQV  SULQ PHUFDQWLOLVP HJRLVP úL DYDUL LH vQ FDUH RPXOXL vL OLSVHúWH F OGXUD úL FRH]LXQHD

PRUDO  D VRFLHW LORU SULPDUH $FXP SULQ s.c. VH vQ HOHJH R RUGLQH VRFLDO  úL HFRQRPLF  FDUH VH

WUDQVIRUP FRQIRUPSURSULLORUUHJXOLLQGHSHQGHQWGHFHULQ HOHHWLFHDOHDVRFLD LLORUOHJDOLVWHVDX

SROLWLFH 7HUPHQXO VH UHIHU  OD DVSHFWHOH QRQSROLWLFH DOH RUGLQLL VRFLDOH FRQWHPSRUDQH D F URU

LPSRUWDQ  D FUHVFXW DWkW GH PXOW vQFkW VH GLVFXW  GDF  H[LVW  XQ DFRUG vQWUH s.c. úL VWDW ÌQ
VRFLHW LOHSOXUDOLVWH s.c. aRE LQXWXQORFIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWFRQVWLWXLQGXQDGLQIRUPHOHFHOHPDL

LPSRUWDQWH GH DS UDUH D LQGLYL]LORU úL JUXSXULORU XPDQH vQ ID D H[SDQVLXQLL VWDWDOH úL IXUQL]kQG

PLMORDFHOHGHLQIOXHQ DUHDGHFL]LLORUSROLWLFH&HOPDLHILFLHQWúLFDUHDGHYHQLWRFRPSRQHQW D

sistemului politic este grupul de presiune sau lobby, cum este numit în Statele Unite. Grupul de
SUHVLXQH HVWH IRUPD VSHFLILF  SULQ FDUH VH DUWLFXOHD]   VH DJUHJ  úL VH H[SULP  YDULHWDWHD

intereselor dintr-R VRFLHWDWH SOXUDOLVW  3UHVLXQHD HVWH H[HUFLWDW  DWkW DVXSUD SDUWLGHORU SROLWLFH
FkW úL DVXSUD LQVWLWX LLORU GH SXWHUH –  SDUODPHQWH úL JXYHUQH PDL QRX FKLDU DVXSUD LQVWLWX LLORU

&RPXQLW LL (XURSHQH SULQ IRUPH H[WUHP GH YDULDWH úL VSHFLILFH GH OD DU  OD DU  &HOH PDL

active, pe acest canDO DO LQIOXHQ ULL VRFLDOH VXQW DVW ]L PLQRULW LOH HWQLFH FXOWXUDOH VDX

UHOLJLRDVH XQHOH GLQWUH HOH GHYHQLQG DGHY UDWH FHQWUH GH SRODUL]DUH SROLWLF  VDX GH SXWHUH V.
putere, stat. N.L.

62&,(7$7( '( 0$6 , societate în care grupurile primare, informale úL UHOD LLOH ED]DWH SH
FRPXQLWDWH úL WUDGL LL DX IRVW vQORFXLWH FX UHOD LL FRQWUDFWXDOH XWLOLWDWH úL JUXSXUL VHFXQGDUH úL

IRUPDOH (VWH HWDSD ILQDO  vQ WUHFHUHD GH OD gemeinschaft la gesellschaft. S.m.  VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] 

SULQ DQRQLPLWDWH JUXS UL GH WLS DVRFLDWLY HFRQRPLH GLYHUV  PRELOLWDWH VSHFLDOL]DUH úL

GLIHUHQ LHUHH[WUHPHVROLGDULWDWH RUJDQLF FRPSOLFD LH D YLH LLVRFLDOHVSHFLDOL]DUHD UROXULORUúL

VWDWXVXULORU VWDWXVXUL SDU LDOH úL GREkQGLWH GHSHQGHQWH GH HGXFD LH PDUH GLYHUVLWDWH GH UROXUL

GLVWDQ DUHID GHUROFRQIOLFWHLQWHUUROXULUHOD LLSHED] GHUROXULIUDJPHQWDWHSXWHUHED]DW SH

YDORUL H[WUDORFDOH IXQF LL PDQLIHVWH PXOWLSOLFDUHD JUXSXULORU GH VHJUHJDUH úL FRQIOLFW

RUJDQL]DUH SH ED]D VLVWHPXOXL GH YRW YLD  VRFLDO  FRQFHQWUDW  SH RFXSD LH WH[WXU  UHOD LRQDO 

VODE  RS LXQL LQGLYLGXDOH vQ DIDUD QRUPHORU úL YDORULORU WUDGL LRQDOH DOLHQDUH úL UHGXQGDQ 

VRFLDO VF ]XW (VWHXQWLSLGHDOFDUHQXVHUHJ VHúWHFDDWDUHQLF LHULGDUDOHF UXLWU V WXULVXQW

tot mai vizibile în toatH VRFLHW LOH PRGHUQH &RPSRUWDPHQWHOH vQ s.m. sunt neorganizate,
QHVWUXFWXUDWH úL QHFRQFRUGDQWH HOH SRW OXD IRUPD ]YRQXULORU PRGHL SDVLXQLORU IROLLORU LVWHULHL

FROHFWLYHSDQLFLL0XOWHWHRULLVRFLRORJLFHVXV LQF PDMRULWDWHDWU V WXULORUQHJDWLYHD le s.m. nu

VXQW LQHUHQWH GH]YROW ULL VRFLHWDOH PRGHUQH FL GHFXUJ GLQ HIHFWHOH LQWHQ LRQDWH VDX SHUYHUVH DOH

XQRUSROLWLFLHFRQRPLFHúLVRFLDOH V. comportament colectiv, gemeinschaft – gesellschaft, PDV .

I.Mih.
62&,(7$7( '( 3,$  WHUPHQ GH HVHQ  ZHEHULDQ  XWLOL]DW SHQWUX D GHVHPQD VWDUHD XQHL

VRFLHW L FDUH GHSLQGH vQWU-XQ JUDG VHPQLILFDWLY GH R ³VLWXD LH GH FODV ´ RSXV  XQHL ³VLWXD LL GH

status”). “S.p. HVWH DFHO WLS GH VRFLHWDWH FDUH VH RULHQWHD]  RELHFWLY vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX LQWHUHVXO
pentru bunuriOHGHVFKLPEúLQXPDLSHQWUXDFHVWHD´vQWU-o atare societate:
ƒ SUHGRPLQ ³OHJDOLWDWHD UD LRQDO vQSDUWLFXODU LQYDULDELOLWDWHDSURPLVLXQLLI FXWH´úLDFHVWHD

³UHSUH]LQW VXEVWDQ DHWLFLLSLH HL´

ƒ ³SLD DHVWHvQRSR]L LHFRPSOHW FXWRDWHDFHOHFRPXQDOL] ULFDUHSUHVXSXQRIUDWHUQL]DUH´

ƒ VFKLPEXO OLEHU VH SHWUHFH « vQ DIDUD FRPXQLW LL GH YHFLQ WDWH úL D RULF URU OHJ WXUL

personale”;
ƒ ³FRPHU XO´ FDS W  FDUDFWHUXO XQXL ³VFKLPE PXW´ DGLF  VH GHVI úRDU  I U  ³FRQWDFWH

personale” (cf. Max Weber, Economie et Societe, 1971, t I, p. 634 – 35). Teoria s.p. ne
VSXQH GH H[HPSOX F  úL PXQFLWRUXO úL FDSLWDOLVPXO UHSUH]HQWDQ LL FHORU GRX  ³FODVH

HFRQRPLFH´ ³SRVHVRDU ´ úL ³SURGXF WRDUH´ VXQW ³LQWHUHVD L´ vQDLQWH GH RULFH DOWFHYD GH

realizarea schimbului úL GH UD LRQDOL]DUHD OXL FHL GRL ILLQG WRWDOL ³OLEHUL´ vQ ID D UHOD LHL GH
VFKLPE XQXO V -úL YkQG  IRU D GH PXQF  OD XQ SUH  FkW PDL ULGLFDW DFKL]L LRQDUHD GH

venituriFHO ODOW V IRORVHDVF IRU D GH PXQF  SHQWUX D-úLVSRUL posesiunea $FHODúL LQWHUHV
îi trLPLWHSHSLD úLvLvQGHDPQ V UD LRQDOL]H]HODPD[LPXPUHOD LDFKLDUGDF DFHDVWDvLúL
RSXQHSHXQXOFHOXLODOW(VWHFODUGHFLF ³VLWXD LDGHFODV HVWHvQXOWLP LQVWDQ RVLWXD LH

GH SLD ´ FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  F  ³úDQVHOH GH YLD ´ DOH RDPHQLORU GHSLQG DLFL GH SR]L LLOH ORU

SH³SLD D FDSLWDOLVW ´úLID  GHHD 6LWXD LD GH FODV  VH GHILQHúWH SULQ SR]L LDLQGLYL]LORU ID 

GH SURSULHWDWH úL GH FRQGL LLOH GH YLD  PDWHULDO  3URSULHWDWHD úL FRQGL LLOH GH YLD 

HFRQRPLF  VXQW GHFL SULQFLSDOHOH FULWHUL i ale conduitelor sociale în s.p. $FWLYLWDWHD VRFLDO 

³YL]HD] ´DLFLXQVFRSUD LRQDOSUHVWDELOLWSHED]DFULWHULLORUSLH HLDOHPD[LPHLúLUD LRQDOHL

DGHFY UL D PLMORDFHORU OD VFRSXUL 'DF  VRFLHW LOH GH VWDWXV VH GLIHUHQ LD]  SH VW UL sau

grupuri de status, s.p.VHGLIHUHQ LD] FHOSX LQvQSULP LQVWDQ , în clase economice care se
WUDQVIRUP  vQ clase sociale GLQ FDUH VH SRW QDúWH HYHQWXDO úL JUXS UL GH VWDWXV 2EVHUY P

GHFL F  GHúL tipologic FHOH GRX  VRFLHW L VXQW SULQFLSDO RSXVH SRODUL]DWH, în plan istoric

concret, ele nu se exclud obligatoriu, ba chiar pot deriva unele din altele. Astfel, dintr-o
SXWHUQLF  s.p.  VH SRDWH QDúWH R VRFLHWDWH GH VWDWXV FX XQ IRDUWH SURQXQ DW VHQWLPHQW DO

GLIHUHQ LHULL GH VDWXV GXS  ³SUHVWLJLX´ úL ³SULYLOHJLX´ de status). Clasele economice sunt

GHFLSULQFLSDODUHDOLWDWHDVRFLHW LLGHFODV úL0DU[:HEHUOHvPSDUWHvQ³FODVDSRVHVRULORU´

SHQWUX FDUH SURSULHWDWHD HVWH GHILQLWLY  úL ³FODVD SURGXF WRULORU´ SHQWUX FDUH GHILQLWRULL

sunt “veniturile economice”, adLF DFFHVXOODEXQXULOHúLVHUYLFLLOHH[LVWHQWHSHSLD 7HRULD

s.p.SHUPLWHDQDOL]DFODVHORUHFRQRPLFHDWUDQVIRUP ULLORUvQ³FODVHVRFLDOH´VDXvQ³FDVWH´
PLMORFHúWH DQDOL]D PRELOLW LL VRFLDOH D ³FRPXQDOL] ULL´ úL D ³VRFLHWL] ULL´ 6LWXD LD GH FODV 

HVWHvQXOWLP LQVWDQ RVLWXD LHGHSLD vQVHQVXOF ³úDQVHOHGHYLD DOHLQGLYL]LORU´SRW

ILUHJOHPHQWDWHGHSLD DGHP UIXULGHSLD DIRU HLGHPXQF úLGHvQWUHSULQGHUHDFDSLWDOLVW 

$FHVW DVSHFW HVWH HVHQ LDO SHQWUX GHILQLUHD ³VRFLHW LL GH SLD ´ FI úL ,RQ 8QJXQUHDQX

Paradigme ale FXQRDúWHULL VRFLHW LL, 1991, p.141 9 FODV  VRFLDO  HFRQRPLFH GH SLD 

societate de status I.B.

SOCIETATE STATUS, concept creat de sociologul german Max Weber pentru a desemna acel tip
GH VRFLHW L vQ FDUH SUHGRPLQ  FHHD FH QXPHúWH HO ³VLWXD LH GH VWDWXV´ ³ÌQ FRQWUDVW FX VLWXD LD GH

FODV  GHWHUPLQDW  SXU HFRQRPLF VFULH :HEHU GRULP V  GHVHPQ P FD VLWXD LH GH VWDWXV orice
FRPSRQHQW  WLSLF  D YLH LL RDPHQLORU FDUH HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  GH R HVWLPDUH VRFLDO a prestigiului,
VSHFLILF  SR]LWLY  VDX QHJDWLY  « 3UHVWLJLXO GH VWDWXV VWDWXV KRQRXU VH VSULMLQ  vQWRWGHDXQD SH

GLVWDQ  úLH[FOXGHUH´ ÌQ s.s.DYHUHDHVWHVXERUGRQDW  SUHVWLJLXOXLúL QXLQWHUHVXOXL GHFDSLWDOL]DUHD

venitului ca în “societatea de pia ´'HFL³SUHVWLJLXO´HVWHFHOFDUHvQWHPHLD] ³VW ULOH´VLWXD LDVDX

³JUXSXULOH GH VWDWXV´ SH FkQG ³IDFWRUXO´ FDUH FUHHD]  FODVHOH HVWH LQWHUHVXO HFRQRPLF úL DQXPH

DFHOH ³LQWHUHVH LPSOLFDWH vQ H[LVWHQ D SLH HL « 2UGLQHD GH VWDWXV vQVHDPQ  H[DFW LQY
ersul” (Max
weber, Economy and Society, 1968, vol.2, p. 926-&ULWHULXOVLWXD LHLGHVWDWXVDúDGDUQXHVWHFHO
HFRQRPLF SR]L LD RDPHQLORU ID  GH SLD D EXQXULORU FRQGL LLOH HFRQRPLFH DOH FODVHL vQ JHQHUH FL
privilegiul UHVSHFWLY ³SUHWHQ LD FRQVLGHUD LHL VRFLDOH´ ³SUHVWLJLXO´ VDX ³RQRDUHD GH VWDWXV´ $FHVW
prestigiu VH GREkQGHúWH JUD LH XQXL PRG GH YLD  SULQWU-XQ WLS GH HGXFD LH RUL FD SUHVWLJLX DO XQHL
³SURIHVLL´ &XULR]LWDWHD HVWH F  DFHVW SUHVWLJLX VH U VIUkQJH DVXSUD vQWUHJLL IDPLOLL úL FKLar se

PRúWHQHúWH DVWIHO F  QX SRDWH IL pierdut GDU vQ VFKLPE SRDWH IL ³X]XUSDW´ 6RFLHW LOH VXQW

FRQIUXQWDWH DGHVHRUL FX PLúF UL X]XUSDWRDUH DVWIHO F  GXS  R DVHPHQHD PLúFDUH PDL GHYUHPH RUL

PDLWkU]LXXUPHD] RUHDF LHOHJLWLPLVW ODX]XUSDUHÌQVHQVXODFHVWDH[LVW PLúF ULVRFLDOHFDUHSRW

IL DVLPLODUH LQWHJUDO OD WLSXO UHDF LLORU OHJLWLPLVWH FRQWUD XQHL X]XUS UL GH VWDWXV 'HVLJXU QX WRDWH

UHYROX LLOH VXQW PLúF UL GH UHDF LHS.s. HVWH FRQVWLWXLW  vQ WHPHLXO XQRU SRVWXODWH úL SULQFLSLL RSXVH
“UHJXOLORU SLH HL´ GDU HD vQV úL QX DF LRQHD]  REOLJDWRULX FRQWUD ³SLH HL´ 2 VRFLHWDWH GH ³FODVH´
poate evolua spre o s.s GDF  FODVHOH VRFLDOH VH WUDQVIRUP  vQ ³JUXS UL GH VWDWXV´ S.s. vQIORUHúWH SH
terenul economiei de consum liturgico-monopoliste, feudale sau patrimonial stratificate, în timp ce
FODVHOHSURGXF WRDUHDSDUSHVROXOXQHLHFRQRPLLGHSLD S.s.DOLQLD] UHVXUVHúLSUHRFXS ULSHOLQLD

XQXLFRQVXPFDUHSDUHLUD LRQDOGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHHFRQRPLF'LQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHV-ar putea

VXV LQH F  s.s.  VH LQWHUHVHD]  PDL PXOW GH FRQVXP úL PDL SX LQ GH UD LRQDOL]DUHD SLH HL RUL F 

DF LRQHD]  FKLDU SH R GLUHF LH FDUH EORFKHD]  DILUPDUHD ³SLH HL OLEHUH´ 3H GH DOW  SDUWH MXGHFkQG

GXS DQXPLWHDVSHFWHDOHVRFLHW LLDPHULFDQHRSR]L LDGLQWUHFHOHGRX WLSXULGHVLWXD LL – de status

úLGHFODV – s-DUGH]YROWDPDLGHJUDE vQGLUHF LDFRPSOHPHQWDULW LLORUGHFkWvQDFHHDDH[FOXGHULL

lor. Astfel, din punct de vedere economic GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH FODVD GH PLMORF ³JXOHUH DOEH´ úL FODVD
muncitoare (“blX]HOH DOEDVWUH´vQ $PHULFDHVWHDSURDSHQXO (OH QXVHGHRVHEHVFSULQ ³FRQGL LLOH
GH H[LVWHQ ´ FL SULQ ³VWLOXO GH YLD ´ FDUH VWDELOHúWH GLIHUHQ H GH VWDWXV extraordinare între cele

GRX  JUXS UL FI ,RQ 8QJXUHDQX 3DUDGLJPH DOH FXQRDúWHULL VRFLHW Li, 1991, p.143). Prin urmare,

VWUDWLILFDUHD GH VWDWXV QX SRDWH IL FRQIXQGDW  FX GLIHUHQ LHUHD GH FODV  úL QX VH DIO  vQWU-R RSR]L LH

UDGLFDO  FX ³HWLFD SLH HL´ *UXSXO ³JXOHUHORU DOEH´ YD DF LRQD EXQ RDU  FD ³JUXS GH VWDWXV´ vQ

UHOD LLOH FX ³EOX]HOH DOEDVWUH´ GDU WRWRGDW  VH YD PDQLIHVWD FD JUXS GH RULHQWDUH UD LRQDO  vQ

ILQDOLWDWH UD LRQDOL]DUHD LQVWUXPHQWDO  vQ UHOD LLOH VDOH FX ³SDWURQXO´ 3H GH DOW  SDUWH H ELQH V 

UH LQHP SUHFL]DUHD GH HVHQ  ZHEHULDQ  F  DWXQFL FkQG ³ED]HOH DFKL]L LRQ ULL úL GLVWULEX LHL

EXQXULORU VXQW VWDELOH vQIORUHúWH VWUDWLILFDUHD GH VWDWXV 2ULFH UHSHUFXVLXQH WHKQRORJLF  úL RULFH

WUDQVIRUPDUH HFRQRPLF  DPHQLQ  vQV  VWUDWLILFDUHD GH VWDWXV úL vPSLQJH vQ ID  FODVHOH (SRFLOH úL

ULOH vQ FDUH VLWXD LD GH FODV  DUH R VHPQLILFD LH SUHSRQGHUHQW  VXQW GH RELFHL FHOH vQ FDUH V
-au
SURGXV DVHPHQHD WUDQVIRUP UL WHKQRORJLFH VDX HFRQRPLFH´ &: 0LOOV HG From Max Weber:
Essays in Sociology, Oxford, 1946, p.195). 9FODV VRFLDO JXOHUHDOEHDOEDVWUHVRFLHWDWHGHSLD 

I.B.

SOCIOBIOLOGIE GRPHQLX GH VWXGLX DO ED]HL ELRORJLFH D FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU VRFLDOH DQLPDOH úL
XPDQH XWLOL]kQG OHJLOH HYROX LHL ELRORJLFH FD IXQGDPHQW H[SOLFDWLY &D GLVFLSOLQ  GH VWXGLX UHODWLY

FRQVWLWXLW  s. DSDUH OD MXP WDWHD GHFHQLXOXL DO RSWXOHD DO VHFROXOXL QRVWUX RGDW  FX SXEOLFDUHD GH

F WUH (GZDUG 2 :LOVRQ SURIHVRU GH HQWRPRORJLH OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD +DUYDUG 68$ D OXFU ULL

Sociobiology: the new syntesis +DUYDUG 8QLYUVLW\ 3UHVV  'XS  FLQFLVSUH]HFH DQL GH OD
WLS ULUHD ³QRLL VLQWH]H´ DVXSUD HYROX LHL – în fond, o încercare de actualizare pe baza geneticii

moleculare a vechilor principii ale darwinismului social – QX VH SRDWH VWDELOL FX VXILFLHQW  SUHFL]LH
QLFLDULD GHSUHRFXS UL D s.QLFLGLUHF LLOHHLGHHYROX LHXQHRULVHIDFHGLVWLQF Le între s. DQLPDO úL

s. XPDQ  vQWUH s. ZLOVRQLDQ  úL s. QHZLOVRQLDQ  ÌQVXúL LQL LDWRUXO s. vúL QXDQ HD]  úL vúL O UJHúWH
FRQWLQXX FRQFHS LD ,QL LDO (2 :LOVRQ úL-D D[DW FHUFHW ULOH SH FRPSRUWDPHQWXO LQVHFWHORU VRFLDOH

LDUvQH[SOLFDUHDDSDUL LHLDQXPLWRULQVWLWX LLVRFLDOHúLFRPSRUWDPHQWHXPDQHV-DVLWXDWSHSR]L LLOH

GDUZLQLVPXOXL VRFLDO ÌQ FHRQFHS LD VD HYROX LD SULQ VHOHF LH QDWXUDO  V-ar afla la baza
FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU VRFLDOH 1X VH PDL LQYRF  VXSUDYLH XLUHD LQGLYL]LORU FDUH SUH]LQW  DQXPLWH

DYDQWDMH vQ OXSWD SHQWUX H[LVWHQ  FL VH DILUP  F  ³DSWLWXGLQHD GDUZLQLDQ ´ VSRULW  D XQRU JHQH

GHWHUPLQ  SURSDJDUHD ORU PDL LQWHQV  2UJDQLVPXO DU DYHD FD SULQFLSDO  IXQF LH UHSURGXFHUHD

genelor, constituind doar un suport temporar pentru ele. Anumite geQH RE LQ GH OD JHQHUD LD FDUH
VXSUDYLH XLHúWH R UHSUH]HQWDUH VXSHULRDU  DOWRU JHQH /XSWD SHQWUX H[LVWHQ  QX VH PDL GXFH vQWUH

LQGLYL]LFLvQWUHJHQH/DGDWDDSDUL LHL s.SR]L LDLGHRORJLF DOXL(2:LOVRQDIRVWFDOLILFDW GUHSW

UDVLVPPXO LRDPHQLGHúWLLQ ELRORJLJHQHWLFLHQLVRFLRORJLDQWURSRORJLSVLKRORJLHWFúLILORVRIL

constituindu-VH vQ DVRFLD LL GH OXSW  vPSRWULYD s. (Sociobiology Study Group, S.U.A., Science of
Ideology Group of British Society for Social Responsibility in Science, Marea Britanie). S-DUHSURúDW
s. F  ³UHXQHúWH PHQGHOLVPXO YXOJDU vQ VSULMLQXO VWDWXTXR-ului social” (R.C. Lewontin, S. Rose,
L.J.Kamin, Nous ne sommes pas programes, La Decouvert, Paris, 1985, p.133). Publicarea eseurilor
lui E.O. Wilson Despre natura uman (On Human Nature  D GH]Y OXLW úv PDL SUHJQDQW
OLPLWHOH WHRUHWLFH úL PHWRGRORJLFH DOH s. &RQFHSWHOH FX FDUH RSHUHD]  s. DSWLWXGLQH GDUZLQLDQ 

DSWLWXGLQH GDUZLQLDQ  JOREDO  HJRLVPXO úL DOWUXLVPXO JHQHORU LQWHUHVXO UHSURGXFWLY LQWHUHVXO

genetic úDPG QX VXQW ULJXURV GHILQLWH O VkQGX VH SRVLELOLWDWHD XQRU LQWHUSUHW UL FRQWUDGLFWRULL
-
([SOLFD LLOH VXQW DGHVHD FRQWUDGLFWRULL VXSUDYLH LXHVF JHQHOH FX DSWLWXGLQH GDUZLQLDQ  ULGLFDW 

GHFL LQGLYL]L DS L FDUH VXQW DS L WRFPDL SHQWUX F  VXSUDYLH XLHVF 3LHUUH 7KXLOOLHU  'XS 

E.O.Wilson comportamentele sociale precum: patriotismul, agresivitatea, conformismul etc. etc., ca

úL LQVWLWX LLOH úL IHQRPHQHOH VRFLDOH IDPLOLD VWDWXO GLYL]XQHD VRFLDO  D PXQFLL U ]ERDLHOH HWF DX R

determinare natXUDO VXQWSURJUDPDWHJHQHWLFÌQVFULHULOHPDLQRLDOHOXL(2:LOVRQVHvQFHDUF R

QXDQ DUH D GHWHUPLQLVPXOXL ELRORJLF I U  D VH UHQXQ D OD SULQFLSLLOH GH ED]  DOH GDUZLQLVPXOXL

social. Astfel, în lucrarea Genes, Mind and Culture: the Coevolutionary Process  VFULV 
vPSUHXQ  FX &KDUOHV /XPVGHQ ³S ULQWHOH´ s. vQFHDUF  V  H[SOLFH HYROX LD VRFLHW LL SH ED]D
FRHYROX LHL JHQH-FXOWXU  IRUPXOkQG ³OHJHD FHORU  GH DQL´ WLPSXO QHFHVDU SHQWUX FD vQ OXSWD

GLQWUH JHQH V  vQYLQJ  JHQDDYDQWDMRDV  ( 2:LOVRQFRQVLGHU  F IRORVLQGX-VH LQJLQHULD JHQHWLF 

úL UHDOL]kQGX-VH EXQD JHVWLXQH D JHQHORU vQ YLLWRU YRU SXWHD IL GHS úLWH PXOWH GLQ SUREOHPHOH

VRFLDOH GLIX]DUHD WHKQLFLL úL WHKQRORJLLORU PRGHUQH SURWHF LD vPSRWULYD EROLORU GH]RUJDQL]DUHD

VRFLDO  úD 'HúL PDL QXDQ DW GHWHUPLQLVPXO ELRORJLF U PkQH SR]L LD GH IRQG D s. wilsoniene.
$FHDVWD UH]XOW  úL GLQ OXFUDUHD Biophilia  vQ FDUH ( 2 :LOVRQ DQDOL]HD]  UDSRUWXO GLQWUH

PHGLXO QDWXUDO HPR LLOH ELRILOLFH SURJUDPDUHD JHQHWLF  D RPXOXL GH D VH DWDúD OD FHHD FH H YLX

VSLULWúLFXOWXU V. darwinism social. S.C.