Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2$(O5XEDLGL$+RUFDMDGDV$OPDQVD '5RGUtJXH]5XELR\-0*DOLFLD%XOQHV
6HUYLFLRGH1HXURFLUXJtD&RPSOHMR+RVSLWDODULRGH-DpQ6HUYLFLRGH1HXURFLUXJtD +RVSLWDO8QLYHUVLWDULR&DUORV+D\D0iODJD
1HXURFLUXJtD
&RPSUHVLyQGHOQHUYLRFLiWLFRFRPRFRPSOLFDFLyQGHODSRVLFLyQVHQWDGR
)LJXUD,PDJHQGH50HQ7FRQFRQWUDVWHPRVWUDQGROD
SUHVHQFLDGHQHXULQRPDGHODF~VWLFRGHUHFKR
)LJXUD&RQWUROSRVWTXLU~UJLFR
XQD WXPRUDFLyQ GH [ FP ORFDOL]DGD HQ HO $QJXOR
SRQWRFHUHEHORVR GHUHFKR FRPSDWLEOH FRQ 1HXULQRPD GHO GLiPHWURORFDOL]DGDHQODPDVDPXVFXODUJO~WHD)LJXUDV
DF~VWLFR)LJXUD $\%6HUHDOL]y50OXPERVDFUDVHOHFWLYDDQLYHOGH
OD HVFRWDGXUD FLiWLFD FRQ \ VLQ FRQWUDVWH FRQ¿UPDQGR OD
,QWHUYHQFLyQ H[LVWHQFLDGHXQIRFRFRQWXVLYRKHPRUUiJLFRORFDOL]DGRHQ
ODPDVDJO~WHDGHUHFKD)LJXUDV$\%\RWURHQWUHHO
7UDV LQIRUPDU DO SDFLHQWH \ IDPLOLDUHV GHO SURFHVR VH P~VFXORSLULIRUPH\HOJO~WHRPD\RUL]TXLHUGRFRPSURPH
RSWySRUODLQWHUYHQFLyQTXLU~UJLFD(OULHVJRDQHVWpVLFRHUD WLHQGRHOWURQFRFLiWLFRDVXVDOLGDGHHVWHQLYHO)LJXUD$
,HQODFODVL¿FDFLyQ$6$6HPRQLWRUL]yHOQHUYLRIDFLDOFRQ \%7UDVWUDWDPLHQWRGHFKRTXHFRQFRUWLFRLGHV\UHKDEL
HOVLVWHPDQHXURHVWLPXODGRUPRQRSRODU1,06HHIHFWXy OLWDFLyQSUHFR]\FRQWLQXDGDFRPHQ]yDSUHVHQWDUVHQVLEOH
YHQGDMH FRPSUHVLYR GH DPERV PLHPEURV LQIHULRUHV FRQ \SURJUHVLYDPHMRUtDUHFXSHUiQGRVHFRPSOHWDPHQWHDORV
ÀH[LyQGHDPEDVURGLOODV\SURWHFFLyQGHORVWRELOORV&RQ PHVHVGHOWUDWDPLHQWRFRQVHUYDGRU
HO SDFLHQWH HQ SRVLFLyQ VHQWDGR OLJHUD ÀH[LyQ FHUYLFDO \
URWDFLyQFUDQHDOKDFtDODGHUHFKDVHSUDFWLFyFUDQLHFWRPtD 'LVFXVLyQ
VXERFFLSLWDO PHGLDQWH DERUGDMH UHWURVLJPRLGHR DO iQJXOR
SRQWRFHUHEHORVRGHUHFKR7UDVODH[pUHVLVUDGLFDOGHOWXPRU /DV FRPSOLFDFLRQHV SUHYLVLEOHV GHO DERUGDMH D ORV
)LJXUDVHVDOYyODLQWHJULGDGDQDWyPLFDGHOIDFLDOVLQ WXPRUHV GHO iQJXOR SRQWRFHUHEHORVR UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ
WHQHUQLQJXQDFRPSOLFDFLyQLQWUDRSHUDWRULD/DGXUDFLyQGH OD SRVLFLyQ VHQWDGR HVWiQ GHVFULWDV HQ OD PD\RUtD GH
ODLQWHUYHQFLyQIXHGHKRUDVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH ORV OLEURV \ SXEOLFDFLRQHV TXH WUDWDQ HO WHPD /DV PiV
$ ODV KRUDV GH OD LQWHUYHQFLyQ OD SDUHVLD GHO IDFLDO IUHFXHQWHV VRQ HPEROLVPR DpUHR HO QHXPRHQFpIDOR ORV
VH KD HPSHRUDGR D HQ OD HVFDOD GH +RXVH \ %UDFN SUREOHPDV DQHVWpVLFRV GHULYDGRV GH ODV YtDV \ VLVWHPD GH
PDQQHVGHFLUGHPRGHUDGDDJUDYHGLVIXQFLyQGHOQHUYLR PRQLWRUL]DFLyQHOVDQJUDGRSRVWTXLU~UJLFRHOGp¿FLWPRWRU
SHUR HO SDFLHQWH VH TXHMDED PiV GH GRORU LQWHQVR FLiWLFR VHFXQGDULR D OD KLSHUÀH[LyQ FHUYLFDO R HO HGHPD GH IRVD
L]TXLHUGRTXHSUHFLVyGHDQDOJpVLFRVPD\RUHVVLQREWHQHU SRVWHULRU DGHPiV GH OD LQFRPRGLGDG SRVWXUDO GHO FLUX
JUDQPHMRUtD/DH[SORUDFLyQQHXUROyJLFDPRVWUDEDODSUH MDQR $OJXQDV GH HVWDV FRPSOLFDFLRQHV HVWiQ SXEOL
VHQFLDGHOVLJQRGH/DVqJXHDOLQLFLRGHODPDQLREUD\OD FDGDV HQ OD UHYLVWD HVSDxROD GH QHXURFLUXJtD 4XHUHPRV
SDUiOLVLVFRPSOHWDDHQODÀH[RH[WHQVLyQSODQWDUGHO SDUWLFLSDUPHGLDQWHHVWHWUDEDMRTXHODSRVLFLyQGHVHQWDGR
SLH L]TXLHUGR /D7$& FUDQHDO GH XUJHQFLD \ 50 OXPEDU VLJXHVLHQGRODPiVXWLOL]DGDHQQXHVWUDXQLGDGSULQFLSDO
HUDQ QRUPDOHV$O LQVSHFFLRQDU HO SDFLHQWH VH GHWHFWy OD PHQWHSRUFRVWXPEUH\H[SHULHQFLDHVWDPRVPiVIDPLOLD
SUHVHQFLDGHHURVLyQFXWiQHDURML]DUHGRQGHDGDGHFPGH UL]DGRV FRQ HVWH DERUGDMH TXH QRV RIUHFH ODV YHQWDMDV GH
1HXURFLUXJtD
(O5XEDLGL\FRO $%
)LJXUD$HURVLyQFXWiQHDJO~WHD,]TXLHUGD
)LJXUD%50GHODHURVLyQPXVFXORFXWiQHD
)LJXUD $ 50 VLQ FRQWUDVWH GHO IRFR FRQWXVLYR JO~WHR )LJXUD % 50 FRQ FRQWUDVWH GHO IRFR FRQWXVLYR JO~WHR
GHUHFKR GHUHFKR
)LJXUD $ 50 VLQ FRQWUDVWH GH OD HVFRWDGXUD FLiWLFD )LJXUD%50FRQFRQWUDVWHODWHQXHFDSWDFLyQGHJDGR
L]TXLHUGD VH DSUHFLD OD FRQWXVLyQ GHO QHUYLR FLiWLFD OLQLR HV GHPRVWUDWLYD GHO FRPSRQHQWH LQÀDPDWRULD GHO
L]TXLHUGRHQWUHHOP~VFXORSHULIRUPH\HOJO~WHRPD\RUDVX QHUYLRFLiWLFRHQVXIDVHDJXGD
VDOLGDSRUHODJXMHURSHULIRUPH
1HXURFLUXJtD
&RPSUHVLyQGHOQHUYLRFLiWLFRFRPRFRPSOLFDFLyQGHODSRVLFLyQVHQWDGR
)LJXUD OD UHODFLyQ DQDWyPLFD GHO QHUYLR FLiWLFR FRQ HO %LEOLRJUDItD
P~VFXORSHULIRUPHDVXVDOLGDGHOKHQGLGXUDSLULIRUPH
%URZQ -$ %UDXQ 0$ 1LDPH\ 7& 3\ULIRUPLV
PHMRUDERUGDMHDQDWyPLFRSRUHOUDIHGHOtQHDPHGLDPHMRU VLQGURPHLQD\HDUROGER\DVDFRPSOLFDWLRQRIRSHUDWLRQ
GUHQDMHVDQJXtQHRPHQRUVDQJUDGRLQWUDRSHUDWRULRPHMRU ZLWKWKHSDWLHQWLQWKHVLWWLQJSRVLWLRQ1HXURVXJHU\
GUHQDMH GH /&5 \ IiFLO YHQWLODFLyQ (Q QXHVWUD H[SHULHQ
FLD KHPRV WHQLGR YDULDV FRPSOLFDFLRQHV LQWUDRSHUDWRULDV %UXFH-1)HWHOO056WHLQ%06XUJLFDODSSUR
FRQVLGHUDGDVFRPROHYHVDOQRUHSHUFXWLUHQHOSURQyVWLFR DFKHVWRSLQHDOWXPRUV(Q:LONLQV5+HG&RPSOLFDWLRQVRI
¿QDOGHORVSDFLHQWHVWDOHVFRPRHOQHXPRHQFpIDORGHWHF 6XUJHU\1RUWK&DUROLQD0F*UDZ+LOOSS
WDGR HQ ORV HVWXGLRV UDGLROyJLFRV GH FRQWURO R SHTXHxRV *LHEOHU5.ROOHQEHUJ%2UOHQ*3HWHUV-(IIHFW
HPEROLVPRVDpUHRVVROXFLRQDGRVHQHODFWRLQWUDRSHUDWRULR RISRVLWLYHHQGH[SLUDWRU\SUHVVXUHRQWKHLQFLGHQFHRIYHQRXV
/D FRPSOLFDFLyQ SUHVHQWDGD SRU QRVRWURV VH FRQVLGHUD DLUHPEROLVPDQGRQWKHFDUGLRYDVFXODUUHVSRQVHWRWKHVLWWLQJ
H[WUHPDGDPHQWHUDUD\FRQOLPLWDGDVFLWDVELEOLRJUi¿FDV SRVLWLRQGXULQJQHXURVXUJHU\%U-$QDHVWK
VRORDSDUHFHXQDUHIHUHQFLDGHVGHHODxR/DH[SOL *yPH]--/DSRVLFLyQVHQWDGRHQQHXURFLUXJtD5HY
FDFLyQGH HVWD EDMDLQFLGHQFLDTXL]iV VHD GHELGR SRU XQ (VS$QHVWHVLRO5HDQLP
ODGRDODUDUH]DHQVtGHODFRPSOLFDFLyQ\HQVHJXQGROXJDU *UHHQEHUJ 06 3RVWHULRU IRVVD FUDQLHFWRP\ *UHHQ
SRUHODEDQGRQRFDGDYH]PiVIUHFXHQWHGHODSRVLFLyQGH EHUJ*UDSKLFV,QF)ORULGDSS
VHQWDGR(VWDFRPSOLFDFLyQSUREDEOHPHQWHVHDGHELGD .LGD+1LVKLNDZD10DWVXQDPL..DZDKLWR0
DOSURORQJDGRWLHPSRHQSRVLFLyQGHVHQWDGRHQXQSDFLHQWH 2WD00L\DVR66LWWLQJSRVLWLRQLQWKHQHXURVXUJHU\WKH
PRGHUDGDPHQWH REHVR MXQWR FRQ DOJXQD DVLPHWUtD HQ OD UHVXOWV RI D TXHVWLRQQDLUH VHQW WR QHXURVXUJHRQV RI PHGLFDO
FRORFDFLyQGHOSDFLHQWHDOÀH[LRQDUODFDGHUDSDUDVHQWDUOR FROOHJHV0DVXL
1XHVWUDH[SOLFDFLyQSRGUtDFRUUHVSRQGHUDODKLSyWHVLVGH /HLYHUV'6SLOVEXU\5$<RXQJ-9$LUHPEROLVP
%URZQ\FROV GXULQJQHXURVXUJHU\LQWKHVLWWLQJSRVLWLRQ7ZRFDVHUHSRUWV
(OQHUYLRFLiWLFRHVHOWURQFRQHUYLRVRPDVYROXPLQRVR %U-$QDHVWK
GHOFXHUSR\HVWiIRUPDGRSRUODVUDtFHV/D6HQUHD 0HKGL 0 5RVHQEHUJ + %LODWHUDO IRRWGURS DIWHU
OLGDG HV OD XQLyQ GH GRV QHUYLRV HQYXHOWRV HQ XQD YDLQD FUDQLRWRP\ LQ WKH VLWWLQJ SRVLWLRQ$QHVWKHVLRORJ\
FRP~QORVQHUYLRVSHURQHRFRP~Q\WLELDOFLiWLFRSRSOtWHRV
H[WHUQRHLQWHUQR\DEDQGRQDODSHOYLVSRUODSDUWHLQIHULRU 0HUDW6/HYHFTXH-3/H*XOOXFKH<HWDO3DUD
GH OD HVFRWDGXUD FLiWLFD PD\RU IRUDPHQ LQWUDSLULIRUPLV SOHJLD DIWHU VLWWLQJ SRVLWLRQ$QHVWK$QDOJ
HQ HVWUHFKD UHODFLyQ FRQ HO P~VFXOR SLULIRUPH \ JO~WHR
PD\RU)LJXUD$HVWHQLYHOUHFLEHVXYDVFXODUL]DFLyQ 3RUWHU-03LGJHRQ&&XQQLQJKDP$-7KHVLW
GHODDUWHULDJO~WHDPD\RU/DVYDULDFLRQHVDQDWyPLFDVHQWUH WLQJSRVLWLRQLQQHXURVXUJHU\DFULWLFDODSSUDLVDO%U-$QDHVWK
HOQHUYLR\HOP~VFXORSLULIRUPHQRVRQLQIUHFXHQWHV2FD
VLRQDOPHQWHHOP~VFXORSDVDSRUODVGRVUDPDVGHOQHUYLR 6RFLHGDG (VSDxROD GH 1HXURFLUXJtD *XtDV SDUD OD
\ RWUDV YHFHV WRGR HO QHUYLR SDVD SRU HQFLPD FXELHUWR HODERUDFLyQ GHO FRQVHQWLPLHQWR LQIRUPDGR &RPSOLFDFLRQHV
VRODPHQWH SRU HO JO~WHR PD\RU /D SUHVLyQ SURORQJDGD JHQHUDOHVHQ1HXURFLUXJtD1HXURFLUXJtD
GH SHVR OOHYDUtD D OD LUULWDFLyQ LQÀDPDFLyQ \ HVSDVPR 6WDQGHIHU0%D\-:7UXVVR57KHVLWWLQJSRVL
GHO P~VFXOR SLULIRUPH &XDQGR KD\ HVSDVPR VLHQGR HO WLRQ LQ QHXURVXUJHU\ UHWRURVSHFWLYH DQDO\VH RI FDVHV
1HXURFLUXJtD
(O5XEDLGL\FRO
1HXURVXUJHU\ 1HXURFLUXJtD0DOORUFD3HUPDQ\HUSS
6WHZDUW '+ .UDZFKHQNR -- 6LWWLQJ SRVLWLRQ
(Q :LONLQV 5+ HG 3DWLHQW SRVLWLRQLQJ 1RUWK &DUROLQD (O5XEDLGL 2$ +RUFDMDGDV$OPDQVD $ 5RGUtJXH]
0F*UDZ+LOOSS 5XELR ' *DOLFLD%XOQHV -0 &RPSUHVLyQ GHO QHUYLR
6\QHN 90 7KH 3\ULIRUPLV V\QGURPH UHYLHZ DQG FLiWLFR FRPR FRPSOLFDFLyQ GH OD SRVLFLyQ VHQWDGR
FDVHSUHVHQWDWLRQ&OLQ([S1HXURO 1HXURFLUXJtD
7UHVVHUUDV 3 (VFULJ 0 ,QVWUXPHQWDO DSDUDWDMH
SRVLFLRQHV HQ QHXURFLUXJtD \ IXQFLRQHV GH OD HQIHUPHUD &RUUHVSRQGHQFLDSRVWDO2VDPDK$EGXOODK(O5XEDLGL&&DVWL
SUHRSHUDWRULR (Q ) %DUWXPHXV HG 1RFLRQHV EiVLFDV GH OOD\/HyQ1%-DpQ