ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHDFFLGHQWDOPRWRUXOGLHVHOvúLUHGXFHWXUD LDvQIXQF LRQDUHSHQWUXDQX

VXSUDVROLFLWDUHJXODWRUXOODVXSUDVDUFLQSUHFXPúLvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
VLQFURQ RGDW FX VFGHUHD WXUD LHL UHJXODWRUXO UHDOL]HD] R EORFDUH D FXUHQWXOXL GH
H[FLWD LH DVWIHO vQFkW WHQVLXQHD GHELWDW GH JHQHUDWRU VXE R DQXPLW YDORDUH D IUHFYHQ HL
VFDGHSURSRU LRQDO
'HDVHPHQHDvQFD]GHVXSUDVDUFLQVXSUDWHQVLXQHVDXDUGHUHDXQHLVLJXUDQ HIX]LELOH
XOWUDUDSLGHHFKLSDPHQWXOLHVHDXWRPDWGLQIXQF LXQHLDUUHSXQHUHDOXLVHSRDWHIDFHQXPDL
GXSDF LRQDUHDEXWRQXOXLE

75$'8&7258/'(7(16,81()5(&9(1

7UDGXFWRUXOWHQVLXQH±IUHFYHQ SUHLDLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDWHQVLXQLLGHELWDWHGHJHQHUDWRU

SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO D GRX WUDQVIRUPDWRDUH P1, m2 FDUH DX ILHFDUH FkWH GRX vQIúXUUL
VHFXQGDUHGH9úLUHVSHFWLY9ILJ
$FHVW WUDGXFWRU vQGHSOLQHúWH GRX IXQF LL GLVWLQFWH DFHHD GH HOHPHQW GH PVXU D
WHQVLXQLL JHQHUDWRUXOXL úL GH HOHPHQW GH SURWHF LH vQ FD]XO VFGHULL WXUD LHL PRWRUXOXL
Diesel.
7UDGXFWRUXO HVWH IRUPDW GLQ GRX SXQ L UHGUHVRDUH XQD WULID]DW SHQWUX UDPXUD GH
SURWHF LH úL XQD PRQRID]DW SHQWUX UDPXUD GH PVXU $OLPHQWDUHD SULPHL SXQ L
UHGUHVRDUH VH UHDOL]HD] GLQ vQIúXUULOH VHFXQGDUH FX WHQVLXQHD GH  9 DOH
transformatoarelor m1úLP2SULQLQWHUPHGLXOERELQHORUGHUHDFWDQ NO3, kl4,kl5.

)LJ 6FKHPD HOHFWULF D

traductorului de tensiune -
IUHFYHQ 

9DORULOHWHQVLXQLORUúLLQGXFWDQ HORUVXQWDVWIHODOHVHvQFkWSHQWUXIUHFYHQ DWHQVLXQLLGH

DOLPHQWDUHGH+]WHQVLXQHDSHSRWHQ LRPHWUXOU3VVHPHQ LQFRQVWDQW3ULQ
PHQ LQHUHDFRQVWDQWvQUDPXUDGHSURWHF LHUHJXODWRUXOOLPLWHD]XQJKLXOGHFRPDQGDO
WLULVWRDUHORU GHFL LPSOLFLW YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWD LH DVWIHO F vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX GH
IUHFYHQ WHQVLXQHDGHELWDWGHJHQHUDWRUVFDGHSURSRU LRQDOFXIUHFYHQ D
La 42,5 Hz tensiunea pe anozii diodelor P13, P14 HVWH DFHHDúL OD VFGHUHD IUHFYHQ HL
tensiunea pe dioda P13 HVWH PDL PDUH úL LQWU vQ IXQF LXQH UDPXUD GH SURWHF LH LDU OD
IUHFYHQ DSHVWH+]WHQVLXQHDSHGLRGD314HVWHPDLPDUHúLVHEORFKHD]GLRGD313úL
LQWUvQIXQF LXQHUDPXUDGHPVXUPHQ LQkQGWHQVLXQHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLSUDFWLFFRQVWDQW

)LJ &XUED GH YDULD LH D

WHQVLXQLL JHQHUDWRUXOXL IXQF LH
GHIUHFYHQ 

69
 ',632=,7,98/'(&20$1'3(*5,/

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFDGLVSR]LWLYXOXLGHFRPDQGSHJULO

'LVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSHJULODUHUROXOGHDIXUQL]DVLQFURQL]DWFXWHQVLXQHDUH HOHL
U0R impulsuri pentru comanda tiristoarelor din puntea redresorului principal, care este
DOLPHQWDWWRWGLQUH HDXDFX80R.
'LVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSHJULOHVWHXQRVFLODWRUGHUHOD[DUHFXWUDQ]LVWRUXQLMRQF LXQH
P16. Când UeB2 = η UB1B2 tranzistorul deschide condensatorul k4 FDUH vQFDUF LQL LDO SULQ
WHQVLXQHD GH FRPDQG SULPLW GH OD UHJXODWRU úL VH GHVFDUF SULQ DFHDVW MRQF LXQH úL
vQIúXUDUHDSULPDU DWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLP3ULQ GHVFUFDUHD FRQGHQVDWRUXOXL N4 tensiunea
DFHVWXLDVHDQXOHD]LDUFRQGHQVDWRUXOVHYDUHvQFUFD

)LJ0RGLILFDUHDXQJKLXOXLGHFRPDQGDOtiristoarelor

'DWRULW DFHVWXL IHQRPHQ GH vQFUFDUH ± GHVFUFDUH D FRQGHQVDWRUXOXL WHQVLXQHD DUH

IRUPDGHGLQWHGHILHUVWUX'HRDUHFHWHQVLXQHDDSOLFDWvQWUHED]HOH%1, B2HVWHSHULRGLF
WUDSH]RLGDO DWXQFL SHQWUX R DQXPLW YDORDUH D WHQVLXQLL GH FRPDQG YRU UH]XOWD OD
LHúLUHDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLPWUHQXULGHLPSXOVXUL)UHFYHQ DWUHQXULORUGHLPSXOVXULGHSLQGH
GH IUHFYHQ D WHQVLXQLL GH VLQFURQL]DUH Ua LDU IUHFYHQ D LPSXOVXULORU vQWUXXQ WUHQ GH
LPSXOVXUL GHSLQGH GH YDORDUHD WHQVLXQLL GH FRPDQG FDUH VH DSOLF úL GH HOHPHQWHOH
schemei.

REGULATORUL ELECTRONIC PROPRIU-ZIS

5HJXODWRUXOHOHFWURQLFSURSULX]LVHVWHUHDOL]DWFXXQFLUFXLWRSHUD LRQDOHVWHSUHY]XWúL
FXFLUFXLWGHUHDF LHIRUPDWGLQUH]LVWHQ HOHU7, r10, r11, r12úLFRQGHQVDWRUXON4.

70
 )LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFD
regulatorului electronic
propriu – zis.

ÌQDFHVWPRGVHRE LQHXQIDFWRUGHDPSOLILFDUH$ vQIXQF LHGHSRWHQ LRPHWUXO

JUDGDWGLUHFWIXQF LHGHDPSOLILFDUH
5HJXODWRUXO SUHLD LQIRUPD LL DVXSUD WHQVLXQLL JHQHUDWRUXOXL VLQFURQ SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
WUDGXFWRUXOXLGHWHQVLXQHIUHFYHQ úLRWHQVLXQHGHODXQSRWHQ LDOGHYDORDUHLPSXVFDUH
HVWH PRQWDW vQ H[WHULRUXO UHJXODWRUXOXL úL VH DOLPHQWHD] OD LHúLUHD SXQ LL UHGUHVRDUH 36
DYkQGvQFLUFXLWRUH]LVWHQ U2 respectiv r3'LIHUHQ DFHORUGRXVHPQDOHILLQGDPSOLILFDWH
UH]XOWODLHúLUHRWHQVLXQHGHRDVHPHQHDYDORDUHFDUHDSOLFDWGLVSR]LWLYXOXLGHFRPDQG
SH JULO GHWHUPLQ vQ ILQDO PRGLILFDUHD XQJKLXOXL GH DSULQGHUH DO WLULVWRDUHORU GHFL úL D
FXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLDGLFDWHQVLXQLLGHELWDWHGHJHQHUDWRUSkQFkQG
GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHFHOHGRXPULPLGHYLQHQXO
5HJXODWRUXOPDLDUHvQFRPSXQHUHVXUVDGHDOLPHQWDUHvQWHQVLXQHFDUHHVWHIRUPDWGLQ
puntea redresoare P6, diodele P1úL32 úLFRQGHQVDWRDUHOHN1, k2$FHDVWVXUVHVWHXWLOL]DW
SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD DPSOLILFDWRUXOXL RSHUD LRQDO SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD SRWHQ LRPHWUXOXL GH
YDORDUHLPSXVúLSHQWUXDOLPHQWDUHDUHOHXOXLG)DFWRUXOGHDPSOLILFDUHDOUHJXODWRUXOXLVH
DMXVWHD] SHQWUX ILHFDUH WLS GH JHQHUDWRU vQ SDUWH GkQGXVH vQ GRFXPHQWD LH YDORULOH
UHFRPDQGDWH DWkW SHQWUX IDFWRUXO GH DPSOLILFDUH FkW úL SHQWUX SRWHQ LRPHWUXO GH YDORDUH
LPSXV ÌQ FD]XOvQFDUH DSDURVFLOD LLDOHWHQVLXQLLvQIXQF LHGH JHQHUDWRU VH UHGXFH GLQ
IDFWRUXOGHDPSOLILFDUHDGLFGLQSRWHQ LRPHWUXOU11SkQODGLVSDUL LDDFHVWRURVFLOD LL'DU
RGDWFXIDFWRUXOGHDPSOLILFDUHVFDGHúLYLWH]DGHUVSXQV
9HULILFDUHD DOHJHULL FRUHFWH D IDFWRUXOXL GH DPSOLILFDUH VH UHDOL]HD] OD VDUFLQD
QRPLQDOPULQGYDORDUHDOXLSkQODOLPLWDUHDLQWUULLvQRVFLOD LH

AMPLIFICATORUL DE IMPULS

Fig.93. Schema
amplificatorului de impuls

71
 Amplificatorul de impulsuri are rolul de a crea impulsuri dreptunghiulare de putere
VXILFLHQWSHQWUXFRPDQGDWLULVWRDUHORUGLQFLUFXLWXOGHIRU DFURUO LPHVILHHJDOFX
GXUDWD GH FRQGXF LH D WLULVWRDUHORU GHRDUHFH VDUFLQD SH FDUH HVWH FXSODW DFHDVWD DUH XQ
caracter puternic inductiv.
3HQWUX D QX DYHD SLHUGHUL VXSOLPHQWDUH vQ SRU LXQHD GH FRQGXF LH D tiristorului din
FLUFXLWXO GH IRU  HO HVWH SUHY]XW FX XQ FLUFXLW GH VLQFURQL]DUH FDUH QX SHUPLWH DSDUL LD
LPSXOVXOXLGHFkWDWXQFLFkQGWHQVLXQHDSHDQRGHVWHPDLSR]LWLYGHFkWFHDGHSHFDWRG

Fig.94. Formarea impulsurilor

dreptunghilulare.

Rolul amplificatorului de impulsuri este acela de a transforma impulsurile primite de la

GLVSR]LWLYXO GH FRPDQG SH JULO vQ LPSXOVXUL GUHSWXQJKLXODUH ODWH D FURU GXUDW HVWH
HJDOFXGXUDWDGHFRQGXF LHDWLULVWRDUHORUGLQFLUFXLWXOGHIRU 
ÌQ SULQFLSLX HVWH IRUPDW GLQWUR VXUV GH WHQVLXQH FRQWLQX GLRGHOH 31, P4
condensatoarelor k1, k4XQvQWUHUXSWRU312FDUHVHGHVFKLGHQXPDLvQDOWHUQDQ DWHQVLXQLL
anod – catod prin divizorul r1, r2 úL GLRGD 311 úL XQ DO GRLOHD vQWUHUXSWRU 313 care se
GHVFKLGHQXPDLODDSDUL LDSULPXOXLLPSXOVGLQWUXQWUHQGHLPSXOVXULúLDUHSURSULHWDWHDF
UPkQH GHVFKLV SkQ VH DQXOHD] FXUHQWXO vQ FLUFXLW DGLF VH vQFKLGH 312 la schimbarea
DOWHUQDQ HL 'LRGHOH 35, P9 VH XWLOL]HD] SHQWUX SURWHF LD MRQF LXQLL JULO ± FDWRG D
WLULVWRUXOXLGLQFLUFXLWXOGHIRU 
'HRDUHFHH[LVWGRXWLULVWRDUHvQFLUFXLWXOGHIRU VXQWQHFHVDUHGRXDPSOLILFDWRDUH
GHLPSXOVXULXQXOFRPDQGDWGHODvQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGHLPSXOVúL
DOGRLOHDFRPDQGDWGHDGRXDvQIúXUDUHVHFXQGDUDDFHVWXLD

3817($5('5(62$5(',1&,5&8,78/'()25

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULF
DFLUFXLWXOXLGHIRU 

72
 (VWHXQUHGUHVRUFRPDQGDWIRUPDWGLQGRXtiristoare P1, P2úLGLQGRXGLRGH33, P4.
3URWHF LD OD VXSUDWHQVLXQL D GLRGHORU VL WULVWRDUHORU VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ FLUFXLWXO 5&
PRQWDWLQSDUDOHOFXMRQF LXQLOHDQRGFDWRGDOHDFHVWRUD3URWHFWLDODVXSUDWHQVLXQLDSXQ LL
UHGUHVRDUHVHUHDOL]HD]SULQFRQGHQVDWRUXONúLUH]LVWHQ HOHUU
3URWHF LDODVXSUDWHQVLXQLDvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LHVHSRDWHUHDOL]DSULQ33.
$OLPHQWDUHDFXWHQVLXQHvQWUH25VHUHDOL]HD]SULQERELQHOHNO1, kl2.
3URWHF LD OD VFXUWFLUFXLW vQ FLUFXLWXO GH IRU  VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ VLJXUDQ HOH IX]LELOH
ultrarapide e1 , e2 FDUH DX PRQWDWH SH HOH úL GRX PLFURvQWUHUXSWRDUH E1 , b2 DOH FURU
FRQGXFWHVHvQFKLGvQPRPHQWXODUGHULLXQHLVLJXUDQ H
3HQWUXH[SOLFDUHDIXQF LRQULLVHYRUIDFHXUPWRDUHOHLSRWH]HVLPSOLILFDWRDUH
,QGXFWLYLWDWHD FLUFXLWXOXL ILLQG IRDUWH PDUH FXUHQWXO GH H[FLWD LH HVWH SUDFWLF
FRQVWDQWvQWLPSXOIXQF LRQULL
&GHUHDGHWHQVLXQHSHHOHPHQWHOHVHPLFRQGXFWRDUHHVWHSUDFWLFQXO
8QJKLXOGHFRPXWD LH γ este practic nul.
'DF QRWP FX α unghiul de vQWU]LHUH DO DSULQGHULL WULVWRDUHORU ID  GH ϖt 0, atunci
valoarea medie a tensiunii redresate va fi:

1 + cos α
U dα = 0,9U s ; U d0 = 0,9 U s (110)
2
,QIXQF LRQDUHDSXQ LLUHGUHVRDUHVHFRQVWDWFXQWLULVWRUSRDWHVFRQGL LRQH]HPD[LP
o VHPLSHULRDGLDURGLRGSRDWHFRQGL LRQDRSHULRDG
3HQWUX SURWHF LD OD VXSUDWHQVLXQL VH FRQVLGHU XQ FRHILFLHQW GH VLJXUDQ  GH  GLQ
FDX]DHYHQWXDOHORUVXSUDWHQVLXQLLQGXVHGHvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LHGDWRULWIHQRPHQXOXLGH
UHDF LHDLQGXVXOXL
U ≥ (3 ÷ 4) 2 U s (111)
3HQWUXDOHJHUHDVLJXUDQ HORUIX]LELOHXOWUDUDSLGHVH LQHFRQWGHIDSWXOFGLQPRPHQWXO
DSDUL LHL VFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL SkQ vQ PRPHQWXO DUGHULL VLJXUDQ HL HQHUJLD GLVLSDW vQ
elementele semiconductoare este:
(∫ i 2 dt )sc ≤ (∫ i 2 dt )nom (112)
3XQWHD UHGUHVRDUH LQWU vQ IXQF LXQH QXPDL GXS FH WHQVLXQHD JHQHUDWRUXOXL D DWLQV
valoarea 0,5 UN.

&,5&8,78/'($0256$5(ù,$872$0256$5(

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFD
circuitul de amorsare.

Circuitul de amorsare este realizat cu ajutorul unei tensiuni auxiliare de 24 V, care se

DSOLF GLQ H[WHULRU SULQWUXQ EXWRQ VDX SULQWUR UH]LVWHQ  GH FXUHQW DOWHUQDWLY GH OD 
ohmi/50W.
$WXQFL FkQG WHQVLXQHD UHPDQHQW GH ID] HVWH PDL PLF GHFkW FHD QHFHVDU
DXWRDPRUVULLSULQDF LRQDUHDEXWRQXOXL³E´VHLQWURGXFHGHODVXUVDGHFXUHQWFRQWLQXXR
WHQVLXQHVXSOLPHQWDUvQvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLOXFUXFDUHGXFHODDSDUL LD
XQXL IOX[ VXSOLPHQWDU FDUH VH FRPSXQH DGL LRQDO FX IOX[XO UHPDQHQW DO JHQHUDWRUXOXL ÌQ
73
DFHVWIHOFUHúWHWHQVLXQHDúLvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHDWLQJHYDORDUHDGH9LQWUvQIXQF LXQH
úLUDPXUDGHautoamorsare.
Rolul diodei P12 HVWH GH D DVLJXUD FRQHFWDUHD FRUHFW D SRODULW LL WHQVLXQLL SHQWUX
DPRUVDUHúLGHDSURWHMDVXUVDH[WHULRDUGHDPRUVDUHvQFD]XOvQFDUHWHQVLXQHDGHH[FLWD LH
GHYLQHPDLPDUHGHFkWWHQVLXQHDGHEWL

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFD
circuitului de amorsare

Circuitul de DXWRDPRUVDUH UHDOL]HD] IXQF LD GH autoamorsare prin puntea redresoare
IRUPDWGLQGLRGHOH33, P4, P5úL36.
$WXQFL FkQG WHQVLXQHD UHPDQHQW GH ID] HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW FGHUHD GH WHQVLXQH SH
diodele P3, P6 respectiv P4, P5 DWXQFL GHRDUHFH DFHDVW WHQVLXQH HVWH PDL PLF GHFkW
WHQVLXQHDGHDF LRQDUHDUHOHXOXLGHWHQVLXQHG3ODVDWXUD LHSULQFLUFXLWXOIRUPDWGLQGLRGD
P7 VLJXUDQ D IX]LELO XOWUDUDSLG H6, contactul releului d1, bobina contactorului C1,
contactul releului d3VHDOLPHQWHD]ERELQDFRQWDFWRUXOXL&1úLERELQDUHOHXOXLG2.
Prin închiderea contactorului C1LQWUvQIXQF LXQHSXQWHD33 P6úLWHQVLXQHDODERUQHOH
JHQHUDWRUXOXL vQFHSH V FUHDVF &kQG DWLQJH YDORDUHD GH  8N bobina releului d3 este
DF LRQDW úL UHOHXO vúL GHVFKLGH FRQWDFWXO GLQ FLUFXLWXO FRQWDFWRUXOXL &1 care prin
GHVFKLGHUHD FRQWDFWHORU VDOH SULQFLSDOH vQWUHUXSH DOLPHQWDUHD vQIúXUULL GH H[FLWD LH úL
SXQH vQ IXQF LXQH SXQWHD UHGUHVRDUH SULQFLSDO VHPLFRPDQGDW 38 – P11 SkQ OD YDORDUHD
QRPLQDODWHQVLXQLL
Deoarece releul d3QXSRDWHIXQF LRQDODWHQVLXQHQRPLQDOWLPSvQGHOXQJDWIXQF LDVD
HVWH SUHOXDW GH FRQWDFWRUXO GH OLQLH &1 FDUH OD SUHOXDUHD WHQVLXQLL HVWH DF LRQDW
deschizând contactele normal închise din circuitul releului d3 respectiv bobinei
contactorului C1PHQ LQkQGFRQWDFWXO&1 scos de sub tensiune.

)LJ 9DULD LD WHQVLXQLL GHELWDWH GH

JHQHUDWRUvQFD]XO XWLOL]ULL FLUFXLWHORU
GHDXWRDPRUVDUHúLDPRUVDUH

'XSDPRUVDUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLDFHVWFRQWDFWHVWHPHQ LQXWVXEWHQVLXQHSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
transformatorului m4úLDSXQ LLUHGUHVRDUH38, P11.
5H]LVWHQ DU7DUHUROXOGHDIL[DYDORDUHDWHQVLXQLLODFDUHLQWUvQ IXQF LXQHUHGUHVRUXO
principal.

74
 &,5&8,7(/('(3527(&,(

Puntea de GHSDUDWL]DUHUDGLRDUHWRDWHHOHPHQWHOHFXSODWHSHWRDWHLQWUULOHúLLHúLULOHGLQ
UHJXODWRU DYkQG FD VFRS VXSULPDUHD WXWXURU DUPRQLFHORU GH IUHFYHQ  VXSHULRDU FDUH VH
GDWRUHD]HFKLSDPHQWXOXLSHQWUXFvQWUHLQHOHOHFROHFWRDUHúLSHULLSRWDSDUHVFkQWHL
8QLWDWHD GH VXSUDYHJKHUH D IXQF LRQULL VFRDWH DXWRPDW GLQ IXQF LXQH UHJXODWRUXO OD
DUGHUHDXQHLVLJXUDQ HODDSDUL LDXQHLVXSUDWHQVLXQLVDXDXQHLVXSUDVDUFLQL
6FKHPDHOHFWULFHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFD
XQLW LLGHVXSUDYHJKHUHD
IXQF LRQULL

$OLPHQWDUHD VH UHDOL]HD] GH OD R EDWHULH GH DFXPXODWRUL VDX GH OD SXQWHD UHGUHVRDUH
P8P11vQPRPHQWXOIXQF LRQULLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
(OHPHQWXO FDUH SULPHúWH LQIRUPD LL DVXSUD IXQF LRQULL FRUHFWH D HFKLSDPHQWXOXL HVWH
releul d1FDUHODIXQF LRQDUHDQRUPDOQXHVWHDF LRQDW
/D DSDUL LD XQHL VXSUDVDUFLQL VHVL]DW SULQWUXQ FRQWDFW QRUPDO GHVFKLV GH OD
GHFODQúDWRUXO vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL DXWRPDW DUGHUHD XQHL VLJXUDQ H IX]LELOH SULQ FRQWDFWHOH
normale deschise b1, b2 VDX DSDUL LD XQHL VXSUDWHQVLXQL PDL PDUL GH  8N sesizate prin
contactele normal deschise ale releului d4 HVWH DF LRQDW ERELQD UHOHXOXL G4 care emite
XUPWRDUHOHFRPHQ]LvQH[WHULRU
1. Decuplarea generatorului de la bornele TPD, printr-un contact normal închis care
vQWUHUXSH DOLPHQWDUHD GHFODQúDWRUXOXL GH WHQVLXQH PLQLP D vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL
automat.
2. ÌQWUHUXSHUHD DOLPHQWULL UHJXODWRUXOXL HOHFWURQLF SULQWUXQ FRQWDFW QRUPDO GHVFKLV
care scoate de sub tensiune bobina releului d2 FDUH OD UkQGXO VX VFRDWH GH VXE
tensiune bobina releului de alimentare a regulatorului
3. %ORFDUHDGLVSR]LWLYXOXLGHFRPDQGSHJULOSULQFRQWDFWXOQRUPDOvQFKLVDOUHOHXOXL
d2 .
'XSLQVWDODUHDGHIHFWXOXLSHQWUXUHPHGLHUHúLUHSXQHUHDvQIXQF LXQHHVWHQHFHVDUV
VHDF LRQH]HEXWRQXOE01GHRDUHFHODRULFHSURWHF LHFDUHDF LRQHD]FRQWDFWXOUHOHXOXLG1 se
DXWRPHQ LQH
ÌQFD]XODUGHULLXQHLVLJXUDQ HIX]LELOHEXWRDQHOHE1, b2VXQWWUHFXWHSHSR]L LDQRUPDO
deschis numai manual.
'DFHVWHQHFHVDUVHSRDWHDF LRQDEXWRQXOE02 prin care se întrerupe cuplarea de la bare,
SUHFXP úL IXQF LRQDUHD UHJXODWRUXOXL 8QLWDWHD GH YDORDUH LPSXV DUH FD VFRS RE LQHUHD
XQHL WHQVLXQL FRQWLQXH FDUH V SHUPLW YDULD LD WHQVLXQLL JHQHUDWRUXOXL vQ OLPLWHOH
(65-105)% UN úL RE LQHUHD XQHL WHQVLXQLL SURSRU LRQDOH FX SXWHUHD DFWLY FX FDUH VXQW
vQFUFDWHJHQHUDWRDUHOH
8QLWDWHDWUHEXLHVDVLJXUHRFGHUHGHWHQVLXQHGHYDORDUHDQRPLQDOvQJDPD
ODRYDULD LHDVDUFLQLLUHDFWLYHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQWUH]HURúLYDORDUHDQRPLQDOD
DFHVWXLD 3UDFWLF YDORDUHD LPSXV D WHQVLXQLL HVWH UHDOL]DW GLQWUXQ SRWHQ LRPHWUX  5
DOLPHQWDW GH WHQVLXQHD ±  9 GLQ UH]LVWHQ HOH U U U WHQVLXQHD FXOHDV DSOLFkQGXVH OD
intrarea în regimul propriu-zis.

75
 3ULQ SR]L LD GH PLQLP úL PD[LP D OXL Rp WUHEXLH V VH RE LQ YDORUL DOH WHQVLXQLL GH
(95-105)% UN.

1.5.24. REGULATOR AUTOMAT DE TENSIUNE CU COMPOUNDARE

'83&85(17&8ù,)5&25(&725'(7(16,81(
DE TIP “YBK – M”

SCHEMA BLOC

Fig.100. Schema bloc a

regulatorului “YBK – M”.

&D SULQFLSLX GH IXQF LRQDUH DFHVW WLS GH UHJXODWRU HVWH FX FRPSHQVDUH GXS FXUHQW úL
ID]D FX FRUHFWRU GH WHQVLXQH DSOLFkQGXVH FRPELQDW PHWRGD UHJOULL GXS DEDWHUH úL D
FRPSHQVULLúLDFRPSHQVULLHIHFWXOXLSHUWXUED LLORU
5HJXODWRUXO UHDOL]HD] VWDELOLUHD WHQVLXQLL vQ UHJLPXUL QRUPDOH GH IXQF LRQDUH úL
IRU DUHDH[FLWD LHLODPLFúRUDUHDWHQVLXQLLODVFXUWFLUFXLWHODFXSOULGLUHFWHDOHPRWRDUHORU
asincrone etc.
(VWH IRORVLW OD JHQHUDWRDUH VLQFURQH FX SXWHUL SkQ OD  N9$ SUHY]XWH FX
excitatoare de curent continuu.

6&+(0$(/(&75,&'(35,1&,3,8$5(*8/$7258/8,

)LJ 6FKHPD HOHFWULF GH

principiu a regulatorului “YBK -
M”.

76
 75$'8&725'(&203281'$5('83)$=

'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHFRQVWUXFWLYHVWHUHDOL]DWFDXQDPSOLILFDWRUPDJQHWLFFXvQIúXUUL
de curent WT1, WT2SDUFXUVHGHFXUHQ LLGHSHID]HFRQHFWDWHGLIHUHQ LDOúLRvQIúXUDUH
SULPDU GH WHQVLXQH GH OLQLH D ID]HORU 671 prin droserul DR1 úL SRWHQ LRPHWUXO 5U1.
Droserul DR1 are vQWUHILHUXO UHJODELO úL R UH]LVWHQ  GH UHJODM ÌQIúXUDUHD VHFXQGDU VH
DOLPHQWHD] SULQ Qex SXQWHD UHGUHVRDUH D vQIúXUULL GH H[FLWD LH D H[FLWDWRDUHL 7RDWH
vQIúXUULOH VXQW SODVDWH SH FRORDQHOH FHQWUDOH DOH FLUFXLWHORU PDJQHWLFH DVWIHO vQFkW
vQIúXUULOHGHFXUHQW:71, WT2 parcurg ambele coloane.

)LJ'LVSXQHUHDvQIúXUULORUvQWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOGHcompoundaj
GXSID]DFXpremagnetizare

ÌQIúXUDUHD GH premagnetizare Wp D PLH]XOXL IHURPDJQHWLF HVWH DOLPHQWDW GH

vQIúXUDUHDGHVDUFLQDDPSOLILFDWRUXOXLPDJQHWLF(DPRGLILFDSXQFWXOGHIXQF LRQDUHDO
WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGHFLúLUDSRUWXOGHWUDQVIRUPDUHDODFHVWXLD
Droserul DR1SULQFDUHVHDOLPHQWHD]vQIúXUDUHDSULPDU GHWHQVLXQH:+DVLJXUR
OLQLDULWDWHDDFHVWXLFLUFXLWLDULPSHGDQ DVDVHUHJOHD]DVWIHOvQFkWVDVLJXUHIXQF LRQDUHD
UHJXODWRUXOXLúLODPHUVvQJROúLODVDUFLQDQRPLQDO

CORECTOR DE TENSIUNE

&RUHFWRUXO GH WHQVLXQH HVWH IRUPDW GLQ WUDQVIRUPDWRUXO GH PVXU FLUFXLWXO GH
IUHFYHQ  DPSOLILFDWRUXO PDJQHWLF D FUXL vQIúXUDUH GH OXFUX VDX GH VDUFLQD We, prin
LQWHUPHGLXOXQRUGLRGHúLDUHRVWDWXOXL5r1DOLPHQWHD]vQIúXUDUHDGHpremagnetizare Wp.

75$16)250$7258/'(0685

7UDQVIRUPDWRUXO GH PVXU DUH R vQIúXUDUH SULPDU GH WHQVLXQH GLQ GRX vQIúXUUL
VHFXQGDUHXQDFXFDUDFWHULVWLFD9$OLQLDUúLXQDQHOLQLDU

Fig.103. Diagramele ID]RULDOHDOHFXUHQWXOXLGHLHúLUH

77
 ÌQFHOHGRXGLDJUDPHID]RULDOHVHREVHUYFRGDWFXFUHúWHUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVDUFLQ
DOJHQHUDWRUXOXLúLFXVFGHUHDIDFWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHGHODODFUHúWHYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXL
GHLHúLUHIexGLQUHJXODWRUFDUHVHDSOLFvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LHDexcitatricei, deci implicit
úLFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLVLQFURQ
9DORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH LHúLUH GHSLQGH GH SUHPDJQHWL]DUHD WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL DGLF GH
YDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLFDUHVWUEDWHvQIúXUDUHDGHpremagnetizare Wp.
ÌQFD]XOVFGHULLWHQVLXQLLODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXL8ST, gradul de premagnetizare scade,
VHPRGLILFUDSRUWXOGHWUDQVIRUPDUHDVWIHOvQFkWYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHFUHúWH

)LJ&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHUDSRUWXOXLFXUHQ LORUIXQF LHGH

raportul tensiunilor

3XQFWXOXLGHLQWHUVHF LHDOFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUvLFRUHVSXQGYDORULOHQRPLQDOHDOHWHQVLXQLL
úLFXUHQWXOXL

)81&,21$5(

În cazul unei abateri ∆8vQMXUXOYDORULLQRPLQDOHYRUDSDUHFXUHQ LL,c1úL,c2GLIHUL LvQ

vQIúXUULOH GH FRPDQG :c1 úL :c2 'HRDUHFH FHOH GRX vQIúXUUL VXQW FRQHFWDWH vQ
RSR]L LHFXUHQWXOUH]XOWDQWSRDWHILSR]LWLYODFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLVDXQHJDWLYODVFGHUHD
DFHVWHLD9DORDUHDDFHVWXLFXUHQWGHFRPDQGPRGLILFFXUHQWXOvQvQIúXUDUHDGHVDUFLQD
DPSOLILFDWRUXOXL PDJQHWLF LPSOLFLW FXUHQWXO GLQ vQIúXUDUH GH premagnetizare Wp úL SULQ
DFHDVWDUDSRUWXOGHWUDQVIRUPDUHDODFHVWXLDLDUvQILQDOYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHDO
generatorului.
3H OkQJ vQIúXUDUHD GH VDUFLQ IRUPDW GLQ GRX ERELQH GH VDUFLQ vQIúXUDUHD GH
FRPDQGDDPSOLILFDWRUXOXLPDJQHWLFDUHWUHLvQIúXUULGHUHDF LH
- Wr1±UHDF LHORFDOSHFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LH
- Wr2±UHDF LHSHFXUHQWXOJHQHUDWRUXOXL
- Wr3±UHDF LHSHFXUHQWXOGHpremagnetizare
3ULQ DFHVWH UHDF LL VH vPEXQW HúWH VWDELOLUHD vQ IXQF LRQDUH D UHJXODWRUXOXL 7RDWH
DFHVWH UHDF LL VXQW ULJLGH 3ULPHOH GRX UHDF LL VXQW GHVWLQDWH PRGLILFULL statismului
generatorului sincron.

78
 $1$/,=$67$%,/,7,,6,67(08/8,'(5(*/$5(
$8720$7$7(16,81,,7,3“YBK – M”

SCHEMA BLOC.

Fig.105.

'(7(50,1$5($)81&,(,'(75$16)(5

1RWPXUPWRDUHOHIXQF LLGHWUDQVIHU

W1(p) – generatorul sincron

W2(p) – amplificatorul magnetic
W3S±ERELQDGHUHDFWDQ 
W4S±WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOGHPVXU

1RWP

ϕPULPHDUHJODW
ψYDORDUHDLPSXV
λSHUWXUED LD
µ1, µ2, µ3, µ4, µ5, µ6±PULPLGHH[HFX LH
α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6 – factori de amplificare

)81&,$'(75$16)(5$*(1(5$7258/8,6,1&521

6H VFULX HFXD LLOH JHQHUDOH GXS D[D ORQJLWXGLQDO QHJOLMkQG UHJLPXO WUDQ]LWRULX
modificarea tensiunii în regim tranzitoriu depinzând numai de modificarea curentului din
vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LH
dψ
U e = re I e + (113)
dt
unde:
8±WHQVLXQHDvQFLUFXLWXOGHH[FLWD LH
ψIOX[XOWRWDOGLQFLUFXLWXOGHH[FLWD LH
$FHDVW HFXD LH vQ UHJLP WUDQ]LWRULX SHQWUX XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS ∆t, aplicând metoda
FUHúWHULLILQLWHHVWHGHIRUPD
dψ
∆u e = re ∆i e + (114)
dt
ÌQOLSVDvQIúXUULLGHDPRUWL]DUHSHURWRUFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHúLYDULD LDIOX[XOXLVXQW
∆ uG = X ad ∆ ie − X d i e (115)
ω s ∆ ψ = X d ∆ ie − X ad i e (116)
unde:
Xad±UHDFWDQ GHUHDF LHORQJLWXGLQDO
Xd±UHDFWDQ VLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDO
79
 ∆ie±YDULD LDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LH
&RPSRUWDUHDvQUHJLPWUDQ]LWRULXVHGDWRUHD]IHQRPHQXOXLGHUHDF LHDLQGXVXOXL
'LQHFXD LDRE LQHP
X ∆i − X ad ⋅ i d
∆ψ = e e (117)
ωs

,QWURGXFkQGUHOD LDvQHFXD LDRE LQHP

d
∆u e = re i e + [X e ∆i e − X ad i d ] (118)
dωs ⋅ t
∆u e = re i e + p[X e ∆i e − X ad i d ] (119)
∆u e = ∆i e (re + pX e ) − pX ad i d (120)
∆u e X ad i d
∆i e = +p (121)
re + pX e re + pX e
ÌQORFXLQGUHOD LDvQHFXD LDUH]XOW
2
∆u e X ad id
∆uG = X ad +p − X ad i d (122)
re + pX e re + pX e
 2
pX ad 
∆uG =
u e X ad 
− i d  X ad −  (123)
re + pX e  re + pX e 
 
notând:
Xe/re = TG  FRQVWDQWD GH WLPS D vQIúXUULL GH H[FLWD LH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL FX vQIúXUDUHD
VWDWRULFGHVFKLVúL LQkQGFRQWF
X ad
X ad re
= (124)
re + pX e pX e
1+
re
deci:

Xd −
pX ad X r + pX d X e − pX ad
= d e
2
= d e
(
X r + p X d X e − X ad
2
)=
re + pX e re + pX e re + pX e
   X   X 
re X d + p e  X d − ad  (125)
   re  X e  X + pT X ′
= = d G d

 X  1 + pTG
re 1 + p e 
 re 
unde:
X d − X ad
X′d = (126)
Xe
úLVHRE LQHvQILQDOF
X ad ∆u e X + pTG X ′d
∆uG = − id d (127)
re 1 + pTG 1 + pTG
X ad  X′ 
∆uG (1 + pTG ) = ∆u e − i d X d 1 + pTG d  (128)
re  Xd 
1RWP
80
 ∆uG=µ3; Xad/re=α2; ∆ue=µ2; Xd=β1; X′d/Xd=δ; id=λ (129)
)XQF LDGHWUDQVIHUDJHQHUDWRUXOXLVLQFURQYDIL
µ3(1+pTG)=α2µ2-λβ1(1+pTGδ) (130)

)81&,$'(75$16)(5$(;&,7$75,&(,

Ueex=Ieexpieex+reexieex (131)
∂f
U ex = (132)
∂ie ex
Ueex=Kieex (133)
U
ie ex = e (134)
K
,QWURGXFHPUHOD LDvQHFXD LD
U
ueex = pIeex e (135)
K
Kueex=ue(pIeex+reex) (136)
K Ie
ueex=ue (1+p ex ) (137)
re ex re ex
1RWP
,H .
7H = H[  XHH[ = µ XH = µ   = α (138)
UH[ UHH[
În final:
µ2(1+pTe)=α1µ1 (139)

(&8$,$$03/,),&$7258/8,'(0685

uEL=α5UG ⇒ µ5=α5µ3 (140)

uEN=α6UGtgα ⇒ µ4=α6µ3tgα (141)

(&8$,$$03/,),&$7258/8,0$*1(7,&

uc=pIcic+pMcie+re ie (142)
unde:
ucWHQVLXQHDGLQFLUFXLWXOGHFRPDQG
ieFXUHQWXOGLQvQIúXUDUHDGHFRPDQG
Ic , McLQGXFWLYLW LSURSULLúLPXWXDOH
ieFXUHQWXOGHLHúLUH
ie = K1 ic (143)
u u
u eAM = K 2 i e ⇒ i e = eAM ⇒ i e = eAM (144)
K2 K1K 2
u u u re
u c = pI c eAM + pM c eAM + rc eAM =
K1K 2 K2 K 1K 2 K 1K 2
(145)
  I M  r   L + K1M c 
= u eAM p e + e  + e  = u eAM  e p + 1
  K1K 2 K 2  K1K 2   rc 

81
 1RWP
L + K1Mc KK
Tc = c ; α4 = 1 2 ; µ5 − µ4 = ∆u c ; µ6 = ∆ueAM;
re re (146)
µ6 (1 + pT) = (µ5 − µ6 )α4

(&8$,$75$16)250$7258/8,'(&203(16$5(

ÌQvQIúXUDUHDGHpremagnetizare:

up=pLpip+pMp1ig+pMp2iN+pMp3ie+rpip (147)

6HFRQVLGHUFSURFHVHOHWUDQ]LWRULLvQFLUFXLWXOGHc.a. sunt mult mai rapide decât cele

GLQvQIúXUDUHDGHSUHPDJQHWL]DUH&RQVLGHUPFYDULD LDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQUHJLP
WUDQ]LWRULXGHWHUPLQDYDULD LLOLQLDUHDOHFXUHQWXOXLvQvQIúXUDUHDGHpremagnetizare si de
tensiune.
ie=K2ip (148)
iH=K1ip (149)

7HQVLXQHDGHLHúLUHDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGHSLQ]kQGQXPDLGHFXUHQWXOGHLHúLUHúLGHFHO
GHVDUFLQDOJHQHUDWRUXOXL
ue=f(ie,ig) (150)
Deci, pentru OLQLDUL]DUHDDFHVWHLHFXD LLDYHP
∂f ∂f u e + K 4i g
u e = ie − i g = K 3i e − K 4 i g ⇒ i e = (151)
∂i e ∂i g K3
,QWURGXFHPUHOD LDvQUHOD LLOHúL
i u e + K 4i g
ip = e = (152)
K2 K 2K3

i H = K 1i p =
K1
K 2K3
(
u e + K 4i g ) (153)

Introducem (151), (152), (153) în (131):

Ue K 4i g K 1K 4 i g
u p = pL p + pL p + pMp1i g + pMp 2 +
K 2K3 K 2K3 K 2K3
(154)
ue K 4i g ue K 4i g
+ pMp 3 + pMp 3 + rp + rp
K3 K3 K 2K3 K 2K3
 I p + K 2 K 3Mp  
  + K1Mp2 + K 2 Mp3  
 I p + K1Mp2 + K 2 Mp3  K 2 K 3  K4  
 p + 1u e = − 
 r  r  r
pK 4i g (155)
 p  p
 p  

  
K K
(pT1 + 1)u e = 2 3 u p − (pT2 + 1)K 4 i g (156)
rp

6LVWHPXOJHQHUDOGHHFXD LLYDIL

82
 (pTG + 1)µ 3 + µ 2 α 2 − α1 (pδTG + 1)λ
(pTe + 1)µ 2 = α1µ1
(1 + pT1 )µ1 = α 3 µ 6 − β 2 (1 + pT2 )λ
(157)
(1 + pTc )µ 6 = α 4 (µ 5 − µ 4 )
µ 5 = α 5µ 3
µ 6 = α 6 µ 3 tgα
(OLPLQPµ1, µ2, µ3, µ4, µ5, µ6 úLVHH[SULPµ3(ϕvQIXQF LHGHλ

[(1 + pTG )(1 + pT1 )(1 + pTe )(1 + pTc )+ α1α 2 α 4 (α 5 − α 6 tgα )]ϕ =
(158)
= −[α1α 2 β 2 (1 + pT2 )(1 + pTc ) + β1 (pδTG + 1)(1 + pT1 )(1 + pTe )(1 + pTc )]λ
1RWP
a 4 = T1Tc Te Tg
a e = TG Te Tc + TG Te T1 + Te Tc T1 + TG Tc T1
a 2 = Te Tc + T1Tc + TG Tc + T1Te + Tg Te + TG T1
a 1 = T1 + Tc + Te + TG
b =  /7 T T T (159)
4 1 G e c 1
1 G e c
(
b = T T T +T T T +T T T +T T T /
3 G e 1 e c 1 G c 1
)
(
b =  T T + T T + /7 T + T T + /7 T + /7 T + . .  T T
2 1 e c 1 c G c 1 e G e G 1 1 2 2 2 c
)
1 1 e c
(
b =  T + T + T + /7 + . .  T + T
1 G 1 2 2 1 c
) ( )
b = −. . 
0 1 1 2 2
2E LQHP

(a 4 p 4 + a 3 p 3 + a 2 p 2 + a1p + a 0 )ϕ = −(b 4 p 4 + b 3 p 3 + b 2 p 2 + b1p + b 0 )λ (160)

b λ
ÌQUHJLPVWD LRQDU p = 0 ⇒ a 0 ϕ = − b 0 λ ⇒ ϕ = − 0 = sλ, s = tgθ ⇒
a0
b α1α 2 β 2 − β1
s=− 0 = (161)
a 0 1 + α1α 2 α 3 α 4 (α 5 − α 6 tgα )
0RGLILFkQGSDUDPHWULLFLUFXLWXOXLGHUHDF LHDLVLVWHPXOXLSXWHPRE LQHGLIHUHQ D
α 1α 2 β 2 − β 1 = 0
sistemul devenind static
6WDWLVPXOUHJOULLDXWRPDWHDH[FLWDWRDUHLJHQHUDWRUXOXLHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHUHJLPXOGH
IXQF LRQDUHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXL
6HFRQVWDWFODDFHOHDúLRVFLOD LLDOHFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLRVFLOD LLOH
tensiunii generatorului sincron la mers în gol sunt mai mari decât cele de la mersul în
VDUFLQ
'HDVHPHQHDVDFRQVWDWDWFYDORDUHDIDFWRUXOXLGHDPSOLILFDUHDOVLVWHPXOXLODPHUVvQ
JRO HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW OD PHUV vQ VDUFLQ $VWIHO VH H[SOLF LQVWDELOLWDWHD VLVWHPXOXL OD
PHUVXOvQJRODGLFVDUFLQDJHQHUDWRUXOXLDUHXQHIHFWSR]LWLYDVXSUDVWDELOLW LLVLVWHPXOXL
'HRDUHFHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOVWDELOLW LLVLVWHPXOXLPHUVXOvQJROFRQVWLWXLHVLWXD LD
FHDPDLQHIDYRUDELOVHYDDQDOL]DVWDELOLWDWHDODPHUVvQJRO
λ=0 a4p+a3p+a2p+a1p+a0=0 (163)

83
 )XQF LDGHWUDQVIHUDVLVWHPXOXLHVWH

ϕ( S ) − %(S) E  S  + E S  + E  S  + ES + E 
:(S) = = = (164)
λ(S) $ ( S) D  S  + D S  + D  S  + DS + D 
Eroarea sistemului este:
λ( S)%( S)
∆X * = ϕ( S) = :(S)λ( S) = − (165)
$ ( S)
Când ∆uG=0 ⇒
B(p)=0 ⇒ b4=b3=b2=b1=b0=0 (166)
$FHDVWFRQGL LHQXSRDWHILvQGHSOLQLWGHRDUHFHE4, b3, b1 sunt pozitivi, iar α1, α2, β1,
β2 se pot alege astfel încât b0=b2=0.
'HFLVHSRDWHVSXQHFHURDUHDPULPLLGHLHúLUHGHSLQGHGHSHUWXUED LH

CRITERIUL HOURWITZ

&RQGL LLOHGHVWDELOLWDWHVXQW
1. FRHILFLHQ LSR]LWLYL
2. GHWHUPLQDQ LLGHRUGLQXOVLSR]LWLYLD4>0 , a3>0 , a2>0 , a1>0 , a0>0
a 3 a1 0
∆ 3 = a 4 a 2 a 0 = a 3 (a 1a 2 − a 0 a 3 ) − a 1a 4 > 0
0 a 3 a1 (167)
a a1
∆2 = 3 = a 2 a 3 − a 1a 4 > 0
a4 a2
αa 3 = α1α 2 α 3 α 4 (α 5 − α 6 tgα ) (168)

&$/&8/8/&85(1,/25'(6&857&,5&8,7Ì16((1

6FXUWFLUFXLWHOH vQ ,((1 VXQW IHQRPHQH FRPSOH[H FDUH GDWRULW OXQJLPLORU PLFL DOH
FLUFXLWHORU DIHFWHD] WRDWH HFKLSDPHQWHOH HOHFWULFH GH OD ERUG 'XUDWD XQXL VFXUWFLUFXLW
QXGHSúHúWHGHRELFHLV
)HQRPHQHOHFHSRWDSUHDúLXUPULDOHDFHVWRUD
- FGHULEUXúWHGHWHQVLXQHLQVWDELOLWDWHDIXQF LRQULLvQSDUDOHOD*6
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FDSDFLWDWHDPD[LPGHFRPXWDUHDDSDUDWHORUUHVSHFWLYH
- GHWHULRUDUHD HFKLSDPHQWXOXL HOHFWULF DSDUDWH PDúLQL FDEOXUL HWF FD XUPDUH D
HIHFWHORUWHUPLFHúLHOHFWURGLQDPLFHDFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
- GLVWUXJHUHD HFKLSDPHQWXOXL HOHFWULF GH FWUH DUFXO HOHFWULF FDUH DSDUH OD ORFXO
scurtcircuitului.
&DOFXOXOFRUHFWDOFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWúLOXDUHDORUvQFRQVLGHUD LHODSURLHFWDUHD
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SUREOHPHF
a. DOHJHUHDFRUHFWDVFKHPHLPRQRILODUHGHGLVWULEX LHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFHSHQDY
b. DOHJHUHDFRUHFWDDSDUDWHORUHOHFWULFHúLDDOWRUHOHPHQWHGLQVLVWHP
- GXSFDSDFLWDWHDGHFRPXWDUH
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84
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d. VWDELOLUHD YDORULL PD[LPH D VXPHL SXWHULORU *6 FDUH IXQF LRQHD] vQ SDUDOHO vQ
UHJLPGHOXQJGXUDWSOHFkQGGHODFDSDFLWDWHDGHFRPXWD LHDvQWUHUXSWRDUHORU
automate disponibile
e. DOHJHUHDFRUHFWDGLVSR]LWLYHORUGHOLPLWDUHDFXUHQWXOXLERELQHGHUHDFWDQ 
f. SURLHFWDUHDFRUHFWDVLVWHPXOXLGHSURWHF LH
g. UHJODUHDFRUHFWDSURWHF LLORU
3DUWLFXODULW LOH,((1FDUHLQIOXHQ HD]FXUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVXQW
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DFHVWRUD vQ UH HOH VXQW FXUHQ L QRPLQDOL PLFL GDU FXUHQ LL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW DX
valori mari)
2. LPSHQGDQ HOH PLFL DOH FXUHQWXOXL GDWRULW OXQJLPLL PLFL D DFHVWXLD GXF OD
FUHúWHUHDUDSRUWXOXLGLQWUHFXUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWúLFHLQRPLQDOL
3. SRQGHUHDPDUHDPRWRDUHORUDVLQFURQHFDVDUFLQvQLQVWDOD LDHOHFWURHQHUJHWLFúL
GLVWDQ HOH PLFL vQWUH DFHVWHD úL 73' DFHDVWD GXFH OD FUHúWHUHD FXUHQ LORU GH
VFXUWFLUFXLWVXELQIOXHQ DPRWRDUHORUDVLQFURQH
4. UH]LVWHQ HOH FLUFXLWHORU VXQW PDUL vQ FRPSDUD LH FH UHDFWDQ HOH DFHVWHD
LQIOXHQ kQGFRQVWDQWHOHGHWLPSGLQSURFHVHOHGHVFXUWFLUFXLWúLSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
DFHVWRUDYDORULOHFXUHQ LORUvQDQXPLWHPRPHQWH
5. YDULD LL PDUL DOH SXWHULORU JHQHUDWRDUHORU vQ GLIHULWH UHJLPXUL FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
YDULD LHLPDULDOHFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWID GHUHJLPXOLQL LDOOXDWSULQFDOFXO
6. GLIHUHQ HOH vQWUH FRQVWDQWHOH GH WLPS DOH vQIúXUULORU GH H[FLWD LH DOH *6 FDUH
IXQF LRQHD]vQSDUDOHO
7. vQFO]LUHDSXWHUQLFúLFUHúWHUHDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDUH]LVWHQ HORUFDEOXULORU
Cele mai periculoase S.C. sunt S.C. trifazate simetrice.
9HULILFDUHDHFKLSDPHQWXOXLHOHFWULFOD6&VHHIHFWXHD]SHQWUXFHOPDL JUHXUHJLP
DO ,(1 ± FkQG IXQF LRQHD] WRDWH JHQHUDWRDUHOH &(1 úL HVWH FXSODW WRDW VDUFLQD
DOFWXLWGLQPRWRDUHOHDVLQFURQHGHSHQDY
6FKHPD XWLOL]DW SHQWUX FDOFXOXO FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW VH IDFH SH ED]D VFKHPHL
,((1úLFXSULQGH
- *6FDUHIXQF LRQHD]vQSDUDOHO
- FLOHGHFXUHQWWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHOHERELQHOHGHUHDFWDQ 
- VDUFLQDDOFWXLWGLQPRWRDUHOHDVLQFURQHM.As)
3XWHUHDWRWDODPRWRDUHORUDVLQFURQHHFKLYDOHQWH3PDVHFRQVLGHUHJDOFXVXPD
puterilor nominale ale 0$VFDUHIXQF LRQHD]vQUHJLPXOGHFDOFXO
3PDVHSRDWHOXDHJDOFXGLQSXWHUHDWRWDOD*6FDUHIXQF LRQHD]vQSDUDOHO
7RDWH6&VXQWPHWDOLFHIUUH]LVWHQ HORFDOHvQSXQFWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
3XQFWHOH vQ FDUH VH FDOFXOHD] FXUHQ LL GH 6& VH DOHJ DL FXUHQ LL FDUH WUHF SULQ
DSDUDWHOHYHULILFDWHVDWLQJYDORULPD[LPH
3HQWUX YHULILFDUHD DSDUDWHORU GLQ 73' úL D FLORU GH FXUHQW FDUH SOHDF GLQ 73'
SXQFWHOHvQFDUHVHIDFHFDOFXOXOFXUHQ LORUGH6&VHFRQVLGHUODERUQHOHGHLHúLUHGLQ
vQWUHUXSWRDUHOHDXWRPDWHGLQ73'
$WXQFL FkQG HVWH QHYRLH VH LQWURGXFH R UH]LVWHQ  ORFDO vQ SXQFWXO GH VFXUWFLUFXLW
FDUHUHIOHFWFDSDFLWDWHDDUFXOXLHOHFWULFGHDUHGXFHFXUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
3HED]DVFKHPHLGHSULQFLSLXúLDUHJLPXOXLGHFDOFXOVHRE LQHVFKHPDHFKLYDOHQW
Elementele schemei de principiu (G.S.T. cabluri motoare electrice) se înlocuiesc cu
UH]LVWHQ HOH úL UHDFWDQ HOH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH  vQ PULPL IL]LFH VDX vQ PULPL GH ED]
5H]LVWHQ HOHVHLDXvQFDOFXOSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDGH° C.
r75 = rt [1 + 0,004(75 − t )]
3HQWUX*6HFKLYDOHQWFDPULPLGHED]VHXWLOL]HD]
a. SXWHUHD GH ED] ± HJDO FX VXPD WXWXURU SXWHULORU QRPLQDOH DOH WXWXURU *6 FH
IXQF LRQHD]vQSDUDOHO
85
 n
S b = ∑ S nomi [KVA] (169)
i =1
b. WHQVLXQHDGHED]±HJDOFXWHQVLXQHDGHOLQLHQRPLQDODJHQHUDWRDUHORU
U b = U nom [V ] (170)
c. FXUHQWXOGHED]±HJDOFXVXPDFXUHQ LORUQRPLQDOLDLWXWXURUJHQHUDWRDUHORUOD
U nom = ct
n Sb
I b = ∑ I nomi [KA] sau I b = [KA] (171)
i =1 3U b
d. LPSHGDQ DGHED]
Ub
I b [mΩ]
Zb = (172)
3
7UHFHUHDGLQPULPLIL]LFHDEVROXWHvQPULPLUHODWLYHVHIDFHGXSIRUPXOD
A
a= (173)
Ab
$±PULPHDUHDO
Ab±PULPHDGHED]
D±PULPHDUHODWLY

0(72'('(&$/&8/$&85(1,/25'(6&

- PHWRGDDQDOLWLF±SHUPLWHXWLOL]DUHDWXWXURUHFXD LLORUFDUHGHVFULXSURFHVHGH6&
GLQ PDúLQLOH HOHFWULFH úL GLQ UH HOHOH HOHFWULFH 0HWRGD SHUPLWH HYDOXDUHD LQIOXHQ HL
GLIHUL LORUIDFWRULDVXSUDSURFHVXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWúLSUHFL]LHGHFDOFXO
- PHWRGD DQDOLWLF VLPSOLILFDW ± VH HOLPLQ GLQ HFXD LL HOHPHQWHOH FDUH LQIOXHQ HD]
PDL SX LQ IHQRPHQHOH FDUH DSDU GXS VFXUWFLUFXLW 0HWRGD VH DSOLF SHQWUX
JHQHUDWRDUHOHFDUHQXDXFXUEHGHFDOFXODFXUHQ LORUGH6&
- PHWRGDFXUEHORUGHFDOFXO±HVWHRPHWRGDSUR[LPDWLYDUHXQQXPUPLFGHGDWH
LQL LDOHúLQHFHVLWWLPSGHOXFUXPLF 0HWRGD VH DSOLF SH ODUJ vQ &(1 FX VFKHPH
PRQRILODUH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH OXQJLPHD FDEOXOXL SkQ vQ 73' HVWH VXE  P (VWH R
PHWRGFRPRGSHQWUXHWDSDSURLHFWXOXLWHKQLFFkQG&(1HVWHSUHY]XWFX*6GLQ
SURGXF LDGHVHULHODFDUHFXUEHOHGHFDOFXOVXQWFXQRVFXWH
- PHWRGD SH FDOFXODWRU ± DUH GH]DYDQWDMXO F HVWH IRDUWH FRPSOLFDW SHQWUX
LPSOHPHQWDUHDSHFDOFXODWRUGDUDUHRSUHFL]LHIRDUWHEXQ

35,1&,3$/(/(05,0,&$5(&$5$&7(5,=($=&85(1,,
DE SCURTCIRCUIT.

1. &XUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGHúRFHVWHFHDPDLPDUHYDORDUHLQVWDQWDQHHDFXUHQWXOXL
WRWDOGH6&ÌQWLPSHOFRUHVSXQGHFFDXQHLMXPW LDSULPHLSHULRDGHW≈π/2).
&RQVLGHUkQGFFRPSRQHQWDSHULRGLFHVWHFRQVWDQWω = 2πf; X = &L
isoc=Imo(1+e -R/2fL) (174)
ImoYDORDUHDLQL LDODDPSOLWXGLQLLFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFH
IIUHFYHQ D
2. &RHILFLHQWXOGHúRF±S

86
 S π5
L  

S = VRF VDXS  H I/

VDXS  H ;
(175)
, PR
X X
3HQWUXFDOFXOXOFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHúRFVHXWLOL]HD]JUDILFHOHp=f( ) în care = ωTa ca
R R
în figura 107.
S SHQWUXLQVWDOD LLOHHOHFWULFHQDYDOH

)LJ&XUEHOHUH]LVWHQ HORUORFDOHvQSXQFWHOHGH
scurtcircuit:
DSW6HF LXQLPPESW6HF LXQLPP

)LJ&XUEHOHGHYDULD LHDOHFRHILFLHQ LORUGHúRF

3. Coeficientul de stingere a componentei aperiodice - La

(176)
La= iaT/2/Imo = e –R/2fL
La=p-1
iaT/2YDORDUHDFRPSRQHQWHLDSHULRGLFHGXSWLPSXOW 7
Isoc = Imo[1+(p-1)]=Imo(1+La) (177)
4.Coeficientul de stingere a componentei periodice
γ=ImT/2/Imo (178)
ImT/2 – amplitudinea componentei periodice la timpul t=T/2
Isoc=Imo[γ+(p-1)] (179)
9DORDUHDPHGLHSWUDWLFDFXUHQWXOXLWRWDOvQWLPSXOVFXUWFLUFXLWXOXLvQLQWHUYDOXOGH
ODvQFHSXWXOúLSkQvQPRPHQWXOWDO6&

⌠ 
W

, VF =  L GW (180)
W
⌡ 

⌠ 
0ULPHD , VF W = 
 L GW  GHWHUPLQ DF LXQHD WHUPLF D FXUHQWXOXL vQ WLPSXO W GH OD
⌡
vQFHSXWXO 6& úL VH XWLOL]HD] SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD VWDELOLW LL WHUPLFH D HFKLSDPHQWXOXL
electric.
9DORDUHDHIHFWLYDFXUHQWXOXLWRWDOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWODXQPRPHQWWHVWHYDORDUHDPHGLH
SWUDWLFDFXUHQWXOXLSHRSHULRDG7

87
 T
1 ⌠ +2 2
t
It =  i dt (181)
T ⌡t − T
2

0ULPHD GHWHUPLQ DF LXQHD WHUPLF D FXUHQWXOXL GH VF SH R SHULRDG OD XQ DQXPLW
PRPHQWWúLDUHVHQVVILHFDOFXODWSHQWUXW!7
La calcularea valorii efective a curentului WRWDO VH FRQVLGHU F DPSOLWXGLQHD
FRPSRQHQWHL SHULRGLFH úL PULPHD FRPSRQHQWHL DSHULRGLFH QX VH VFKLPE vQ WLPSXO
SHULRDGHLUHVSHFWLYHúLVXQWHJDOHFXYDORULOHUHVSHFWLYHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHPRPHQWXOXLW
, W = , SW + , DW (182)
IptYDORDUHDHIHFWLYDFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFHvQPRPHQWXOW
− W  7D
Iat = iat = , PH (183)
YDORDUHDHIHFWLYHJDOFXFHDLQVWDQWDQHHDFRPSRQHQWHLDSHULRGLFHODPRPHQWXOW
Isoc  YDORDUHD HIHFWLY D FXUHQWXOXL GH úRF HVWH YDORDUHD HIHFWLY D FXUHQWXOXL WRWDO GH
VFvQSULPDSHULRDGDSURFHVXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWDGLFFHDPDLPDUHYDORDUHHIHFWLYSH
WLPSGHRSHULRDG1HJOLMkQGVWLQJHUHDFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFHvQSULPDSHULRDGRE LQHP
I soc = I m0 1 + 2(p − 1)2 (184)
isoc = p 2 I m 0 (185)
I soc = i soc 1 + 2(p − 1)2 / 2p (186)
p d = I soc / I 0 (187)
IsocYDORDUHDHIHFWLYDFXUHQWXOXLGHúRF
I0YDORDUHDLQL LDODFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFH
Pentru γ≈1 ⇒ Isoc=pdIm0
, VRF = , P γ  + (S − )

(188)
DP LQXWFRQWGHVWLQJHUHDFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFH
Valoarea instantanee a curentului total de scurtcircuit este suma curentului instantaneu
SHULRGLFIRU DWipúLDFXUHQWXOXLLQVWDQWDQHXDSHULRGLFOLEHULa.
i=ip+ia (189)
ÌQYDORULDEVROXWHSHQWUXFRQGL LLLQL LDOHQXOHODPRPHQWXOW VHFRQVLGHUL VH
poate scrie:

t
E  E  −
i = ip + ia =  m  ⋅ sin (W + . − ϕ ) −  m  ⋅ sin (. − ϕ )e a
T
(190)
 Z   Z 
Em – amplitudinea t.e.m.:
e = E m sin (ωt + α )
αID]DLQL LDODt.e.m.
Z = R 2 + X 2 PRGXOXOLPSHGDQ HL
X
ϕ = arctg DUJXPHQWXOLPSHGDQ HLFLUFXLWXOXL
R
X = ωL UHDFWDQ DFLUFXLWXOXL
Em – amplitudinea WHPVHFRQVLGHUFRQVWDQWvQWLPSXOVFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL$FHVWOXFUX
MXVWLILFkQGXVHSHGHRSDUWHSULQLQHU LDHOHFWURPDJQHWLFúLPHFDQLFDJHQHUDWRUXOXLLDU
SH GH DOWD SULQ WLPSXO vQ FDUH VH FRQVXP SURFHVHOH WUDQ]LWRULL GH GXS s.c. Componenta
L
DSHULRGLFVHVWLQJHFXRFRQVWDQWGHWLPS Ta = .
R

88
 ÌQ FD]XO XQXL FXUHQW SXU LQGXFWLY FRPSRQHQWD DSHULRGLF DUH FHD PDL PDUH YDORDUH
pentru: α = 0 úL α = π .
6DUFLQDLQL LDOvQ,(1GHRELFHLHVWHPLFvQFRPSDUD LHFXFXUHQWXOGHVFúLDUHXQ
FDUDFWHU PDL PXOW DFWLY GHFkW UHDFWLY 6XE LQIOXHQ D HL YDORDUHD LQL LDO D FRPSRQHQWHL
DSHULRGLFHVHPLFúRUHD]
ÌQVLVWHPXOWULID]DWVLPHWULFFRPSRQHQWHOHSHULRGLFHDOHFXUHQ LORUGHs.c. sunt defazate
XQDID GHDOWDFX JUDGHHOHFWULFH&RPSRQHQWHOH DSHULRGLFHDOH ID]HORU VXQW IXQF LH
de WFPGLQPRPHQWXOLPHGLDWXUPWRUVFXUWFLUFXLWXOXLúLDXGLIHULWHYDORULLQL LDOH

ECHIVALAREA *6&$5()81&,21($=Ì13$5$/(/

&RQIRUP WHRUHPHL JHQHUDWRUXOXL HFKLYDOHQW JHQHUDWRDUHOH FDUH IXQF LRQHD] vQ SDUDOHO
SHDFHODúLQRGSRWILvQORFXLWHFXXQVLQJXUJHQHUDWRUHFKLYDOHQWFXWHPHFKLYDOHQWúLFX
RLPSHGDQ HFKLYDOHQWEech, Zech).

Fig.108. Schema PRQRILODUWLSLFGHI.E.N.

ÌQDLQWHGHHFKLYDODUHUHDFWDQ HORUJHQHUDWRUXOXL X ′d′ , X ′q′ , X ′d , X d , X q úLUH]LVWHQ Dra în

YDORULUHODWLYHVHUDSRUWHD]ODLPSHGDQ DZbFRQVLGHUDWFDPULPHGHED]
X d = ωL d HVWHUHDFWDQ DVLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDO
X q = ωL q HVWHUHDFWDQ DVLQFURQWUDQVYHUVDO
X ′d HVWHUHDFWDQ DVLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDOWUDQ]LWRULH
X ′d′ HVWHUHDFWDQ DVLQFURQVXSUDWUDQ]LWRULHORQJLWXGLQDO
5DSRUWDUHDODPULPHDGHED]VHIDFHFXDMXWRUXOIRUPXOHL
C x Z bg
C= (191)
Zb

unde:
&±HVWHYDORDUHDXQHLDGLQUH]LVWHQ HVDXUHDFWDQ HUDSRUWDWODPULPHDGHED]Zb în
u.r.
Cx±DFHHDúLUH]LVWHQ VDXUHDFWDQ UHSRUWDWODPULPHDZbg în u.r.
5HDFWDQ HOH VLQFURQH DOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL HFKLYDOHQW xd ech”, xq ech”, xd ech’, xd ech,
xq HFKVHFDOFXOHD]SHUkQGSHQWUXUHJLPXULOHVXSUDWUDQ]LWRULXWUDQ]LWRULXúLVWDELOL]DWúL
VHSDUDW SHQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH D[HOH G úL J SH ED]D VFKHPHL GH FDOFXO FD ILLQG SDUWH
LPDJLQDUDLPSHGDQ HLJHQHUDWRUXOXLZech din formula:

89
    
= + ++ (192)
=HFK = = =Q
Zech gLPSHGDQ DFRPSOH[DJHQHUDWRUXOXLHFKLYDOHQWvQu.r.
Zi = ri + jxi = (rai+r1i) + j(xgi+x1i) (193)
rai , xgiUH]LVWHQ DúLUHDFWDQ DXQXLJHQHUDWRUvQu.r.
r1i , x1iUH]LVWHQ HOHúLUHDFWDQ HOHOLQLLORUFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHJHQHUDWRUXOXLUHDFWLYvQu.r.

5H]LVWHQ D DFWLY HFKLYDOHQW ra HFK VH LD HJDO FX SDUWHD UHDO D LPSHGDQ HL
Zech g = Zech” pentru regimul VXSUDWUDQ]LWRULX DGLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH xg=xd”. Acest lucru
DVLJXU SUHFL]LD FHD PDL EXQ vQ FH SULYHúWH DQDOL]D LQIOXHQ HL DFHVWHL UH]LVWHQ H DVXSUD
curentului VXSUDWUDQ]LWRULXúLDVXSUDVWLQJHULLFRPSRQHQWHLDSHULRGLFHDFXUHQWXOXL
/D IXQF LRQDUHD vQ SDUDOHO D  JHQHUDWRDUH UH]LVWHQ HOH úL LPSHGDQ HOH HFKLYDOHQWH VH
FDOFXOHD]vQIRUPXOHOH

UD HFK =
( ) (
U U + [′′  + U U + [′′  )
(U

+ U ) + ([′′ + [′′ )
 

(194)

[ G HFK″ =
(
[′′ U + [′′
 
) + [′′(U
 

+ [′′ 
)
(U 
+ U ) + ([ + [  )
 

unde:
r1 = ra1 + r11 úL r2 = ra2 + r12 (195)
x1” = xd1” + x11 úL x2” = xd2” + x12
ÌQPRGDQDORJVHSRWFDOFXODúLFHOHODOWHUHDFWDQ HDOHJHQHUDWRUXlui echivalent.
7HQVLXQLOHHOHFWURPRWRDUHLQL LDOúLVWDELOL]DWDOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLHFKLYDOHQWeech se pot
calcula cu formula:
H H H H
+ + + L ++ Q
= = =L =Q
HHFK =  (196)
   
+ + + ++
= = =L =Q
unde:
ei si ZiVHLDXGLQVFKHPHOHGHFDOFXODOHJHQHUDWRDUHORUFXQXPUXOGHRUGLQHL
Constantele de timp ale generatorului echivalent Td0 ech, Trd ech, Trq ech, T’d ech, T”d ech se
FDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
D6 + D 6QRP +  D L6QRPL ++ D Q6 QRPQ
D HFK =  QRP (197)
6 QRP + 6 QRP ++6QRPL ++6QRPQ
unde:
aech - valoarea parametrului generatorului echivalent în u.r.;
Si - puterile generatorului;
Td0 ech - constanta de timp a componentei homopolare a generatorului echivalent;
Trd ech  FRQVWDQWD GH WLPS D FRPSRQHQWHL GH UHDF LH ORQJLWXGLQDO D JHQHUDWRUXOXL
echivalent;
Trq ech  FRQVWDQWD GH WLPS D FRPSRQHQWHL GH UHDF LH WUDQVYHUVDO D JHQHUDWRUXOXL
echivalent, în u.r.;
T’d echFRQVWDQWDGHWLPSORQJLWXGLQDOWUDQ]LWRULHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLHFKLYDOHQW
T”d echFRQVWDQWDGHWLPSORQJLWXGLQDOsupratranzitorie a generatorului echivalent.

90
 '(7(50,1$5($&85(1,/25'(6&857&,5&8,7Ì1S.E.E.N. DE
C.A. PRIN METODA DIAGRAMELOR DE CALCUL

'LDJUDPHOH GH FDOFXO UHSUH]LQW vQ PULPL UDSRUWDWH GHSHQGHQ D YDORULL HIHFWLYH D
componentei periodice a curentului de s.c. IpscGHLPSHGDQ DHFKLYDOHQWvQSXQFWXOGHs.c.
GHFDOFXO&XUEHOHVXQWRE LQXWHSHQWUXGLIHUL LWLPSLGXSvQFHSHUHDs.c. (t=0; 0,01; 0,05;
FRUHVSXQ]WRUSURFHVXOXLGHDPRUWL]DUHDFXUHQWXOXL
9DORDUHD OLPLWDW D LPSHQGDQ HL GH VF VH FRQVLGHU Zech = 2, deoarece la Zech>2
FRPSRQHQWDSHULRGLFDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFYDULD]IRDUWHSX LQ
)RORVLQGXQH GH GLDJUDPH SXWHP RE LQH WRDWH YDORULOH QHFHVDUH DOH FRPSRQHQWHORU
curentului de s.c.
1. Valorile efective ale curentului periodic de s.c. în orice moment de timp: I0;
I0,01; …;I∞.
2. Valoarea curentului aperiodic de s.c. în orice moment de timp:
− W  τ HFK
, DVF =  , H (198)
I0YDORDUHDHIHFWLYDFXUHQWXOXLSHULRGLFGHs.c. pentru t = 0
τech = Xech/ωrech  FRQVWDQWD GH WLPS D FLUFXLWXOXL VH PLFúRUHD] IRDUWH UHSHGH FX
PULPHD W vQFkW SUDFWLF FRPSRQHQWD DSHULRGLF VH LD vQ FDOFXO QXPDL OD GHWHUPLQDUHD
curentului de VFGHúRFLDUvQFRQWLQXDUHFXUHQWXOGHs.c. se considera egal cu componenta
SHULRGLF
3. 9DORDUHDHIHFWLYDFXUHQWXOXLWRWDOGHs.c.

,= , SVF + , DVF

(199)
4. 9DORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH úRF DO JHQHUDWRUXOXL FX OXDUH vQ FDOFXO D DPRUWL]ULL
FXUHQ LORUSHULRGLFúLDSHULRGLFvQWLPSXOGHVHFXQGH
−0,01 / τech 
i socgen = 2  I 0,01 + I 0e  (200)
 
1 + e −0,01 / τech = K soc
(201)
[
i socgen = 2 I 0,01 + I 0 (K soc − 1) ]
9DORDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH úRF Ksoc VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ GLDJUDPD ILJ vQ IXQF LH GH
raportul Xech/rechDOUH HOHLGHs.c.
5. 9DORDUHD HIHFWLY  PD[LP D FXUHQWXOXL WRWDO GH s.c. care corespunde primei
perioade a procesului de s.c. (considerând componentele curentului de s.c. în momentul
W VHFXQGHVHRE LQHGLQH[SUHVLD
, VRF JHQ = ,  + [  ,  (.VRF − ) ] (202)

3HQWUXRE LQHUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVRFGHs.c. în amperi este necesar ca partea din dreapta a

IRUPXOHLVVHvQPXO HDVFFXFXUHQWXOGHED]IbúLRE LQHP
[
,VRF JHQ = , E ,  + ,  (.VRF − ) ] (203)
9DORDUHDHIHFWLYPD[LPDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWvQDPSHUL
, VRF JHQ = , E ,  + [  ,  (.VRF − ) ]
(204)
&XDFHVWHIRUPXOHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHQ LLGHs.c. ce se trimit în punctul de s.c. numai de
generatoare.
0RWRDUHOHDVLQFURQHSDUWLFLSúLHOHODFUHDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFDúDQXPLWXOFXUHQWGH
supraalimentare a motoarelor asincrone.

91
 ÌQUHJLPQRUPDOPRWRDUHOHDVLQFURQHVHURWHVFFXRWXUD LHDSURSLDWGHVLQFURQLVPFX
R DOXQHFDUH GHVWXO GH UHGXV  'H DFHHD VH SRDWH FRQVLGHUD F YDORDUHD WHQVLXQLL
FRQWUDHOHFWURPRWRDUHHVWHDSURSLDWGHWHQVLXQHDUH HOHL
Presupunem: într-un punct oarecare al S.E.E.N. a avut loc un s.c.
Tensiunea în punctul de VF HVWH ]HUR 3H PVXU FH QH DSURSLHP GH OD SXQFW VSUH
bornele 73' WHQVLXQHD YD FUHúWH SURSRU LRQDO FX YDORDUHD SLHUGHULORU GH WHQVLXQH SH
cablu.
∆8 = , =FDE (205)
I0YDORDUHDHIHFWLYDFXUHQWXOXLSHULRGLFDOJHQHUDWRDUHORUSHQWUXW 
ZcabLPSHGDQ DWRWDODFDEOXOXLFHSOHDFGHODT.P.D.
'DF WHQVLXQHD contraelectromotoare a motoarelor, Emot vQ VFKHP VXQW UHGDWH FD XQ
PRWRU HFKLYDOHQW YD IL PDL PDUH GHFkW WHQVLXQHD UH]LGXDO ∆U la bornele T.P.D. atunci
WRDWHPRWRDUHOHWUHFvQUHJLPGHJHQHUDWRUúLWULPLWvQSXQFWXOGHs.c. un curent suplimentar
Isoc mot9DORDUHDHIHFWLYDDFHVWXLDVHGHWHUPLQFXIRUPXOD
∆U
I mot = E mot − (206)
Z mot
Zmot±LPSHGDQ DPRWRUXOXLúLFDEOXOXLGLQWUHPRWRUúLWDEORX
ÌQIúXUULOHPRWRDUHORUDVLQFURQHDXRUH]LVWHQ DFWLYULGLFDWSURFHVXOWUDQ]LWRULXVH
DPRUVHD] UHSHGH ÌQ DFHVW FD] LQkQG VHDPD F SURFHVXO IL]LF FDUH DUH ORF vQ PRWRDUHOH
asincrone la VF VXQW DVHPQWRDUH SURFHVHORU GH OD PDúLQLOH VLQFURQH VH SRDWH QHJOLMD
FRPSRQHQWD DSHULRGLF D FXUHQWXOXL GH VF &RPSRQHQWD SHULRGLF VH FRQVLGHU
QHDPRUWL]DW
Curentul de supraalimentare Isoc motVHFRQVLGHUDHJDOFXYDORDUHDPD[LPDFXUHQWXOXL
SHULRGLFYDORDUHDHIHFWLY
i soc mot = 2Imot (207)
7HP D PRWRUXOXL vQ PULPL UDSRUWDWH Emot   ,PSHGDQ D PRWRUXOXL = mot) în
PULPL UDSRUWDWH VH GHWHUPLQ IXQF LH GH PULPHD FXUHQWXOXL GH SRUQLUH OD FRQGL LLOH GH
ED]FRQFUHWH&RQVLGHUkQGUDSRUWXOFXUHQWXOXLGHSRUQLUH RE LQHP
Sb Sb
Z mot = = 0,2
5S nom mot S nom mot
Snom mot ± SXWHUHD QRPLQDO D PRWRUXOXL HFKLOLEUDW GHWHUPLQDW IXQF LH GH QLYHOXO GH
vQFUFDUHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXL
ÌQFUFDUHD FHD PDL SUREDELO D JHQHUDWRDUHORU QDYDOH HVWH GH  GLQ SXWHUHD ORU
QRPLQDO
0,2 ⋅ S b
Z mot = = 0,266 (208)
0,75S b
&XUHQWXO GH úRF WRWDO vQ SXQFWXO GH VF HVWH HJDO FX VXPD FXUHQ LORU JHQHUDWRDUHORU úL
motoarelor:
i soc = i soc gen + i soc mot
i soc = 2I 0,01 + 2I 0 (K soc − 1) + 2I mot (209)
sau în amperi :
[
i soc = 2I b I 0,01 + I 0 (K soc − 1) + I mot ] (210)
9DORDUHD PD[LP D FXUHQWXOXL GH úRF GH VF FX OXDUHD vQ FDOFXO D VXSUDDOLPHQWULL
motoarelor este egal cu:
[ ]2
I soc = I b I 02,001 + 2I 0 (K soc − 1) + I mot (211)
Neglijând amortizarea componentei periodice a curentului de s.c. (la Zech > 1 sau la
IUHFYHQ DGH+]YDORDUHDHIHFWLYLQL LDODFXUHQWXOXLSHULRGLFVHRE LQHFXIRUPXOD
92
 1
I0 = (212)
Z ech
&XUHQWXOGHúRFGHELWDWGHJHQHUDWRDUH
i soc gen = K soc 2I 0 (213)
&XUHQWXOGHúRFWRWDOvQSXQFWXOGHs.c.:
i soc gen = K soc 2I 0 + 2I mot (214)
sau în amperi:
i soc = 2I b (K soc I 0 + I mot ) (215)
&DOFXOXOFXUHQ LORUGHs.c. ai S.E.E.N. de c.a. cu folosirea diagramelor de calcul se va
IDFHvQRUGLQHDXUPWRDUH
1. VHUHDOL]HD]VFKHPDLQL LDOGHFDOFXOFDUHFRQ LQHSDUDPHWULLQRPLQDOLDLWXWXURU
elementelor componente, de asemeni punctele de s.c. probabile pentru calcul;
2. VH UHDOL]HD] VFKHPD HFKLYDOHQW FDUH FRQ LQH LPSHGDQ HOH WXWXURU HOHPHQWHORU FH
FRPSXQVFKHPDGHFDOFXOGHFDOFXOGHED]
3. VH UHDOL]HD] R QRX VFKHP HFKLYDOHQW FX GHWHUPLQDUHD LPSHGDQ HL UH]XOWDQWH
FDUHVHWUDQVIRUPGHDWkWHDRULFkWHSXQFWHGHs.c. avem de calculat;
4. FXDMXWRUXOGLDJUDPHORUGHFDOFXOGLQILJFRUHVSXQ]WRULPSHGDQ HLZech pentru
punctul de VFVHGHWHUPLQvQPULPLUDSRUWDWHYDORULOHHIHFWLYHDOHFXUHQWXOXLGHs.c.
pentru toate momentele de timp de la t = 0 ÷ ∞;
5. VH FDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXO GH úRF KúRF SH GLDJUDPD GLQ ILJ úL GXS DFHHD
FXUHQWXOGHúRFGHs.c. debitat de generator;
6. VHFDOFXOHD]YDORDUHDWHQVLXQLLUH]LGXDOH ∆ U la bornele TPD; de asemeni valoarea
HIHFWLYúLYDORDUHDPD[LPDFXUHQ LORUGHVXSUDDOLPHQWDUHDPRWRDUHORU±ILJ
7. VHGHWHUPLQDFXUHQWXOGHúRFGHs.c. total în punctul de VFvQPULPLUDSRUWDWHvQ
amperi – fig. 112 ;
8. VH GHWHUPLQD YDORULOH HIHFWLYH DOH FXUHQ LORU GH s.c. pentru momentele de timp
necesare – fig. 113, 114 .

)LJ$SDUL LDFXUHQWXOXLGHVXSUDDOLPHQWDUHODPRWRDUHORU
sincrone. ∆8±WHQVLXQHDUH]LGXDO

$QDOL]PRUGLQHDGHGHWHUPLQDUHDFXUHQ LORUGHs.c. în SEEN de FDODDSDUL LDs.c. în

SXQFWHOH.úL.1 (fig.115).

93
 x ech
)LJ'HSHQGHQ DFRHILFLHQ LORUGHúRFKúRF) de raportul
rech

94
Fig.111. Diagramele pentru determinarea componentei periodice a
curentului de s.c. a 6((1IXQF LHGHzechúLWLPS

95
)LJ&XUEHOHGHFDOFXODOHFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGHúRF

96
Fig.113. Curbele de calculul ale valorilor efective ale
FXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLW

t
∫i
2
Fig.114. Curbele de calcul ale valorilor dt .
0

97
 )LJ6FKHPDSHQWUXFDOFXOXOFXUHQ LORUGHs.c.

Parametrii generatorului G1:

S1 = 375 KVA; X”d1 = 0,122; ra1 = 0,0175Ω (216)
Parametrii generatorului G2:
S2 = 250 KVA; X”d2 = 0,176; ra2 = 0,0254Ω (217)
5H]LVWHQ DFDEOXULORUSHSRU LXQHD*1 - TPD:
• DFWLY

= Ω

• UHDFWLY

= Ω

5H]LVWHQ DFDEOXULORUSHSRU LXQHD*2 - TPD:
• DFWLY

= Ω

• UHDFWLY

= Ω

5H]LVWHQ D FRQWDFWHORU EDUHORU DSDUDWHORU úL DOWRU SRU LXQL VDX FLUFXLWH JHQHUDWRDUH OH
FRQVLGHUPHJDOHFXUH]LVWHQ HOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDOHFDEOXULORUJHQHUDWRDUHORU
5H]LVWHQ DFDEOXOXLGHOD73'SkQvQSXQFWXO.1:
• DFWLYΩ
• UHDFWLYΩ
5H]LVWHQ DFRQWDFWHORUEDUHORUúLDSDUDWHORUSHSRU LXQHD73'.1:
• DFWLYΩ
• UHDFWLYΩ
'HWHUPLQPSXWHUHDGHED]DJHQHUDWRDUHORU
Sb = S1 + S2 = 375+250 = 625KVA (220)
&XUHQWXOGHED]
  6E
,E = ⋅ = (221)
  8 E
&DWHQVLXQHGHED]UbVHFRQVLGHUWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOGHODEDUHOHTPD.
'HWHUPLQPUH]LVWHQ HOHSRU LXQLORUGLQVFKHPDILJUDSRUWDWHODFRQGL LLOHGHED]

98
 )LJ6FKHPDHFKLYDOHQWSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDLPSHGDQ HORUS.E.E.N.

5H]LVWHQ HOHDFWLYHDOHvQIúXUULORUVWDWRDUHORUJHQHUDWRDUHORU*1úL*2:
625 ⋅1000 Sb
r1 = 0,0185 = 0,07 = ra1
400 ⋅ 400 Ub ⋅Ub
(222)
625 ⋅1000 Sb
r2 = 0,0254 = ra1
400 ⋅ 400 Ub ⋅Ub
5H]LVWHQ HOHUHDFWLYHDOH*1 si G2:
625 S
X1 = 0,122 ′ b
= 0,2 = X ′dl
375 S1
(223)
625 S
X 2 = 0,176 = 0,44 = X ′d′ 2 b
250 S2
5H]LVWHQ HOHSRU LXQLORUGHODJHQHUDWRDUHOH*1úL*2 la barele TPD:
• DFWLY
625 ⋅1000
r3 = (0,0006 + 0,0006 ) = 0,005Ω
400 ⋅ 400
0,0018 S b
r3 = 2 (224)
3 U2
b
625 ⋅1000
r4 = (0,0009 + 0,0009 ) = 0,01Ω
400 ⋅ 400
• UHDFWLY
625 ⋅1000
X 3 = (0,00024 + 0,00024) = 0,00155Ω
400 ⋅ 400
(225)
625 ⋅1000
X 4 = (0,00026 + 0,00036 ) = 0,003Ω
400 ⋅ 400
5H]LVWHQ DFDEOXOXLGHODTPD la punctul K1:
• DFWLY
 ⋅ 
UFDE = ( + ) = Ω
 ⋅ 

• UHDFWLY
 ⋅ 
[ FDE = ( + ) = Ω
 ⋅ 

99
 ,PSHGDQ D
=FDE = UFDE
+ [ FDE =  +  = Ω (227)
5H]LVWHQ HOHWRWDOHDOHJHQHUDWRDUHORU
- active:
U = U + U =  +  = Ω
(228)
r6=r2+r4=0,1+0,01=0,11Ω
- reactive:
x5=x1+x3=0,2+0,00155=0,20155Ω
(229)
x6=x2+x4=0,44+0,0033=0,4433Ω

3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD LPSHGDQ HL HFKLYDOHQWH D  FLUFXLWH DOH JHQHUDWRDrelor în paralel,

vom folosi expresiile lor complexe:
Z 5 = r5 + jx 5 = 0,075 + 0,2 j
Z 6 = r6 + jx 6 = 0,11 + 0,44 j (230)
Z 5 + Z 6 − 0,08 + 0,055 j
Z7 = =
Z5 + Z6 0,185 + 0,64 j
vQPXO LPQXPLWRUXOúLQXPUWRUXOFXYDORDUHDVDvQFRPSOH[FRQMXJDWúLRE LQHP
Z7=0,048+0,14j=r7+jx7 (231)
,PSHGDQ DRE LQXWHVWHUH]XOWDQWODs.c. în punctul K (la barele TPD)
[  [
= =   HVWHUDSRUWXO HFK
U  UHFK
,PSHGDQ DWRWDO
= =  +   =  (232)
Conform fig. ⇒ Ksoc &RUHVSXQ]WRUDFHVWHLYDORULSHGLDJUDPDGLQILJRE LQHP
I0=1,4 ; I0,01=6
La s.c. la barele TPD avem ∆U=0, de aceea curentul la supraalimentare al motorului
este:
0,9 E − ∆U 1 S
I mot = = 3,4 ; I mot = mot ; Z mot = ⋅ b (233)
0,266 Z mot 5 S n mot
&XUHQWXOGHúRFODs.c. în punctul K va fi:
L
VRF
= ,
E [ ,
 ]
+ , (.VRF − ) + , PRW =  ⋅ [  + ( − ) + ] = $ (234)
ValRDUHDHIHFWLYDFXUHQWXOXLGHúRFHVWH

 






,VRF = ,E , +  ,(.VRF − )  + ,PRW  =   +  ⋅ (

[
 − ) + 

]
  = $ (235)

La VFvQSXQFWXO.UH]LVWHQ DWRWDOYDILILJ
rt=r7+rcab=0,048+0,015=0,063≈0,065Ω (236)
xt=x7+xcab=0,14+0,0033=0,1433Ω

Raportul:
[W 
= =  
UW 
&RHILFLHQWXOGHúRFFRQIRUPILJXULLHVWH.soc LDULPSHGDQ DWRWDO

100
 Z T = 0,065 2 + 0,14 2 = 0,155 (237)

Z T = rt2 + x 2t
'LQILJUH]XOW
I0=6,2 si I0,01=5,6 (238)
7HQVLXQHDUH]LGXDOODEDUHOHTPD este:
∆U=6,2⋅0,0155=0,1 (239)
∆U=I0Zcab
Curentul de supraalimentare a motoarelor este:
( − ∆8  − 
, PRW = PRW = = (240)
=PRW 
CurentuOGHúRFODs.c. în punctul K1 este:
[
i soc = 2I b I 0,01 + I 0 (K soc − 1) + I mot ]
(241)
i soc = 2 ⋅ 900[5,6 + 6,2(1,25 − 1) + 3] = 13700A
9DORDUHDHIHFWLYDFXUHQWXOXLGHúRFHVWH





[ ]
,VRF = ,E , +  ,(.VRF − )  + ,PRW =   +  ⋅ ( − ) +  = $ (242)


'LDJUDPDGLQILJVHGHWHUPLQ
I0,05=4,7 I0,05=4,7.900=4230A
I0,1=4,3 au în amperi I0,1=4,3.900=3870A
I0,25=4 I0,25=4.900=3600A
I∞=4 I∞=4.900=3600A
3HQWUXVLPSOLWDWHDFDOFXOHORUVHQHJOLMHD]UH]LVWHQ HOHDFWLYHúLUHDFWLYHDOHHOHPHQWHORU
FH FRPSXQ FLUFXLWHOH HOHFWULFH GDU VH LQWURGXF vQ VFKHPD HFKLYDOHQW QXPDL UH]LVWHQ D
DFWLY úL UHDFWLY D FDEOXOXL JHQHUDWRUXOXL úL DOH FDEOXULORU FH SOHDF GLQ 73' SkQ OD
punctul de s.c.).
'DFQHJOLMPDPRUWL]DUHDFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFRE LQHP
1 1
I0 = = = 6,45A (243)
Z r 0,155
i soc = I b 2 (K soc I 0 + I mot ) = 900 ⋅ 2 (1,25 ⋅ 6,25 + 3) = 14200A (244)
FHGHSúHúWHSULPDYDORDUHGH$FX
(URDUHD vQ FDOFXO YD IL FX DWkW PDL PLF FX FkW YD IL PDL PLF VHF LXQHD FDEOXOXL FH
SOHDFGLQ73'úLFXFkWHVWHPDLPDUHUH]LVWHQ DJHQHUDWRDUHORU
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH vQ UH HDXD GH VF H[LVW WUDQVIRUPDWRDUH GH WHQVLXQH vQ VFKHPD
HFKLYDOHQWVHLQFOXGúLUH]LVWHQ HOHDFWLYHrtrúLUHDFWLYHxtrDOHDFHVWRUDúLVHGHWHUPLQSH
baza tensiunii de s.c. (USCúLSLHUGHULORUvQFXSUXpCu%) ale transformatorului.
6H úWLH F vQ PULPL QRPLQDOH UDSRUWDWH LPSHGDQ D WRWDO D WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL VH
GHWHUPLQFXIRUPXOD
8
=WU = 6& (245)


5H]LVWHQ DDFWLY
S &X
UWU = (246)

5H]LVWHQ DUHDFWLY
[ WU = =WU − UWU (247)

101
 5H]LVWHQ HOHUDSRUWDWHODFRQGL LLOHGHED]YRUIL
r=rtrST/StrúLx=xtrST/Str (248)
unde:
- StrSXWHUHDQRPLQDODWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
- STSXWHUHDWRWDODWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
3XWHUHDWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORUHVWHGHUHJXOGHFkWHYDRULPDLPLFGHFkWSXWHUHDCEN. De
DFHHDUDSRUWDUHDODFRQGL LLOHGHED]DUH]LVWHQ HLWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLHVWHGHPXOWHRULPDL
PDUH GHFkW UH]LVWHQ D JHQHUDWRDUHORU DGLF WUDQVIRUPDWRUXO DUH R PDUH LQIOXHQ D DVXSUD
curentului de VF &DOFXOXO FXUHQ LORU GH s.c. în acest caz se poate face introducând în
H[SUHVLDGHFDOFXOQXPDLUH]LVWHQ DWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLúLDFDEOXOXLFHSOHDFGHODHOVSUH
punctul VF 9DORDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH úRF KúRF vQ DFHVW FD] YD IL  3DUWLFXODULW LOH
FDOFXOXOXLFXUHQ LORUGHVFvQFLUFXLWHOHFXWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHFRQVWDXvQIDSWXOFWHQVLXQHD
GHED]SHSDUWHDGHLQWUDUHDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLHVWHWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOGHODEDUHOHTPD.
3H SDUWHD VHFXQGDUXOXL WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL WHQVLXQHD GH ED] HVWH WHQVLXQHD QRPLQDO D
vQIúXUULLVHFXQGDUH
0HWRGHGHPLFúRUDUHDFXUHQ LORUGHs.c. posibili:
- PULUHDWHQVLXQLLQRPLQDOHSEENSkQOD9
- PULUHDUH]LVWHQ HLLQGXFWLYHsupratranzitorii a generatoarelor de 2–3 ori;
- cuplarea în schema 6((1DUHDFWRDUHORUFXUH]LVWHQ DLQGXFWLYVXILFLHQWGHPDUH
- FUHúWHUHDFDSDFLW LLGHUXSHUHDvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDW
Scurtcircuitul generatorului de VF HVWH vQVR LW GH XQ SURFHV WUDQ]LWRULX FDUH VH
FDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQYDULD LDFXUHQWXOXLvQvQIúXUDUHDURWRULFDIOX[XOXLPDJQHWLFGHUHDF LH
DO LQGXVXOXL úL IOX[XO vQIúXUULL GH H[FLWD LH ÌQ DFHVWH FD] GXS vQFHSHUHD s.c. curentul
LQGXVXOXL FUHúWH UHODWLY UHSHGH OD YDORDUHD PD[LP DSRL VFDGH WUHSWDW OD YDORDUHD
VWDELOL]DW'LQH[SHULHQ HUH]XOWFYDORDUHDPD[LPDFXUHQWXOXLGHs.c. este de cca. 8-12
RUL PDL PDUH GHFkW YDORDUHD QRPLQDO 7LPSXO vQ FDUH VH DWLQJH DFHDVW YDORDUH HVWH GH
0,02-0,04 s. La s.c. în sistemul electric, motoarele electrice de c.c. trec brusc în regim de
generator, supraalimentând cu curent locul de VF9DORDUHDPD[LPDDFHVWXLFXUHQWHVWH
GHFFDRULPDLPDUHGHFkWFHDQRPLQDO$FHVWFXUHQWVHDPRUWL]HD]IRDUWHUHSHGH
2 PHWRG SUDFWLF VLPSO GH FDOFXO D FXUHQ LORU GH s.c. în SEEN de c.c. este metoda
³UH]LVWHQ HORUILFWLYH´FDUHGSRVLELOLWDWHDGHWHUPLQULLYDORULLPD[LPHDFXUHQWXOXLGHs.c.
9DORDUHDUH]LVWHQ HLILFWLYHDJHQHUDWRDUHORUVHDOHJHGLQFRQVLGHUHQWXOFFXUHQWXOPD[LP
de s.c. al generatoarelor de s.c. este egal cu 10 In $FHDVW YDORDUH D FXUHQWXOXL VH SRDWH
FRQVLGHUD FD ILLQG R PHGLH SHQWUX JHQHUDWRDUHOH XWLOL]DWH OD QDYH 3ULQ XUPDUH UH]LVWHQ D
ILFWLYDJHQHUDWRUXOXLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
U nom g
R fm = (249)
10 I nom g
9DORDUHD UH]LVWHQ HL ILFWLYH D PRWRDUHORU VH DOHJH GLQ FRQVLGHUHQWXO F VH FUHHD] XQ
curent de s.c. egal cu 6 Inom.

3ULQXUPDUHUH]LVWHQ DILFWLYDPRWRDUHORUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD

U nom g
R fm = (250)
6∑ I nom m
6H FRQVLGHU F UH]LVWHQ D ILFWLY D PRWRUXOXL LQFOXGH úL UH]LVWHQ D FDEOXULORU FH XQHVF
motoarele cu barele 73'5H]LVWHQ DILFWLYD JHQHUDWRDUHORUúLPRWRDUHORUVHH[SULPvQ
Ω 'H DFHHD FDOFXOXO FXUHQ LORU GH s.c. a SEEN de FF HVWH PDL VLPSOX V VH IDF QX vQ
XQLW LUHODWLYHFLvQXQLW LDEVROXWH

102
 2UGLQHD GH FDOFXO D FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW FRQIRUP DFHVWHL PHWRGH VH UHGXFH OD
XUPWRDUHOH
6HvQWRFPHúWHVFKHPDGHFDOFXOvQFDUHVHLQGLFSXWHULOHJHQHUDWRDUHORUúLDPRWRUXOXL
HFKLYDOHQWOXQJLPLOHúLVHF LXQLOHFDEOXULORUúLSXQFWHOHGHs.c. Pe baza acestei scheme se
vQWRFPHúWHVFKHPDGHVXEVWLWXLUHDSRLVHUHGXFHDFHDVWVFKHPODXQDPDLVLPSOSHQWUX
RE LQHUHDUH]LVWHQ HLUH]XOWDQWHILQDOHRrez).
Valoarea curentului de s.c. maxim se determina cu formula:
U
I SC = (251)
R rez
unde:
8±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOODEDUHOHTPD a centralei în [V].
'DF vQ VFKHPD GH FDOFXO VXQW FRQHFWDWH FkWHYD JHQHUDWRDUH HOH WUHEXLH DGXVH OD XQ
JHQHUDWRUSULQvQVXPDUHDSDUDOHODUH]LVWHQ HORUILHFUHLUDPXULJHQHUDWRDUH7UHEXLHDYXW
GH DVHPHQL vQ YHGHUH F WRDWH UH]LVWHQ HOH GLQ DQH[H VXQW GDWH SHQWUX R ID] úL WUHEXLH
PULWHGHGRXRULGHRDUHFHFFWUHFHSULQFRQGXFWRUXOGLUHFWúLGHvQWRDUFHUHc.a. trifazat
FRQYHQ LRQDOWUHFHQXPDLvQWUXQVLQJXUVHQVSHILHFDUHID]
Vom analiza succesiunea de calcul a curentului de s.c. în SEEN de c.c. prezentat în
schema de mai jos, la un s.c. în punctul K:

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFXUHQWXOXL
de s.c. în punctul K.

6HSUHVXSXQHFvQPRPHQWXOGHVFJHQHUDWRDUHOHDYkQG3 .:IXQF LRQHD]vQ

SDUDOHOSXWHULOHPRWRDUHORUHOHFWULFHFHIXQF LRQHD]vQPRPHQWXOVFUHSUH]LQWGLQ
SXWHUHD JHQHUDWRDUHORU 6FXUWFLUFXLWXO VD SURGXV OD FDEOXO FX VHF LXQHD 2(1× 70 )mm 2 la
GLVWDQ DGHPGHTPD.
9RPGHWHUPLQDUH]LVWHQ HOHFHLQWUvQVFKHPDGHVXEVWLWXLUH
U 230
R fg = = 230 ⋅ ⋅1000 ⋅150 = 0,035 Ω (252)
10 I 10

5H]LVWHQ DFRQGXFWRUXOXLGLUHFWFXVHF LXQHD 2(1× 150 )mm de lungime 10m;

0,14
R= ⋅1000 = 0,0007 Ω (253)
2
5H]LVWHQ DFRQGXFWRUXOXLGHGXFHUHúLGHvQWRDUFHUH
R 1 = 2 ⋅ 0,0007 = 0,0014 Ω (254)
5H]LVWHQ DILFWLYDPRWRDUHORU
Rfm=230.230/6.300.0,75.1000=0,039 Ω (255)

103
 5H]LVWHQ DFRQGXFWRULORUGHGXFHUHúLGHvQWRDUFHUHGHVHF LXQHPPGHOXQJLPH
10m:
Rk=2.0,31.10/1000=0,0062 Ω (256)
5H]LVWHQ DUH]XOWDQWDFLUFXLWXOXLGHs.c.



( 5
IJ
+ 5 )5
IP



(  + )
5 = + 5N = + Ω = Ω (257)
( )
UH]

( + ) + 
 
5IJ + 5 + 5IP 
 

9DORDUHDPD[LPDFXUHQWXOXLGHs.c.
ISC=230/0,0185=12400 A (258)

1.6.1. REGIMURI TRANZITORII.

1.1. ÌQIXQF LRQDUHDLQVWDOD LLORUHOHFWULFHGLQFHQWUDOHOHHOHFWULFHVHSRWSHUWXUED LLGHOD

UHJLPXO QRUPDO FDUH SURYRDF DSDUL LD XQRU SURFHVH HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH WUDQ]LWRULL úL GHFL
YDULD LL LPSRUWDQWH DOH SDUDPHWULORU HQHUJHWLFH HOHFWULFH FXUHQW WHQVLXQH IUHFYHQ H
&RQVHFLQ HOHDFHVWRUSHUWXUED LLSRWILJUDYHHOHFRQGXFkQGODvQWUHUXSHUHDvQDOLPHQWDUHD
FXHQHUJLHHOHFWULFDXQRUFRQVXPDWRULGHWHULRUDUHDHFKLSDPHQWXOXLSLHUGHUHDVWDELOLW LL
VLVWHPXOXL HWF 6LJXUDQ D vQ IXQF LRQDUH GHSLQGH vQ PDUH PVXU GH PRGXO FXP DX IRVW
FRQVLGHUDWHODSURLHFWDUHFRQVHFLQ HOHSURFHVHORUWUDQ]LWRULLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFH
1.2. &DX]HOHFHOHPDLIUHFYHQWHDOHDSDUL LHLSURFHVHORUWUDQ]LWRULLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHVXQW
VFXUWFLUFXLWHOH VLQFURQL]ULL LPSHUIHFWH FkQG FXUHQWXO SRDWH DMXQJH SkQ OD  ln),
DF LRQDUHD GLVSR]LWLYHORU GH IRU DUH D H[FLWD LHL VDX GH GH]H[FLWDUH UDSLG D PDúLQLORU
VLQFURQHHWF&HOHPDLIUHFYHQ HVXQWVFXUWFLUFXLWHOHFDUHDXRELúQXLWúLHIHFWHOHFHOHPDL
grave.
Procesele tranzitorii electromagnetice, în majoritatea cazurilor, au un caracter compelx
ce depinde de structura sistemului HOHFWURHQHUJHWLFGHSRVLELOLWDWHDH[LVWHQ HLXQRUDYDULL
VLPXOWDQH GH IDSWXO F UHDFWDQ HOH FLUFXLWHORU PDJQHWLFH QHOLQLDUH VXQW IXQF LH GH FXUHQW
(transformatoare, generatoare) etc.
1.3. &XQRDúWHUHD SURFHVHORU WUDQ]LWRULL HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH HVWH QHFHVDU OD SURLHFWDUHD
LQVWDOD LLORU HOHFWULFH GLQ FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH SHQWUX D SXWHD SUHvQWkPSLQD VDX UHGXFH
HIHFWHOHORUQHJDWLYH$VWIHOFLUFXLWHOHVHSUHYGFXLQVWDOD LLGHSURWHF LHSHQWUXVHSDUDUHD
UDPXULORU DYDULDWH JHQHUDWRDUHOH VH HFKLSHD] FX UHJXODWRDUH DXWRPDWH GH WHQVLXQH úL
IUHFYHQ  úL FX GLVSR]LWLYH DXWRPDWH GH VWLQJHUHD FkPSXOXL FRQVXPDWRULL LPSRUWDQ L DX
DOLPHQWDUHGHUH]HUY
1.4. *UDGXOGHHOHFWULILFDUHvQ FRQWLQXFUHúWHUHDQDYHORUPRGHUQHDFRQGXVúLYD
FRQGXFHúLvQYLLWRUODFUHúWHUHDSXWHULLFHQWUDOHORUHOHFWULFHQDYDOHSULQVSRULUHDQXPUXOXL
úLSXWHULLJHQHUDWRDUHORUHOHFWULFHODFRPSOLFDUHDUH HOHLGHGLVWULEX LHúLODXWLOL]DUHDXQXL
PDUHQXPUGHDSDUDWHGHFRPXWDUHúLSURWHF LH
1.5. ÌQ DFHVW PRG D DSUXW QHFHVLWDWHD HIHFWXULL XQXL PDUH YROXP GH FDOFXO SHQWUX
GHWHUPLQDUHD FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW vQ YHGHUHD DOHJHULL UD LRQDOH D DSDUDWXULL GH
SURWHF LHúLDDOWRUHOHPHQWHDOHHFKLSDPHQWXOXLHOHFWULF
1.6. &XUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWDSDUvQUH HOHHOHFWULFHDOHERUGXOXLvQXUPDFRQWDFWXOXL
vQWUH FRQGXFWRDUHOH ID]HORU GLIHULWH VDX vQWUH FRQGXFWRDUHOH úL FRUSXO QDYHL vQWUR
LPSHGDQ UHODWLYPLFFDUHvQPDMRULWDWHDFD]XULORUVHFRQVLGHUHJDOFX]HUR
1.7. 3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDúLDSUHFLHUHDFkWPDLH[DFWDFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWHVWH
QHFHVDUVúWLPGHFLQHGHSLQGHYDORDUHDDFHVWRUFXUHQ L

104
 )DFWRULLFDUHLQIOXHQ HD]YDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWEUXVFVXQW
a. SXWHUHDVXUVHORUFDUHDOLPHQWHD]ORFXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
b. LPSHGDQ DHOHPHQWHORUFLUFXLWXOXLHOHFWULFSkQODGHIHFW
c. tipul scurtcircuitului (trifazat, monofazat, etc.).
1.8. 6HGHRVHEHúWHXUPWRDUHOHWLSXULGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
1. trifazat, în cazul contactului dintre cele trei faze (fig.118.a.);
2. ELID]DW vQ FD]XO FRQWDFWXOXL GLQWUH GRX ID]H IU FRQWDFW FX FRUSXO QDYHL
(fig.118.b.);
3. monofazat, în cazul contactului unei faze prin corpul navei cu neutrul sursei
(fig.118.c.);
4. ELID]DWFXSXQHUHODFRUSXOQDYHLvQFD]XOFRQWDFWXOXLGLQWUHGRXID]HúLFRUSXO
navei.

Fig.118. Tipuri de scurtcircuit.

1.9. 6FXUWFLUFXLWXOPRQRID]DWSRDWHDSUHDQXPDLvQVLVWHPHOHFXQHXWUXOOHJDWGLUHFWOD
FRUSXOQDYHLÌQUH HOHOHFXQHXWUXL]RODWFRQWDFWXOGLQWUHXQFRQGXFWRUúLFRUSXOQDYHLVH
QXPHúWHSXQHUHODFRUSXOQDYHLÌQDFHVWHUH HOHVFXUWFLUFXLWXObifazat cu punere la corpul
QDYHLDUHDFHODúLHIHFWFDúLVFXUWFLUFXLWXOVLPSOXbifazat.
1.10. /D DSDUL LD XQXL VFXUWFLUFXLW VLVWHPXO HOHFWULF WUHFH GLQ UHJLPXO QRUPDO GH
IXQF LRQDUH vQ UHJLP GH VFXUWFLUFXLW 3URFHVXO WUDQ]LWRULX SkQ OD VWDELOLUHD UHJLPXOXL
VWD LRQDUGXUHD]FkWHYDVHFXQGH
1.11. 0RGXOGHYDULD LHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGLIHUGXSFXPJHQHUDWRUXOFDUH
DOLPHQWHD]VFXUWFLUFXLWXOHVWHSUHY]XWVDXQXFXUHJXODWRUDXWRPDWGHWHQVLXQHÌQFD]XO
JHQHUDWRDUHORU IUUHJXODWRUDXWRPDWGHWHQVLXQHODXQVFXUWFLUFXLW FXUHQWXO FUHúWH EUXVF
SkQ OD R DQXPLW YDORDUH PD[LP VF]kQG DSRL WUHSWDW SkQ OD YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH
VFXUWFLUFXLW SHUPDQHQW SH FkQG OD JHQHUDWRDUHOH SUHY]XWH FX UHJXODWRDUH DXWRPDWH GH
WHQVLXQHPRGXOGHYDULD LHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWSRDWHILDúDFXPVHDUDWvQILJ
PDLvQWkLRVFGHUHDSRLGDWRULWFUHúWHULLWHPDJHQHUDWRUXOXLVXEDF LXQHDUHJXODWRUXOXL
GHWHQVLXQHFXUHQWXOFUHúWHGLQQRX'DFVFXUWFLUFXLWXODUHORFODRGLVWDQ HOHFWULFPLF
PRGXO GH YDULD LH HVWH SUDFWLF FD úL vQ FD]XO JHQHUDWRUXOXL IU UHJXODWRU DXWRPDW GH
tensiune.
1.12. 9DORDUHD LQVWDQWDQHH PD[LP D FXUHQWXOXL WRWDO GH VFXUWFLUFXLW UHSUH]LQW
FXUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGHúRF9DORDUHDDFHVWXLDGHSLQGHGHIDSWXOGDF JHQHUDWRUXOHVWH
VDX QX SUHY]XW FX vQIúXUDUH GH DPRUWL]DUH FDUH GHWHUPLQ FUHúWHUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH
scurtcircuit.
1.13. &XUHQWXOWRWDOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVHSRDWHvPSU LvQGRXFRPSRQHQWHILJ

105
 Fig.119.

&XUEHOHGHYDULD LHDFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWDJHQHUDWRDUHORUFXUHJXODWRDUHDXWRPDWH

vQFD]XOXQXLVFXUWFLUFXLWvQWUXQSXQFWvQGHSUWDW
a. FRPSRQHQWDDSHULRGLFLa care are un semn constant;
b. FRPSRQHQWDSHULRGLFIp.
Curentul total de scurtcircuit în momentul t va avea:
- valoarea instantanee
i t = i pt + i at = 2l pt cos ωt + l at (258)
- YDORDUHDHIHFWLY
l t = l 2pt + l at
2
(259)
în care ipt úL lpt VXQW YDORULOH LQVWDQWDQHH úL HIHFWLYH DOH FRPSRQHQWHL SHULRGLFH D
curentului de scurtcircuit la momentul t, iat úL Oat ± YDORULOH LQVWDQWDQHH úL HIHFWLY DOH
componentei aperiodoce a curentului de scurtcircuit la momentul t.
9DORDUHD HIHFWLY vQWUXQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS D FRPSRQHQWHL DSHULRGLFH VH SRDWH SUDFWLF
FRQVLGHUD DSUR[LPDWLY HJDO FX YDORDUHD LQVWDQWDQHH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH PLMORFXOXL
LQWHUYDOXOXLUHVSHFWLYDGLF
i at = l at (261)
1.14. &XUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWDLPDúLQLORUHOHFWULFHVXQWGHILQL LvQIHOXOXUPWRU[1]:
a. FXUHQWXOLQL LDOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWDOXQHLPDúLQLHOHFWULFHHVWH FHDPDLPDUHYDORDUH
LQVWDQWDQHH D FXUHQWXOXL FDUH VH VWDELOHúWH vQ PDúLQ OD SURGXFHUHD vQ FHO PDL
QHIDYRUDELO PRPHQW GH FXSODUH D XQXL VFXUWFLUFXLW EUXVF OD ERUQHOH PDúLQLL
IXQF LRQkQGvQFRQGL LLGHH[FLWD LHGDW
b. FXUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWDLPDúLQLLVLQFURQH
b.1. FXUHQWXO GH VFXUWFLUFXLW SHUPDQHQW VWDELOL]DW DO PDúLQLL VLQFURQH
HVWHFXUHQWXOFDUHVHVWDELOHúWHvQvQIúXUDUHDLQGXVXOXLvQFD]XOXQXLVFXUWFLUFXLW
SHUPDQHQWODERUQHOHHLPDúLQDILLQGODYLWH]GHURWD LHVLQFURQúLFXH[FLWD LH
FRQVWDQW
EFXUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWEUXVFDOPDúLQLLVLQFURQHHVWHFXUHQWXOFDUH
VH VWDELOHúWH vQ vQIúXUDUHD LQGXVXOXL PDúLQLL OD SURGXFHUHD XQXL VFXUWFLUFXLW
EUXVF vQ FRQGL LLOH GH OD SXQFWXO D úL DYkQG XUPWRDUHOH FRPSRQHQWH YH]L
fig.120):
- componenta VXSUDWUDQ]LWRULHGHQXPLWúLFXUHQWXOGHúRFODVFXUWFLUFXLW
U
a= (262)
x ′d′

106
 - FRPSRQHQWDWUDQ]LWRULHGHQXPLWúLFRPSRQHQWDDOWHUQDWLY:
b U
= (263)
2 2 x ′d
F±FRPSRQHQWDDSHULRGLFFRQWLQX
curentul de scurtcircuit permanent:
d U
= (264)
2 2 xd

)LJ5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILFSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFRPSRQHQWHORUvQLQGXVXO
PDúLQLORUVLQFURQHODSURGXFHUHDXQXLVFXUWFLUFXLWWULID]DWEUXVFODERUQH

1.15. 1RWDUHD SUHVFXUWDW D GLIHULWHORU WLSXUL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW VH YD IDFH vQ PRGXO
XUPWRU
K(3) – scurtcircuit trifazat
K(2) – scurtcircuit bifazat
K(1,1) – scurtcircuit bifazat cu punere la corpul navei
K(1) – scurtcircuit monofazat.
Pe schemele de calcul, punctele ipotetice de scurtcircuit se vor nota: K1, K2, …, Kn.
1RWDUHDFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWDWXQFLFkQGVXQWSRVLELOHFRQIX]LLOHVHYDIDFHDVWIHO
Ik(3) – curent de scurtcircuit trifazat
Ik(2) – curent de scurtcircuit bifazat
Ik(1) – curent de scurtcircuit monofazat.

1.6.2. PRODUCEREA SCURTCIRCUITULUI.

&21',,,'(&$/&8/

PRODUCEREA SCURTCIRCUITULUI

1.1. 6FXUWFLUFXLW VH QXPHúWH RULFH FRQWDFW vQWUH ID]H LDU vQ FLUFXLWHOH FX QXOXO SXV OD
SPkQW VDX vQ FHOH FDUH DX FRQGXFWRU GH QXO vQWUH XQD VDX PDL PXOWH ID]H úL SPkQW
UHVSHFWLYFRQGXFWRUXOGHQXOFRQWDFWQHSUHY]XWGHFRQGL LLOHQRUPDOHGHIXQF LRQDUH
1.2. 0DMRULWDWHD VFXUWFLUFXLWHORU DX XQ FDUDFWHU vQWkPSOWRU úL DSDU vQ XUPD UXSHULL
FRQGXFWRDUHORUXQRUPDQHYUHJUHúLWHGDWRULWVXSUDWHQVLXQLORUHWF
1.3. ÌQPRGRELúQXLWODORFXOVFXUWFLUFXLWXOXLVHIRUPHD]XQDUFHOHFWULFFXRDQXPLW
UH]LVWHQ  FH GHSLQGH GH WHQVLXQH úL OXQJLPHD VD GDF FRQWDFWXO VH VWDELOHúWH GLUHFW
VFXUWFLUFXLWXO VH QXPHúWH PHWDOLF 3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD FDOFXOHORU SUDFWLFH vQ PDMRULWDWHD
FD]XULORU VH QHJOLMHD] UH]LVWHQ D DUFXOXL GHRDUHFH HVWH PXOW PDL PLF GHFkW LPSHGDQ D
FLUFXLWXOXL DYDULDW DVWIHO YDORDUHD FDOFXODW D FXUHQWXOXL UH]XOW FX SX LQ PDL PDUH GHFkW
FHDUHDO
1.4. ÌQWLPSXOXQXLVFXUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQ DFLUFXLWXOXLVHPLFúRUHD]FDXUPDUHDúXQWULL
XQHL SRU LXQL vQ FRQVHFLQ  FXUHQ LL FUHVF GHSúLQG FX PXOW YDORULOH GLQ UHJLP QRUPDO
9DORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GHSLQGH GH LPSHGDQ D FLUFXLWXOXL SkQ OD ORFXO GHIHFWXOXL WHQVLXQH
107
SXWHUHD VXUVHL WLSXO VFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL WLSXO VFXUV GLQ PRPHQWXO DSDUL LHL GHIHFWXOXL HWF
&XUHQWXO GH VFXUWFLUFXLW HVWH LQIOXHQ DW úL GH FRQVXPDWRUL vQ VSHFLDO vQ SULPHOH SHULRDGH
$FHDVW LQIOXHQ  HVWH vQV UHODWLY UHGXV GHRDUHFH FRQVXPDWRULL UDFRUGD L GXS ORFXO
VFXUWFLUFXLWXOXLUPkQIUWHQVLXQHWRWXúLGDWRULWHQHUJLHLvQPDJD]LQDWHHLVHFRPSRUW
FD QLúWH VXUVH FH GHELWHD] VSUH ORFXO GHIHFWXOXL FRPSHQVDWRDUH VLQFURQH PRWRDUH
DVLQFURQH HWF &RQVXPDWRULL LQIOXHQ HD] úL LQGLUHFW YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW
GHRDUHFHGHWHUPLQVWDUHDGHH[FLWD LHLQL LDODJHQHUDWRDUHORU
I
1.5. 9DORDUHD PD[LP D FXUHQWXOXL Ikm DSDUH vQ SULPD SHULRDG UDSRUWXO m = km
In
(unde In HVWH FXUHQWXO QRPLQDO VH QXPHúWH RUGLQ GH PXOWLSOLFLWDWH DO FXUHQWXOXL GH
scurtcircuit. În cazul scurtcircuitelor trifazate, la bornele generatoarelor cu SROL vQHFD L úL
vQIúXUULGHDPRUWL]DUHPSRDWHDMXQJHOD±LDUODJHQHUDWRDUHOHFXSROLDSDUHQ L
IUvQIúXUDUHGHDPRUWL]DUHOD±
1.6. 6LPXOWDQ FX FUHúWHUHD FXUHQWXOXL vQ FLUFXLWXO DYDULDW VH SURGXFH úL PLFúRUDUHD
WHQVLXQLL HD DQXOkQGXVH OD ORFXO GHIHFWXOXL vQ FD]XO VFXUWFLUFXLWHORU PHWDOLFH 6FGHUHD
WHQVLXQLL DUH FRQVHFLQ H QHJDWLYH DVXSUD FRQVXPDWRULORU $VWIHO PRWRDUHOH DVLQFURQH OD
UHGXFHULLPSRUWDQWHDOHWHQVLXQLLSHVWHvúLPLFúRUHD]VLP LWRUFXSOXOPRWRUFHHVWH
SURSRU LRQDOFXSWUDWXOWHQVLXQLL3HQWUXDOLPLWDHIHFWHOHQHJDWLYHDOHVFGHULLWHQVLXQLL
generatoarele sunt echipate cu regulatoare automate de tensiune (RAT), care intervin
SHQWUX UHDGXFHUHD WHQVLXQLL OD YDORDUHD QRUPDO ÌQ ILJXUD  HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW YDULD LD
WHQVLXQLLIXQF LHGHGLVWDQ DHOHFWULFSkQODORFXOGHIHFWXOXL&RQVWDWPFvQFD]XOXQXL
VFXUWFLUFXLWvQGHSUWDW.QXPUXOFRQVXPDWRULORUDIHFWD LGHPLFúRUDUHDWHQVLXQLL HVWH
PDLPLFGHFkWvQFD]XOXQXLVFXUWFLUFXLWDSURSLDWGHVXUV. /DOLPLWvQ FD]XO XQXL
VFXUWFLUFXLWODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLWR LFRQVXPDWRULLUPkQIUWHQVLXQH

)LJ9DULD LDWHQVLXQLLIXQF LHGHGLVWDQ DHOHFWULF

SkQODORFXOGHIHFWXOXL

1.7. &XUHQ LL PDUL FDUH DSDU vQ WLPSXO XQXL VFXUWFLUFXLW DX HIHFWH QHJDWLYH DVXSUD
LQVWDOD LLORUSHFDUHOHSDUFXUJVROLFLWkQGXOHWHUPLFúLGLQDPLFDFHVWHHIHFWHSRWILOLPLWDWH
SULQGHFRQHFWDUHDUDSLGDFLUFXLWXOXLDYDULDW
1.8. &DOFXOXOFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWvQFHOHPDLQHIDYRUDELOHVLWXD LLWUHEXLHHIHFWXDW
OD SURLHFWDUHD XQHL LQVWDOD LL GHRDUHFH IXQF LH GH YDORULOH ORU VH IDFH DOHJHUHD DSDUDWHORU
EDUHORU HWF ÌQWUXFkW FDOFXOXO H[DFW HVWH GLILFLO GH HIHFWXDW GLQ FDX]D FRPSOH[LW LL
SURFHVHORU WUDQ]LWRULL HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH vQ SUDFWLF VH IRORVHVF vQ PDMRULWDWHD FD]XULORU
LSRWH]H VLPSOLILFDWRDUH FH QX LQWURGXF HURUL PDUL úL DX DYDQWDMXO F UHGXF IRDUWH PXOW
YROXPXOGHPXQFRELúQXLWDFHVWHLSRWH]HVXQW
• considerarea circuitelor magnetice nesaturate, ceea ce conduce la liniarizarea
VFKHPHORUúLSHUPLWHDSOLFDUHDWHRUHPHLVXSUDSXQHULL
108
 • QHJOLMDUHD FXUHQ LORU GH PDJQHWL]DUH D WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU úL
autotransformatoarelor;
• QHJOLMDUHDDGPLWDQ HORUFDSDFLWLYH
• QHJOLMDUHD UH]LVWHQ HOH FHHD FH FRQGXFH OD XQ GHID]DM vQWUH WHQVLXQH úL FXUHQW
π
ϕ k = úLSHUPLWHVXPDUHDFXUHQ LORUFDvQFXUHQWFRQWLQXXGHFLVHSRDWHIRORVLúL
2
modelarea în curent continuu);
• FRQVLGHUDUHDDSUR[LPDWLYDVDUFLQLORU
• QHJOLMDUHDSHQGXOULLJHQHUDWRDUHORUHWF
1.9. ,SRWH]HOH VLPSOLILFDWRDUH FDUH VH LQWURGXF GHSLQG GH VFKHPD VWXGLDW vQ DúD IHO
vQFkWHURULOHVQXGHSúHDVFOLPLWHOHDGPLVHDVWIHOvQFD]XOOLQLLORUDHULHQHOXQJLQX
VHSRWQHJOLMDUH]LVWHQ HOHúLVHFRQVLGHUFFD ϕ k = 60 $ , iar pentru liniile în cablu cca.
ϕ k = 30 $ $SUR[LPD LLOHLQWURGXVHGHSLQGGHSUHFL]LDQHFHVDUFDOFXOHORUGHH[HPSOX
SHQWUX DOHJHUHD úL YHULILFDUHD DSDUDWHORU EDUHORU HWF VH DGPLW HURUL PDL PDUL GHFL
YROXPXODSUR[LPD LLORUHVWHPDLPDUHLDUSHQWUXUHJODUHDSURWHF LHLSULQUHOHHFDOFXOHOH
WUHEXLHVILHPDLH[DFWHúLGHFLQXPUXOGHDSUR[LPD LLIRORVLWHHVWHPDLUHGXV

&21',,,'(&$/&8/

 *UDGXO GH H[DFWLWDWH QHFHVDU vQ FDOFXOXO FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW GHSLQGH vQ
general, de scopul calculului.
În cazul calculului curentului de scurtcircuit în sistemele electroenergetice navale ne
YRP OLPLWD OD PHWRGHOH GH FDOFXO DSUR[LPDWLY FDUH DVLJXU R H[DFWLWDWH VXILFLHQW SHQWUX
scopurile practice.
8WLOL]DUHDPHWRGHORUGHFDOFXODSUR[LPDWLYHHVWHMXVWLILFDWúLSULQIDSWXOF
vQPXOWHFD]XULGDWHOHúLFRQGL LLOHFDUHVWDXODED]DFDOFXOXLQXVXQWH[DFWH
 &XUHQ LL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW WUHEXLH FDOFXOD L vQ LSRWH]D F WRDWH JHQHUDWRDUHOH FDUH
DOLPHQWHD]SXQFWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVXQWSUHY]XWHFXUHJXODWRDUHDXWRPDWHGHWHQVLXQH
 ,QIOXHQ D PRWRDUHORU DVLQFURQH FD VXUVH GH DOLPHQWDUH VXSOLPHQWDUH VH LD GH
DVHPHQHDvQFRQVLGHUD LHvQFDOFXOXOFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
 'DF OD ERUQHOH XQXL HOHFWURPRWRU DVLQFURQ DIODW vQ IXQF LRQDUH VH SURGXFH XQ
VFXUWFLUFXLWFRQIRUPSULQFLSLXOXLLQHU LHLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHIOX[XOLQGXFWRUQXVHvQWUHUXSH
instantaneu, electromotorul lucrând pentru scurt timp ca generator, alimentând punctul de
scurtcircuit.
&HUFHWULOH HIHFWXDWH DX GHPRQVWUDW F PRGXO GH YDULD LH D FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW
ILJODERUQHOHXQXLHOHFWURPRWRUDVLQFURQSRDWHILUHGDWFXSUHFL]LHVXILFLHQW

109
 )LJ9DULD LDFXUHQ LORUVFXUWFLUFXLW

im – curent de scurtcircuit
imp±FRPSRQHQWDSHULRGLFVLPHWULFDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
ima±FRPSRQHQWDDSHULRGLFVLPHWULFDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
2I m - amplitudinea curentului înainte de scurtcircuit
iPú±FXUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGHúRF
imao±YDORDUHDLQL LDOPD[LPDFRPSRQHQWHLDSHULRGLFHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
I ′mp
′ − YDORDUHDLQL LDOPD[LPDFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
I ′m
′ − YDORDUHDHIHFWLYLQL LDODFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFHDcurentui de scurtcircuit.
 8QLL DXWRUL >@ UHFRPDQG FD vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW LQIOXHQ D
HOHFWURPRWRDUHORU DVLQFURQH V ILH OXDW vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FX XUPWRDUHOH YDORUL YDORUL DOH
FXUHQ LORU vQ UDSRUW FX Ime, unde Ime HVWH VXPD FXUHQ LORU QRPLQDOL DL WXWXURU
HOHFWURPRWRDUHORU DVLQFURQH DIODWH vQ IXQF LRQDUH OD PRPHQWXO SHQWUX FDUH VH HIHFWXHD]
calculul).
• La scurtcircuit instantaneu ………6,25 Ime
• /DWLPSXO7DGLFRSHULRDGGXSDSDUL LDVFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL (ωt = 2π ) ……..2,5 Ime
• /D WLPSXO 7 GHFL GXS GRX SHULRDGH GH OD DSDUL LD VFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL
(ωt = 4π ) ……..Ime
• 3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGHúRFOD7VHUHFRPDQG«Ime.
 3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW VH YD vQWRFPL R VFKHP GH
calcul (vezi exemplarul anexat).
3HVFKHPDGHFDOFXOVHYRUSXQHvQHYLGHQ WRDWHHOHPHQWHOHFDUHFRQFXUODVWDELOLUHD
YDORULORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW SUHFXP úL D FHORU FDUH WUHEXLH V ILH YHULILFDWH OD VWDELOLWDWH
HOHFWURGLQDPLFúLWHUPLFJHQHUDWRDUHWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHvQWUHUXSWRDUHDXWRPDWHFDEOXUL
bare, transformatoare de curent etc.).
'HDVHPHQHDDOWXULGHHOHPHQWHOHUHVSHFWLYHVHYRUQRWDGDWHOHQHFHVDUHFDOFXOXOXLGH
VFXUWFLUFXLWDWkWFHOHOXDWHGLQFDWDORDJHFkWúLFHOHGHWHUPLQDWHSULQFDOFXO

110
 *UDGXOGHSUHFL]LHDFDOFXOHORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWYDGHSLQGHvQPDUHPVXUGHGDWHOH
SXVH OD GLVSR]L LH GH FWUH IXUQL]RUL SHQWUX ILHFDUH HOHPHQW FH SDUWLFLS OD VWDELOL]DUHD
YDORULLFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVDXFDUHWUHEXLHYHULILFDWHODVWDELOLWDWHHOHFWURGLQDPLFúL
WHUPLF3HQWUXDFHDVWDVHYDDYHDvQYHGHUHFDvQRIHUWHOHSXVHODGLVSR]L LHIXUQL]RULLV
SUHFL]H]HSHOkQJDOWHGDWHXUPWRDUHOH
a. pentru generator:
Sn(Pn±SXWHUHDQRPLQDO
Un±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOvQWUHID]H
Xd±UHDFWDQ DVLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDO
X′d±UHDFWDQ DWUDQ]LWRULHORQJLWXGLQDO
X′′d±UHDFWDQ DVXSUDWUDQ]LWRULHORQJLWXGLQDO
Rg±UH]LVWHQ DLQWHUQDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
iem±YDORDUHDPD[LPDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHFXUHJXODWRUGHWHQVLXQHvQIúXUDUHDGH
H[FLWD LHILLQGODWHPSHUDWXUDQRPLQDO
ieo ± YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWD LH vQ JRO OD WHQVLXQH QRPLQDO vQIúXUULOH ILLQG OD
WHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW
Kc±UDSRUWGHVFXUWFLUFXLW±UDSRUWXOGLQWUHFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LHFRUHVSXQ]WRUWHQVLXQLL
QRPLQDOH D LQGXVXOXL OD PHUVXO vQ JRO úL FXUHQWXO GH H[FLWD LH FRUHVSXQ]WRU FXUHQWXOXL
nominal, Ig DO LQGXVXOXL vQ VFXUWFLUFXLW WULID]DW VWDELOL]DW PDúLQD URWLQGXVH FX WXUD LH
QRPLQDO
b. pentru electromotor:
Pn±SXWHUHDQRPLQDO
Un±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOvQWUHID]H
X′d±UHDFWDQ DWUDQ]LWRULH
Rm±UH]LVWHQ DLQWHUQDHOHFWURPRWRUXOXL
c. pentru transformator:
3±SXWHUHDQRPLQDO
U1±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOvQSULPDU
U2±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOvQVHFXQGDU
Rt±UH]LVWHQ DVDXrtUH]LVWHQ DSURFHQWXDO
Xt±UHDFWDQ DVDXxtUHDFWDQ DSURFHQWXDO
uk – tensiunea de scurtcircuit
d. SHQWUXDSDUDWHOHGHFRQHFWDUHúLSURWHF LH
Xa±UHDFWDQ D
Ra±UH]LVWHQ D
Irn – curentul de rupere nominal
In – curentul de închidere
Id±FXUHQWXOOLPLWGLQDPLF
It±FXUHQWXOOLPLWWHUPLF
e. pentru cabluri:
R0±UH]LVWHQ DVSHFLILF
;±UHDFWDQ DVSHFLILF
f. SHQWUXERELQHGHUHDFWDQ 
Inbr – curentul nominal
Unbr±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDO
XbrUHDFWDQ DSURFHQWXDO
It t PULPHFDUDFWHULVWLFSHQWUXVWDELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
Ln±LQGXF LDQRPLQDO
g. pentru transformatoare de curent:
;±UHDFWDQ DWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
In – curentul nominal primar
Kt – coeficientul termic
111
 It(N$±FXUHQWXOOLPLWWHUPLF
Kd – coeficientul dinamic
Id(N$±FXUHQWXOOLPLWGLQDPLF

 &DOFXOXO FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW VH YD HIHFWXD SHQWUX SURLHFWHOH GH QDYH OD FDUH
FXUHQWXOQRPLQDODOJHQHUDWRDUHORUFXSODWHVLPXOWDQODEDUHGHSúHúWH$FRQIRUP[3]
REVHUYD LH OD SXQFWXO úL [4] punctul 3 vQ VFRSXO YHULILFULL OD VWDELOLWDWH
HOHFWURGLQDPLFúLWHUPLFDJHQHUDWRDUHORUGHFRQHFWDUHDEDUHORUúLFRQGXFWRDUHORU
&DOFXOXOVHHIHFWXHD]SHQWUXFHOPDLJUHXUHJLPGHIXQF LRQDUHDFHQWUDOHLHOHFWULFH

05,0,'(%$=ù,05,0,'(&$/&8/

1.6.3.1. ,PSHGDQ DOHXQHLUH HOHvQVFXUWFLUFXLWFXSULQ]kQGUH]LVWHQ HúLUHDFWDQ HSRWIL

H[SULPDWHvQXQLW LDEVROXWHXQLW LUHODWLYHVDXvQSURFHQWH
 7RDWH FDOFXOHOH FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW VH HIHFWXHD] SH R VLQJXU ID] GH
DFHHDúLUHDFWDQ HOHGLIHULWHORUHOHPHQWHVHGHWHUPLQWRWSHQWUXRVLQJXUID]
6HRELúQXLHúWHFDWRDWHUHDFWDQ HOHFLUFXLWXOXLVFXUWFLUFXLWDWVILHH[SULPDWHvQ
XQLW LUHODWLYHUDSRUWDWHODDQXPLWHPULPLGHED]FHHDFHRIHURXúXUDUHLPSRUWDQWvQ
efectuarea calculelor.
3HQWUXH[SULPDUHDvQXQLW LUHODWLYHDUHDFWDQ HORUDFXUHQWXOXLDWHQVLXQLLVDX
DSXWHULLVHYRUDOHJHvQSUHDODELOPULPLOHGHED]DGLFPULPLOHFDUHYRUILFRQVLGHUDWH
FDPULPLGHUHIHULQ 
3HQWUXPULPLOHGHED]VHDGRSWQRWD LLOH
Ib – curentul
Ub – tensiunea
Sb – puterea
Xb±UHDFWDQ D
3HQWUXXQFLUFXLWSXULQGXFWLYDIODWvQVFXUWFLUFXLWVHSRWVFULHHFXD LLOH
Ub
Xb = ; Sb = 3U b ⋅ I b (265)
3I b
9DORULOHUHODWLYHQRWDWHFXFDUDFWHUHPLFLGHPkQVHYRUGHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LLOH
I U S X
ib = ; ub = ; sb = ; xb = (266)
Ib Ub Sb Xb
'UHSWSXWHUHGHED]SbVHDOHJHXQQXPUvQWUHJPXOWLSOXGH]HFHGHH[HPSOX
10 sau 100 09$LDUFkWHRGDWSXWHUHDQRPLQDOFHDPDLIUHFYHQWvQVFKHPDUHVSHFWLY
VDXSXWHUHDvQVXPDWDVXUVHORUGHDOLPHQWDUH
&DWHQVLXQHGHED]VHDOHJHGHRELFHLWHQVLXQHDPHGLHGHFDOFXODWUHSWHLGHWHQVLXQH
SHQWUXFDUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
6H DGPLW XUPWRDUHOH YDORUL DOH WHQVLXQLORU PHGLL GH FDOFXO vQ kV: 0,23; 0,4; 0,525;
3,15; 6,3.
2GDWFXQRVFXWHSbúLUbUH]XOW
Sb
Ib = (A ) (267)
3U b
pentru Sb(N9$úLUb(N9GDFSb(09$úLUb(kV), pentru IbUH]XOWkA.

7UHFHUHDGHODUHDFWDQ H[SULPDWvQRKPL;ODUHDFWDQ DH[SULPDWvQXQLW L

UHODWLYH[VHIDFHFXUHOD LD
3I b S X
x=X =X b = (268)
Ub U2 Xb b
în care: Ib(kA); Ub(kV); Sb(09$DXVHPQLILFD LLOHGHPDLVXV
112
   'DF UHDFWDQ HOH PDúLQLORU úL WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU VXQW GDWH vQ XQLW L UHODWLYH
UDSRUWDWHODPULPLOHQRPLQDOHxn; Sn≠Sb, Un=UbH[LVWUHOD LD
S
xb = xn ⋅ b (269)
Sn
xb±UHDFWDQ DUDSRUWDWODSXWHUHDGHED]Sb
Sb±SXWHUHDQRPLQDOJHQHUDWRUVDXWUDQVIRUPDWRU
  3HQWUX ERELQHOH GH UHDFWDQ  OD FDUH DYHP xn, Unbr≠Ub, Inbr=Ib, pentru
UDSRUWDUHDODPULPLOHGHED]VHIRORVHúWHIRUPXOD
I U
x b = x n ⋅ b ⋅ nbr (270)
I nbr U b
9DORULOHUH]LVWHQ HORUH[SULPDWHvQXQLW LUHODWLYHVHGHWHUPLQvQPRGDQDORJ
prin înlocuirea lui X cu R.
  ÌQWUH UHDFWDQ D H[SULPDW vQ SURFHQWH [  úL FHD vQ XQLW L UHODWLYH H[LVW
UHOD LD
x % = 100 x (271)
 )RUPXOD JHQHUDO SHQWUX WUHFHUHD GH OD YDORUL UHODWLYH VDX SURFHQWXDOH OD
valoarea în ΩHVWHFHDLQGLFDWDQWHULRU
1.6.3.12. Pentru transformatoare:
u k % ⋅ U 2b
X= (272)
100 ⋅ S n
unde:
uk% - tensiunea de scurtcircuit a transformatorului, în %;
Ub – tensiunea medie de calcul, în kV
Sn±SXWHUHDQRPLQDODWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLvQMVA.
3HQWUXERELQHOHGHUHDFWDQ 
x % ⋅ U nbr
X= (273)
100 3I nbr
în care:
UnbrúLInbr±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOkV), respectiv curentul nominal (KA)
[UHDFWDQ DvQ
5HDFWDQ DERELQHLVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDúLFXIRUPXOD
X = ωL n 10 −3 (Ω ) (274)
Ln±LQGXFWDQ DQRPLQDOvQmH).
5DSRUWDUHDUHDFWDQ HORUH[SULPDWHvQRKPLODRWHQVLXQHGHED]GHFDOFXOVH
IDFHFXUHOD LD
U12
X1 = X 2 ⋅ (275)
U 22
X2±UHDFWDQ DUDSRUWDWODWHQVLXQHD82, în (Ω).
Tensiunea de calcul poate fi atât U1FkWúL82.
1.6.3.15. Alte metode de calcul, propune în [2] úL[5] DXvQYHGHUHFPDUHDSDUWHGLQ
PULPLOH úL GDWHOH QHFHVDUH HIHFWXULL FDOFXOHORU VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ GLDJUDPH ULGLFDWH vQ
XUPD H[SHULPHQWULORU IFXWH SH R DQXPLW VHULH GDW GH JHQHUDWRDUH úL WUDQVIRUPDWRDUH
'DWHOHDVWIHOGHWHUPLQDWHvPSUHXQFXFHOHFDUHVHH[WUDJGLQFDWDORDJHSHUPLWFDOFXODUHD
FXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWWULID]DWVLPHWULF
3HQWUXFDDFHDVWPHWRGVILHDSOLFDWFXUH]XOWDWHVDWLVIFWRDUHúLSHQWUXDOWHVHULLGH
JHQHUDWRDUH úL WUDQVIRUPDWRDUH DFHVWHD WUHEXLH V  DLE FDUDFWHULVWLFL IRDUWH DSURSLDWH GH
113
FHOH DOH JHQHUDWRDUHORU úL WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU SHQWUX FDUH DYHP GLDJUDPH &RPSDUDUHD
DFHVWRUFDUDFWHULVWLFLGHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULQXHVWHSRVLELOGLQOLSVGHGDWH
  &DOFXODUHD FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW ELID]DW HVWH PDL GLILFLO GHRDUHFH vQ
DFHVWFD]DYHPSHQWUXJHQHUDWRDUHRVDUFLQQHVLPHWULFILLQGQHFHVDUHGDWHVXSOLPHQWDUH
FDUHGHIRDUWHPXOWHRULQXQHVWDXODGLVSR]L LH
ÌQSUDFWLFHVWHVXILFLHQWGDFVHFRQVLGHU
I ′k′ (2) = I ′k′ (3) (276)
conform [6], în care:
I ′k′   FXUHQWXO GH VFXUWFLUFXLW LQL LDO XQGH VH FRQVLGHU F DPRUWL]DUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH
scurtcircuit bifazat se face mai lent decât curentul de scurtcircuit trifazat.
&XUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWPRQRID]DWFDUHSRDWHVDSDUvQUH HOHOHQDYDOHFX
QHXWUXOSXVODFRUSXOQDYHLVHFDOFXOHD]PDLJUHXGHRDUHFHvQDFHVWFD]LPSHGDQ HOHVXQW
de cele mai multe ori necunoscute.
6HSRWOXDvQFRQVLGHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHVLPSOLILFUL[6]:
- la scurtcircuitele din apropierea generatoarelor, la care LPSHGDQ HOHFLLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
VXQWQHJOLMDELOHID GHLPSHGDQ HOHJHQHUDWRDUHORUVHSRDWHFRQVLGHUD I ′k′ (1) = 1,35 I ′k′ (3) ,
ODVFXUWFLUFXLWHOHGLQUH HOHODFDUHLPSHGDQ HOHFLLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWQXVXQWQHJOLMDELOH
ID GHLPSHGDQ HOHJHQHUDWRDUHORUVHYDFRQVLGHUD I ′k′ (1) ≈ 1,2 I ′k′ (3)
$YkQGvQYHGHUHSXQFWHOHúLvQUH HOHOHGHFXUHQWDOWHUQDWLY
VHYRUFDOFXODFXUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWWULID]DWGXSPHWRGDSURSXVvQSDUDJUDIXOXUPWRU
'HDVHPHQHDVHSURSXQHRPHWRGSHQWUXFDOFXOXOFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWvQUH HOHOHGH
c.c.

0(72',&3(1758&$/&8/8/&85(1,/25'(
SCURTCIRCUIT

,QVWDOD LLGHFXUHQWDOWHUQDWLYWULID]DW
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVHDGRSWPHWRGLFDSUHY]XWGH[4].
1.6.4.1.1. Curentul maxim de scurtcircuit simetric.
a.'HIHFWVLWXDWSHVLVWHPXOSULQFLSDOGHEDUH9DORDUHDHIHFWLYPD[LPDFXUHQWXOXLGH
VFXUWFLUFXLW VLPHWULF SHQWUX XQ GHIHFW VLWXDW SH VLVWHPXO SULQFLSDO GH EDUH VH IRORVHúWH
SHQWUXVWDELOLUHDFXUHQ LORUGHUXSHUHDDSDUDWHORUGHSURWHF LHSHGLIHULWHSOHFULGLQWDEORXO
SULQFLSDOSUHFXPúLSHQWUXDSDUDWHOHGHSURWHF LHDJHQHUDWRDUHORUúLHVWHHJDOFX
Vg
I ks = 3I m + (277)
X ′dt
′
în care:
Vg9 ± WHQVLXQHD SH ID] OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL ÌQ DEVHQ D LQGLFD LLORU SUHFLVH VH
poate considera:
U
Vg = n ⋅1,05 = 0,607 ⋅ U n (278)
3
(
Un[V]±WHQVLXQHDvQWUHID]HDUH HOHLFRQVLGHUDWH U n = 3Vn . )
Vn±WHQVLXQHDSHID]DUH HOHLFRQVLGHUDWH
X ′′  X ′dm
X ′d′ = dt (Ω ) (279)
X ′dt
′ + X ′dm
′
UHDFWDQ DWRWDODGHIHFWXOXL
Xdt (Ω ± UHDFWDQ D VXSUDWUDQ]LWRULH ORQJLWXGLQDO HFKLYDOHQW D JHQHUDWRDUHORU
IXQF LRQkQGvQSDUDOHO
114
 m
1 1
=∑ (280)
X ′dt
′ X ′′
n =1 dn + cn + an
X X
în care:
X ′dn
′ UHDFWDQ DVXSUDWUDQ]LWRULHORQJLWXGLQDODJHQHUDWRUXOXLQ
2
x ′′ % 3 ⋅ Vg
′ = dn ⋅
X ′dn (281)
100 Sn
Sn9$±SXWHUHDQRPLQDODJHQHUDWRUXOXLQ
x ′dn
′ %  UHDFWDQ D supratranzitorie ORQJLWXGLRQDO vQ  IXUQL]DW GH FRQVWUXFWRUXO
JHQHUDWRUXOXLÌQOLSVDLQGLFD LLORUVHYRUIRORVLYDORULOHPLQLPDOHLQGLFDWHvQWDEHOD,
Xcn(Ω ± UHDFWDQ D FDEOXOXL GH OHJWXU GLQWUH JHQHUDWRUXO Q úL VLVWHPXO GH EDUH
principale (se alege din tabela II).
Xan(Ω ± UHDFWDQ D DSDUDWXOXL GH SURWHF LH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL Q VH DOHJH GLQ GLDJUDPHOH
expuse în anexa 1).
X ′dm (Ω )   UHDFWDQ D WUDQ]LWRULH ORQJLWXGLQDO HFKLYDOHQW D HOHFWURPRWRDUHORU
DVLQFURQHVHQVLELOHJDOFXLPSHGDQ D
Vn
X ′dm ≅ Z ′dm = (282)
3 ⋅ I me
Ime$ ± VXPD FXUHQ LORU QRPLQDOL DL WXWXURU HOHFWURPRWRDUHORU DVLQFURQH FDUH
IXQF LRQHD]VLPXOWDQImeVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LD
S ⋅10 3
I me = me (A ) cf. [2] (283)
3U n
Sme[kVA] ±SXWHUHDQRPLQDOHFKLYDOHQWDHOHFWURPRWRDUHORUFHIXQF LRQHD]VLPXOWDQ
vQUHJLPXOGHIXQF LRQDUHDOFHQWUDOHLSHQWUXFDUHVHHIHFWXHD]FDOFXO
b. Defect nesituat pe sistemul principal de bere.
9DORDUHDHIHFWLYPD[LPDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVLPHWULFvQWUXQSXQFWnesituat pe
VLVWHPXO SULQFLSDO GH EDUH VH IRORVHúWH SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD FXUHQ LORU GH UXSHUH SHQWUX
DSDUDWHOHGHSURWHF LHDWDEORXULORUDX[LOLDUH
6H IRORVHúWH GH DVHPHQHD SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD YDORULL PLQLPH GH LQWUDUH vQ IXQF LH D
SURWHF LHLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW$FHDVWYDORDUHHVWHHJDOFX
V
I ks = n (284)
Zt
în care:
Z t = R f2 + (X f + X ′d′ )2 (285)
Rf(Ω úL Xf(Ω ± VXPD UH]LVWHQ HORU UHVSHFWLY D UHDFWDQ HORU OLQLHL vQWUH SXQFWXO GH
VFXUWFLUFXLWúLEDUHORUSULQFLSDOHFXH[FHS LDDFHORUDSDUDWHGHSURWHF LHVLWXDWHLPHGLDWvQ
amonte de punctul de scurtcircuit considerat).
În cazul în care, pentru determinarea lui RfúLXf WUHEXLH DYXWH vQ YHGHUH UH]LVWHQ H úL
UHDFWDQ HSHQWUXDQXPLWHSRU LXQLGHEDUHVHYRUFDOFXOD>@FXXUPWRDUHOHUHOD LL
SHQWUXUH]LVWHQ 
L
R = R0 ⋅L = ρ ⋅L (286)
S
unde:
R0(ΩP±UH]LVWHQ DVSHFLILF
S(mm2±DULDVHF LXQLLWUDQVYHUVDOHDEDUHL
ρ(Ω mm) – rezistivitatea materialului la 293°K(20*C)
SHQWUXUHDFWDQ 
115
 X = X0L (287)
4⋅am
X 0 = 0,145 L g ⋅10 −3 (288)
h
unde:
X0(ΩP±UHDFWDQ DVSHFLILF
KPP±vQO LPHDEDUHLcf. Fig.6)
amPP±GLVWDQ DPHGLHJHRPHWULFvQWUHEDUH
a m = 3 a 12 ⋅ a 23 ⋅ a 31 (289)
a
GDF a 12 = a 23 = 31 = a
2
a m = 1,26 ⋅ a

)LJ'LVWDQ DGLQWUHEDUH

3HQWUXFDEOXULUH]LVWHQ DúLUHDFWDQ DVHSRWFDOFXOD[10] cu reOD LLOH

SHQWUXUH]LVWHQ 
R0 =
17,24
[1 + 0,04(θ − 293)] Ω (290)
S km
unde:
s(mm2±DULDVHF LXQLLFRQGXFWRUXOXL
θ WHPSHUDWXUDFRQGXFWRUXOXLVHFRQVLGHUHJDOFX°K
2EVHUYDLHÌQFDOFXOHVHYDOXDvQFRQVLGHUDUHUH]LVWHQ DOD°K
SHQWUXUHDFWDQ 
d
X 0 = 0,145 L g + 0,0157 (291)
R
unde:
G±GLVWDQ DGLQWUHFHQWUHOHFRQGXFWRDUHORUHJDOFXGLDPHWUXOL]RODWDOFRQGXFWRUXOXL
R – raza conductorului.
$WkW SHQWUX EDUH FkW úL SHQWUX FDEOXUL FXQRVFkQG 50, X0 úL OXQJLPLOH UHVSHFWLYH VH
GHWHUPLQUH]LVWHQ DúLUHDFWDQ D
1.6.4.1.2. Curent maxim de scurtcircuit asimetric (sau curent total de scurtcircuit).
a. Defect situat pe sistemul principal de bare
9DORDUHD GH úRF D FXUHQ LORU GH VFXUWFLUFXLW DVLPHWULF VH IRORVHúWH SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD
FXUHQ LORU GH vQFKLGHUH D vQWUHUXSWRDUHORU SH GLIHULWHOH SOHFUL GLQ WDEORXO SULQFLSDO úL
pentru verificarea la eforturi electrodinamice pentru elementele tabloului principal, fiind
HJDOFX
2,5 Vg
I ka = 6,5 I me + (292)
X ′dt
′
6HPQLILFD LLOHWHUPHQLORUIRORVL LVXQWFDODSXQFWXO
b. Defect nesituat pe sistemul principal de bare

116
 9DORDUHD GH úRF D FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW DVLPHWULF vQWUXQ SXQFW nesituat pe barele
SULQFLSDOH VH XWLOL]HD] SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD FXUHQ LORU GH vQFKLGHUH D vQWUHUXSWRDUHORU GLQ
WDEORXULOH DX[LOLDUH SUHFXP úL SHQWUX YHULILFDUHD OD VWDELOLWDWH HOHFWURGLQDPLF D
HOHPHQWHORUDFHVWRUWDEORXUL9DORDUHDDFHVWXLFXUHQWHVWHHJDOFX
Vn kVn
I ka = + (293)
(0,16 Z′dm + k1R f ) + (0,43 Z ′dm + k1X f )
2 2
(k 2 R f ) + (X ′dt′ + k 2 X f )
2 2

x
N±IDFWRUGHGHFUHPHQWWUDVDWIXQF LHGHUDSRUWXO determinat cu expresia:
R
x X ′d′ + X f
= = tg θ (294)
R 0,08 X ′d′ + R f
9DORULOHFRHILFLHQ LORUN1úLN2 sunt date de expresiile:
X ′ + X ′dt
′
k 1 = dm
X ′dt
′
(295)
X ′dm + X ′dt
′
k2 =
X ′dm
′
2EVHUYDLH)RUPXODHVWHVWDELOLWvQLSRWH]DFFRV θ total în caz de scurtcircuit
trifazat brusc pe barele principale este aproape de 0,08.
1.6.4.1.3. Curent minim de scurtcircuit simetric într-un punct nesituat pe barele
SULQFLSDOHYDORDUHDHIHFWLY
9DORDUHDPLQLPDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVLPHWULFvQWUXQSXQFWnesituat pe sistemul
SULQFLSDOGHEDUHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWFXDFHHDúLH[SUHVLHDFXUHQWXOXLPD[LPGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
VLPHWULFGHILQLWvQGDUUHDFWDQ Dsupratranzitorie X ′d′ OXDWvQ FRQVLGHUDUH HVWH
FHD FDUH FRUHVSXQGH QXPUXOXL PD[LP GH JHQHUDWRDUH GH SXWHUHD FHD PDL PLF SXWkQG
DVLJXUD DOLPHQWDUHD UH HOHL FRQVLGHUDWH FRQWULEX LD HOHFWURPRWRDUH DVLQFURQH ILLQG
QHJOLMDELO
2EVHUYDLH$FHDVWYDORDUHVHXWLOL]HD]SHQWUXVWDELOLUHDYDORULLPLQLPHGHLQWUDUHvQ
IXQF LXQHDSURWHF LHLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
1.6.4.1.4. Curent maxim de scurtcircuit asimetric al unui generator.
9DORDUHD GH úRF D FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW DVLPHWULF DO XQXL JHQHUDWRU VH IRORVHúWH
SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD UHJODMXOXL UHOHHORU LQVWDQWDQHH SHQWUX SURWHF LD JHQHUDWRUXOXL úL VH
GHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
2,5 Vg
I ken = (296)
X ′dn
′ + X cn + X an
WR LWHUPHQLLILLQGGHILQL LODSXQFWXO
1.6.4.1.5. Curentul de scurtcircuit permanent al unui generator.
&XUHQWXO GH VFXUWFLUFXLW SHUPDQHQW DO XQXL JHQHUDWRU VH IRORVHúWH SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD
UHJODMXOXLUHOHHORUWHPSRUL]DWHSHQWUXSURWHF LDJHQHUDWRUXOXLúLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
i Xd
I kp = em ⋅ K c ⋅ ⋅ Ig (297)
i eo X d + X ct + X a
în care:
iem$ ± YDORDUHD PD[LP D FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWD LH FX UHJXODWRU DXWRPDW GH WHQVLXQH
vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LHILLQGODWHPSHUDWXUDQRUPDO
ieo$ ± YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWD LH vQ JRO OD WHQVLXQH QRPLQDO vQIúXUDUHD GH
H[FLWD LHILLQGODWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLXOXLDPELDQW
Kc – raportul de scurtcircuit, definit [1] SULQ UDSRUWXO GLQWUH FXUHQWXO GH H[FLWD LH
FRUHVSXQ]WRU WHQVLXQLL QRPLQDOH D LQGXVXOXL OD PHUVXO vQ JRO úL FXUHQWXO GH H[FLWD LH
FRUHVSXQ]WRUFXUHQWXOXLQRPLQDOIgDOLQGXVXOXLvQVFXUWFLUFXLWWULID]DWVWDELOL]DWPDúLQD
URWLQGXVHFXWXUD LDQRPLQDO
117
 Ig(A) – curentul nominal al generatorului.
2
x % 3 Vg
Xd = d ⋅ (Ω ) (298)
100 S
UHDFWDQ DVLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDO
xdUHDFWDQ DVLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDOLn ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHYDORDUHDQXHVWHSXVOD
GLVSR]L LHGHIDEULFDQWVHYDFRQVLGHUDYDORDUHDPLQLPGLQWDEHODO
6±SXWHUHDDSDUHQWQRPLQDODJHQHUDWRUXOXLFRQVLGHUDW
Vg±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDODJHQHUDWRUXOXLFRQVLGHUDW
Xc( Ω ±UHDFWDQ DFDEOXOXLGHOHJWXUJHQHUDWRU±DSDUDWGHSURWHF LH
Xa( Ω ±UHDFWDQ DDSDUDWXOXLGHSURWHF LH
2EVHUYDLH ÌQ DEVHQ D LQIRUPD LLORU GHVSUH DF LXQHD UHJXODWRUXOXL VDX GHVSUH
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHJHQHUDWRDUHORUVHYDSXWHDvQORFXLIRUPXODFXXUPWRDUHDIRUPXO
I kp = 3 I g (299)
i
RE LQXW SULQ XWLOL]DUHD XQHL YDORUL PHGLL SHQWUX SURGXVXO em ⋅ k c  úL GLQ QHJOLMDUHD
i eb
LQIOXHQ HLXcúLXa.
$FHDVWREVHUYD LHVLPSOLILFDWRDUHQXHVWHYDODELOvQJHQHUDOvQFD]XOJHQHUDWRDUHORUFX
H[FHS LHFRPSRXQG
'HIHFWSHXQFLUFXLWVHSDUDWGHUH HDSULQFLSDOSULQWUXQWUDQVIRUPDWRU
&XUHQ LL GHILQL L OD  E úL  E úL  WUHEXLH FRPSOHWD L FX
LPSHGDQ DúLUDSRUWXOGHWUDQVIRUPDUHDOWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
Expresiile pentru RfúLXf vor deveni:
2
U 
R f = R 1 + R t +  1  ⋅ R 2 (300)
 U2 
2
U 
X f = X1 + X t +  1  (301)
 U2 
R1(Ω±VXPDUH]LVWHQ HORUFLUFXLWHOHvQWUHEDUHOHSULPDUHDOHWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLúLEDUHOH
principale.
X1(Ω ± VXPD UHDFWDQ HORU FLUFXLWXOXL vQWUH ERUQHOH SULPDUH DOH WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL úL
barele principale.
R2(Ω ± VXPD UH]LVWHQ HORU FLUFXLWXOXL vQWUH EDUHOH VHFXQGDUH DOH WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL úL
locul defectului.
U19±WHQVLXQHDSULPDUvQWUHID]HDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
U29±WHQVLXQHDVHFXQGDUvQWUHID]HDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
Rt(ΩúLXt(Ω±UH]LVWHQ DúLUHDFWDQ DWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGDWHGHUHOD LLOH
2
r % U
Rt = 1 ⋅ 1 (302)
100 P
2
x % U
Xt = t ⋅ 1 (303)
100 P
39$±SXWHUHDQRPLQDODWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
ÌQDEVHQ DLQGLFD LLORUSHQWUXrtúLxt% se vor folosi datele din anexa 3.
Pentru determinarea curentului de scurtcircuit în secundar, I2k, curentul de scurtcircuit
din primar I1kGHWHUPLQDWFXUHOD LDGHODEúLEvQFDUHvaloriile RfúL
U
XfVXQWFHOHGHWHUPLQDWHODDFHVWSXQFWVHDPSOLILFFXUDSRUWXO 1 .
U2

118
 U1
I 2k = I1k ⋅ (304)
U2
ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHVLVWHPXOGHGLVWULEX LHDGRSWDWGHH[XQWUDQVIRUPDWRUPRQRID]DWQX
SRDWH FUHD XQ VFXUWFLUFXLW WULID]DW YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW vQWUH GRX ID]H VH
3
FRQVLGHUHJDOFXGH RULYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWWULID]DWvQDFHODúLSXQFW
2
,QVWDOD LLGHFXUHQWFRQWLQXX
'HWHUPLQDUHDFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
ÌQ FD]XOLQVWDOD LLORU GH FXUHQW FRQWLQXX VH GHWHUPLQ XUPWRDUHOH YDORUL DOH FXUHQ LORU
de scurtcircuit:
• Curent maxim de scurtcircuit;
• Curent minim de scurtcircuit;
• Curent maxim de scurtcircuit al unui generator.
1.6.4.2.1.1. Curent maxim de scurtcircuit
a. Defect situat pe sistemul principal de bare.
9DORDUHD PD[LP D FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW SHQWUX XQ GHIHFW VLWXDW SH EDUHOH
SULQFLSDOHVHIRORVHúWHSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDFXUHQ LORUGHUXSHUHúLvQFKLGHUHDvQWUHUXSWRDUHORU
GLQ WDEORXO SULQFLSDO SUHFXP úL SHQWUX YHULILFDUHD OD VWDELOLWDWH HOHFWURGLQDPLF D
HOHPHQWHORUWDEORXOXLSULQFLSDOúLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
Ug U g
I kt = 6I me + = (305)
R gt R t
în care:
Ug9±WHQVLXQHDODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQDEVHQ DLQGLFD LLORUVHSRDWHFRQVLGHUD
U g = 1,1 U n (306)
Un±WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDODUH HOHLFRQVLGHUDWH
R ge ⋅ R me
Rt = (Ω ) (307)
R ge + R me
- UH]LVWHQ DWRWDODGHIHFWXOXL
Rge(Ω ± UH]LVWHQ D LQWHUQ WRWDO HFKLYDOHQW D JHQHUDWRDUHORU FDUH IXQF LRQHD] vQ
paralel.
1 1
= (308)
R ge R gn + 2R cn + 2R an
rgn % U g2
R gn = ⋅ (Ω ) (309)
100 P
UH]LVWHQ DLQWHUQDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
rgnUH]LVWHQ DLQWHUQvQDJHQHUDWRUXOXL9DORULOHDFHVWHLUH]LVWHQ HVXQWIXUQL]DWH
GHIDEULFDQWvQDEVHQ DLQGLFD LLORUVHYDFRQVLGHUDrgn = 10%.
Pn:±SXWHUHDQRPLQDODJHQHUDWRUXOXL
Rcn(Ω ± UH]LVWHQ D FDEOXOXL GH OHJWXU GH OD JHQHUDWRUXO Q OD EDUHOH SULQFLSDOH
(conform tabelei II).
Ran(Ω±UH]LVWHQ DDSDUDWXOXLGHSURWHF LHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLDFRQIRUPDQH[HL
Rme(Ω±UH]LVWHQ DHFKLYDOHQWDHOHFWURPRWRDUHORUvQIXQF LXQHvQUHJLPXOSHQWUXFDUH
VHHIHFWXHD]FDOFXOXOFXUHQ LORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
Un
R me = (310)
6I me
Ime$±VXPDFXUHQ LORUQRPLQDOLDLWXWXURUHOHFWURPRWRDUHORUvQIXQF LXQH
b. Defect nesituat pe sistemul principal de bare.
119
 9DORDUHD PD[LP D FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW vQWUXQ SXQFW nesituat pe sistemul
SULQFLSDO GH EDUH VH IRORVHúWH SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD FXUHQ LORU GH UXSHUH úL vQFKLGHUH D
vQWUHUXSWRDUHORU GLQ WDEORXULOH DX[LOLDUH SUHFXP úL SHQWUX YHULILFDUHD OD VWDELOLWDWH
HOHFWURGLQDPLFDHOHPHQWHORUDFHVWRUWDEORXUL
$FHDVWYDORDUHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
U
I kt = n (311)
RT
în care:
R T = R t + 2R f (312)
RT±GHILQLWODSXQFWXOa)
RT(Ω±VXPDUH]LVWHQ HORUGHOHJWXUvQWUHSXQFWXOGHGHIHFWúLEDUHOH SULQFLSDOH FX
H[FHS LD DSDUDWXOXL GH SURWHF LH VLWXDW LPHGLDW vQ DPRQWH GH SXQFWXO GH VFXUWFLUFXLW
considerat).
Constanta de timp a curentului de scurtcircuit, într-un punct situat pe barele principale,
VHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDDSUR[LPDWLYSULQDSOLFDUHDH[SUHVLHLXUPWRDUH
Tt ⋅ R t
TT = (sec ) (313)
R t + 2R f
RtúLRf au fost definite anterior.
Tt (sec )  FRQVWDQWD GH WLPS D DQVDPEOXOXL UH HD EDUH SULQFLSDOH FDUH vQ SULP
DSUR[LPD LHVHSRDWHFRQVLGHUD
I k ≤ 20 kA; Tt = 0,007 sec
20 < I K ≤ 50 kA; Tt = 0,012 sec (314)
50 < I k ≤ 100 kA; Tt = 0,018 sec
1.6.4.2.1.2. Curentul minim de scurtcircuit într-un punct nesituat pe barele principale.
Curentul minim de scurtcircuit într-un punct nesituat pe barele principale este
GHWHUPLQDWFXDFHHDúLH[SUHVLHFDDFXUHQWXOXLPD[LPGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGDUUH]LVWHQ DRg care
VHLDvQFRQVLGHUD LH HVWHFHDFDUHFRUHVSXQGHQXPUXOXLPLQLPGH JHQHUDWRDUHGHSXWHUH
FHDPDLPLFSXWkQGDVLJXUDDOLPHQWDUHDUH HOHLFRQVLGHUDWHFRQWULEX LDHOHFWURPRWRDUHORU
ILLQGQHJOLMDWSHQWUXXWLOL]DUHYH]LREV/DSXQFWXO
1.6.4.2.1.2. Curentul maxim de scurtcircuit al unui generator.
9DORDUHD PD[LP D FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW DO XQXL JHQHUDWRU VH IRORVHúWH SHQWUX
VWDELOLUHDUHJODMXOXLUHOHHORULQVWDQWDQHHSHQWUXSURWHF LDJHQHUDWRDUHORUúLHVWHHJDOFX
Ug
I kn = (315)
R gn + 2R cn + 2R an
7HUPHQLL GLQ DFHDVW H[SUHVLH DX DFHHDúL VHPQLILFD LH FD úL FHL GHILQL L OD SXQFWXO
1.6.4.2.1.1. pentru generatorul n.

1.6.5. REGIMUL TRANZITORIU SIMETRIC ÎN CAZUL

6856(,'(387(5(),1,7

Atunci când scurtcircuitul se produce pe barele centralei (în particular, la bornele

JHQHUDWRUXOXL VDX vQ LPHGLDWD DSURSLHUH D DFHVWXLD SH OLQLLOH GH GLVWULEX LH WHQVLXQHD OD
ERUQH YDULD] vQ OLPLWH ODUJL vQ WLPSXO SURFHVXOXL WUDQ]LWRULX GH VFXUWFLUFXLW ÌQ DFHVWH
FD]XUL FRPSRQHQWD SHULRGLF D FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW ILJ QX PDL SVWUHD]
DPSOLWXGLQHDFRQVWDQWvQGHFXUVXOSURFHVXOXLWUDQ]LWRULX

120