Condition of People Living in Slum With Respect To Human Rights PDF

Condition Of People Living In Slum With
Respect To Human Rights
Submitted by - Submitted to -
Vinita Kumari Bihar Human Right Commission
B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) 1st Year Under the guidance of
Chanakya National Law University, Patna Internship Coordinator
Mr. Anil Kumar Pandey
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DECLARATION
I, Vinita Kumari, hereby declare that the work reported in Internship project report
titled “Condition Of People Living In Slum With Respect To Human Rights”
submitted at Bihar Human Right Commission, Patna is an authentic record of my
work carried out under the supervision of Mr. Anil Kumar Pandey. I have not
submitted this work from elsewhere and I am fully responsible for the contents of
my project report.
VINITA KUMARI
B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) 1st Year
Chanakya National Law University, Patna
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher takes this opportunity to express her profound gratitude and deep
regards to her guide Mr. Anil Kumar Pandey, for his exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this project. The
blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry the researcher a
long way in the journey of life on which the researcher is about to embark.
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all
along the completion of this project. Last, but not the least, I am thankful to all the
members of my family, friends and teachers without whose assistance and
encouragements I could not have completed my thesis.
VINITA KUMARI
B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) 1st Year
Chanakya National Law University, Patna
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 5
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................. 7
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................. 7
 HYPOTHESIS .................................................................................................. 7
 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS ............................................................................... 7
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 7
2. SLUM DWELLERS AND THEIR HUMAN RIGHTS ................................... 8
3. ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SLUMS UPGRDATION 10
4. FIELD WORK AND DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................... 12
 OBSERVATION OF THE RESEARCHER ............................................... 37
 DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 38
5. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 40
6. SUGGESTION .............................................................................................. 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 42
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1. INTRODUCTION
The word “slum” is often used to describe informal settlements within cities that have inadequate
housing and miserable living conditions. They are often overcrowded, with many people
crammed into very small living spaces. Slums are not a new phenomenon. They have been a part
of the history of almost all cities, particularly during the phase of urbanisation and
industrialisation. Slums are generally the only type of settlement affordable and accessible to the
poor in cities, where competition for land and profits is intense. The main reason for slum
proliferation is rapid and non inclusive patterns of Urbanisation catalyzed by increasing rural
migration to urban areas.1
The Census of 2011 adopted a definition of slums similar to that of Census 2001. The only
difference in these two Censuses was relating to their coverage. For the Census of 2001, the
towns having more than 50,000 population at the 1991 Census were covered and the data
pertaining to all three categories of slums, i.e. notified, recognized and identified were collected
separately. Subsequently, on special request from the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation, the slum population was culled out from statutory towns having population of more
than 20,000 in Census 2001 which were not considered earlier. In 2011 Census, however, the
slum data was collected/ compiled from all the statutory towns irrespective of their population
size. Slum demographic data was reported for 2613 towns including 20 Census Towns (19 from
Delhi and 1 from Uttar Pradesh). The data available in 2011 was more elaborate than that of
2001. While the Census of 2001 gives information on only the demographic and socio-economic
dimension, the Census 2011 provides information on housing condition, amenities and assets
available to the slum households besides the demographic and socio-economic data.
Slums are the result of large scale rural to urban migration and economic growth. Poor
management of public services in cities, corruption, and inefficiency are main reason of misery
and deteriorating living condition of slum dwellers, beside population growth which is making
the situation worse. Basic requirements, such as water, sanitation provisions and health services,
are inadequate. Hence, rapid urbanization in weak economic conditions breaches their
fundamental right to house and to other public services and utilities.
India is a third world country that suffers from poverty, malnutrition, diseases, unhealthy
conditions, and more in its slums2. Due to the dramatic rise of slums after independence in 1947,
its population has tripled. India alone is responsible for more deaths of children than any other
country in the world. Every year, hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children die around
the world and India alone is responsible for 25% of the deaths. In India the total number of slum
dweller is about 65 million, of which Maharashtra alone accounts for 11 million. Next come
1
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ngo-initiative-makes-youngsters-spend-night-with-pavement-
dwellers/articleshow/57061308.cms
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Andhra Pradesh, with a slum population of 10 million, followed by West Bengal and Uttar
Pradesh, with over 6 million each.2 The figures are indeed staggering.
The Government of India has not been able to solve this problem. Within India, some of the
basic characteristics of slum housing are high levels of pollution, lack of clean water, constant
migration to slums, no sewage or waste disposal facilities, unsanitary living conditions, high
child mortality rate and poor medical facility, low education quality and high school dropout
rate, room-crowding and deplorable housing conditions and lack of other basic needs etc. Beside
it, unsocial activities and crime rate is high in such areas. Hence, slums are a major urban
drawback and a huge hurdle in the country’s development. However, in the year 2000, at
International level, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in collaboration with 189
nations around the world created a number of goals with an aim to achieve all by 2015.3 That
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) focused on eight areas of improvement: ending poverty
and hunger, universal education, gender equality, child health, maternal health, combating
HIV/AIDS, environmental sustainability and global partnerships. The environmental
sustainability area aims, to significantly improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
by 2020.4
2
http://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/urban-child/urban-child-india-report.pdf
3
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/mdgnews.shtml
4
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/Goal_7_fs.pdf
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 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The researcher tends to emphasize on the study of –
1. To analyse the legislative provisions prevailing in India for the upliftment of the slum
area and the slum dwellers.
2. To understood the attitude of society toward the slum dwellers.
3. To analyse the present condition of slum dwellers and the slum area in society.
4. To analyse the difference between ground reality and the paper work of the government
policies regarding the betterment of slum area and the slum dwellers.
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What is the condition of the slum dwellers in the society?
2. What are the various steps taken by the government for their betterment?
3. What are the basic socio-economic reasons behind their poor conditions?
 HYPOTHESIS
The researcher presumes that-
1. The government policies regarding the betterment of the slum area and the slum dwellers
in society are not successfully working.
2. The poor economic condition of the slum people directly affects their health and
education.
3. Unhygienic environment leads to bad mental and health conditions of the people.
 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
The researcher will confine herself to the city of Patna. The number of people chosen randomly
will be twenty to thirty due to lack of time. The interview will be of slum dwellers of different
background and profession. The interview questions have been limited to a number of ten
questions.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The researcher will make use of doctrinal as well as non-doctrinal research in order to collect
qualitative and quantitative data to complete the project. The doctrinal research includes the use
of literary sources while interview of people, questionnaires and observation will form the part of
non-doctrinal research. The methods of data collection will include: Primary sources – Data
would be collected through interviews, questionnaires, observation, case study, law commission
reports, constitutional provisions, statutory provisions, case laws, judgments by different courts.
Secondary sources – Data will be collected through library study and Internet search (books,
journals articles, etc.). Tools of data collection will include - Interview schedule, observation
guide, questionnaire, camera, voice recorder, stationery items.
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2. SLUM DWELLERS AND THEIR HUMAN RIGHTS
The right to housing is not a fundamental right but the whole cast and tenor of the Constitution,
from the Preamble to the Directive Principles, makes it obligatory on the state to make that
provision. However it is not a right that can be exercised in continuity but till the state provides
alternative accommodation for them. Slum dwellers are also citizens with the same democratic
rights as all other residents like right to environmental health and basic living conditions. These
rights are often limited by a government’s ability to realize them. JUSTICE Krishna lyre believes
that the right of pavement dwellers to stay on pavements can be defended, in the circumstances
of today, under the Constitution6. In the context of Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution, he
said the idea of reasonableness must include the concept of social justice. The Preamble also
establishes the egalitarian essence of the Constitution and must be an aid in interpreting
Constitutional enactments.
Article 14 of the constitution declares that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the
country. It means that the state will treat people in the same circumstances alike.5 Article 19
provides right to various freedoms which include every citizen’s right to move freely throughout
the country and to reside and settle in any part of India subject to reasonable restrictions by the
State.6 And article 21 protects the right to life and personal liberty. According to this, no citizen
can be denied his life and liberty except by law. Articles 38, 41, 46 and 47 cast on the State the
duty to promote a social order with economic justice at its core, to secure the right to work and
education of all the people, to take care of cases of undeserved want, to undertake "with special
care", to promote the economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, to raise the
standard of living of the people as a primary duty. Thus when confronted by the claims of those
who do not have even one square meter of earth to stand on, the egalitarian justice of the
Constitution will refuse to accept the basis of classification whereby persons without title to land
are evicted. Public authority has public responsibility and it must be the first charge on its
resources to provide for the basic needs of everyone first and after that for community facilities.
Slum dwellers being the main vote banks of politicians, the latter cannot overlook them anymore.
This is perhaps the context within which the government of India is bringing out a new National
Slum Policy.
The earlier one i.e. the National Housing Policy (1988) could not achieve much though it aimed
at creating conditions for enabling the urban poor to own the squatted land and develop a
structure on it. Serious distortions in the land market, low affordability, red-tap, over congestion
in slum settlements and multiple ownership of squatted land have been some of the important
problems in finding realistic solution to the housing poverty. Though there have been some
success stories of tackling slum housing mainly through the interventions of NGvs and self-help
groups supported through external funding, though such efforts remain too few in relation to the
5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India#cite_note-State-4
6
http://www.elections.in/political-corner/article-19-of-indian-constitution/#sthash.167TCqKA.dpuf
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enormity of the problem. However these NGvs have exerted adequate pressure on policy-makers
to change their attitude towards the urban poor.
The 74th Amendment of the Indian Constitution7 has empowered the urban local bodies and the
people in terms of decision-making, planning interventions and resource mobilization, lack of
minimum wages and gender discrimination, occupational vulnerability, and increased
marginalization. Another important development was a shift to democratic governments -
including elected mayors and city politicians - within nations and cities, where previously these
had been appointed by higher levels of government. The government should promote actively the
urban agglomerates, new industrial townships, new cities, etc. As the government of India
develops a program to support slum upgrading through the Rajiv Awas Yojana is worth
reflecting on what has been done in this area. It is doing much to help the slums. Programs such
as ASHA have been set to help children to get education. However, it is not being reached to all
children. In addition, health care that is supposed to reach the slums has not yet reached, because
the wealthy residents of India are receiving it. Here the government has to take action to make it
reach the slums. Besides it, the government should focus on banking participation, financial
inclusiveness and sustainability especially for vulnerable populations such as women and
children. There is a greater need to devolution of more funds from central and state government
and from own resources to slum dwellers to secure their fundamental right to live with basic
dignity and in decent conditions.
The emergence of public interest litigation (PIL) in post-Emergency era of the late 1970s and
early 1980s created a strong image of the Supreme Court as being pro-poor and exploited. It is
playing a major role to make justice accessible and fundamental rights more real to the exploited
and oppressed sections of society. At times, it has provided relief to various slum habitants from
the harsh and arbitrary actions of the executive with the grant of stay to the demolition of slums
on the ground of the lack of a rehabilitation plan. It has decided with a pro-poor judicial
orientation, the foundation of which consists in a broad and wide interpretation of the right to life
guaranteed under Article 21 of our Constitution. It pays special heed to slumdwellers as an
economically deprived and downtrodden population of our society. However few advocate of
development consider slum as nuisance or hurdle in growth of that area.
7
64th and 65th Amendment bills were brought in 1989 which were then passed as 73rd and 74th Amendments in
1992
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3. ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON
SLUMS UPGRDATION
The present chapter deals with the evaluation of Government policies on slum rehabilitation or
upgradation in relation to the slum dwellers from the national level to the city level. Attempt has
been made to see what are the Major projects and programmes by the government (Central, State
and City) has brought in done for solving the problems of slum dwellers. This chapter presents
the evolution of upgradation programmes in the Patna City, its present condition and causes for
the same etc. It also made an attempt on institutions involved in planning the city infrastructure,
historic evolution and growth of Municipal administration, impact of CAA on Municipal
administration in the present context for planning the city infrastructure. It also addresses the
inter agency co-ordination for planning the city infrastructure and to ensure better outcomes.
Slum upgrading is a process through which informal areas are gradually improved, formalized
and incorporated into the city itself, through extending land, services and citizenship to slum
dwellers. It involves providing slum dwellers with the economic, social, institutional and
community services available to other citizens. These services include legal (land tenure),
physical (infrastructure), social (such as crime or education) or economic. Upgrading activities
should be undertaken by the local government with the participation of all parties—residents,
community groups, businesses, and national authorities. Another key element is legalizing or
regularizing properties and providing secure land tenure to residents. People who are safe from
eviction with a sense of long-term stability- whether they own the land or not—are much more
likely to invest in their housing or community. Over time, these incremental improvements by
residents can upgrade the entire community.
Urban Basic Services Scheme (UBS) The Urban Basic Services Scheme (UBS) was initiated on
a pilot basis in 1986, with the involvement of the UNICEF and the State Governments, for the
provision of basic social services and physical amenities in urban slums. The primary objective
was to enhance the survival and development of women and children of urban low income
families. It also aimed at provision of learning opportunities for women and children, and
community organization for the slum population. The services to be delivered included
environmental sanitation, primary health care, pre-school learning, vocational training and of
other social services at the slum level. UBS applied to all urban slums.
Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY) NRY was a Centrally Sponsored scheme launched in October
1989 with the objective of providing employment to the unemployed and underemployed urban
poor - targeted towards persons living below the poverty line. Within the target group of the
urban poor the Scheduled Castes and the scheduled Tribes had special coverage through
earmarking of funds NRY activities included skill upgradation, assistance for setting-up
microenterprises, wage opportunity through construction of public assets and assistance for
Shelter Upgradation.
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Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) The SJSRY was launched on December 1,
1997, to provide gainful employment to the urban unemployed or underemployed (below the
poverty line) by encouraging setting up of self- employment ventures or provision of wage
employment. It subsumed the earlier three urban poverty alleviation schemes, namely UBSP,
NRY and PMIUPEP. The programme was based on the same pattern of community
organizations as prescribed under UBSP. SJSRY consists of two major components, namely: (i)
The Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP) (ii) The Urban Wage Employment Programme
(UWEP).
National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) The objective of NSDP was the upgradation
of urban slums by providing physical amenities like water supply, storm water drains,
community bath, widening and paving of existing lanes, sewers, community latrines, street lights
etc. Besides, funds could also be used for provision of community infrastructure and social
amenities such as pre-school education, non-formal education, adult education, maternity, child
health and primary health care including immunization etc. The programme also had a
component of shelter upgradation as well as improvement and convergence of different social
sector programmes through creation of sustainable support systems.
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) Launched on December 2, 2001 in the final
year of the Ninth Plan, the primary aim of the centrally sponsored scheme VAMBAY was to
facilitate the construction and upgradation of dwelling units for people living below the poverty
line in urban slums and who do not possess adequate shelter. It also aimed to provide health
services and an enabling urban environment through community toilets under, Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan a component of the scheme. Twenty per cent of the total allocation under VAMBAY
was to be provided for sanitation, and community toilets were to be built for the urban poor and
slum dwellers.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) The Ministry of Housing
and Poverty Alleviation (MOHUPA) is the nodal ministry for the JNNURM Sub-mission on
Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) covering the 82 identified mission cities, and for the
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programmes (IHSDP) that covers non-mission towns
and cities. The programmes provide housing and basic amenities (such as sanitation, water
supply, sewerage, solid waste disposal, etc.) to the urban poor, especially slum dwellers.
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4. FIELD WORK AND DATA ANALYSIS
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
1. DO YOU HAVE AADHAR /RATION/VOTER ID CARD?
2. HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE?
3. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING?
4. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE THERE IN YOUR FAMILY?
5. WHERE YOU GO FOR DEFECATION?
6. HOW MANY TIMES IN A DAY YOU HAVE MEAL? WHAT YOU USUALLY
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH FACILITIES PROVIDED TO YOU?
8. WHAT IS THE DAILY ROUTINE OF YOUR FAMILY?
9. EDUCATION LEVEL OF YOUR FAMILY?
10. ARE YOR AWARE/ BENEFITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT FACILITIES?
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NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
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NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
14 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
15 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
16 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
17 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
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NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
19 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
20 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
21 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
22 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
23 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
24 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
25 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
26 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
27 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
28 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
29 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
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NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
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TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
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NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
33 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
34 | P a g e
NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
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NAME- FATHERS NAME-
AGE- GENDER-
TAKE IN YOUR MEAL?
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 OBSERVATION OF THE RESEARCHER
The researcher observed that the condition of the slum dwellers living in the slum area is very
pathetic. They don’t even have clean water to drink. It’s a very unhygienic environment. The
slum dwellers are mostly illiterate and they are not even aware of their human rights and the
basis fundamental rights. They are living a hand to mouth life. The researcher tried to make them
aware of their rights and duties. The researcher tried to spread awareness among the slum
dwellers. The environment of slum area is very unhygienic. The researcher took the interview of
twenty five people of different backgrounds and of different occupations. They told the real
condition of the slum area and they curse government for their condition. Most of them don’t
even have aadhar card. Some of them are availing the BPL schemes of government. For their
livelihood they earn money by begging, doing household work in others houses, they clean
railway platforms and toilets. The children of slum areas mainly don’t go to school they also help
their family in earning money by doing pity jobs like selling some low cost items at traffic post
or on road sides. The slum dwellers have very low income and they live a hand to mouth life.
Some of them said that hardly they get two times food in a day. They depend on others for their
food. Some of them are so poor that they beg all day and depend on the mercy of others to full
their basic life requirements and food.
The researcher observed that the slum dwellers are not getting the proper benefit of government
policies and schemes. As most of them are illiterate and they are not aware of their human rights.
And according to the researcher that’s the main reason of their backwardness and pathetic
situation. The government must organize awareness campaign and the scheme of “Clean India”
must bring a change in such slum areas which need it the most. The government should assure
the clean water supply and the clean environment in the slum areas. The minimum wages should
to provided to them so that the slum dwellers can also get the basic requirements of life.
Development of villages should be done by providing proper facilities, amenities, and

employment opportunities in the village so that migration of people from villages to cities can be
controlled. Also long term planning and effective implementation of the plans must be done
keeping in mind the flood and draught situations in the villages so that the villagers need not
have to migrate to the cities in search of a livelihood in times of natural calamities.
A legal provision should be made binding the slum dwellers that he/she cannot sell the flat to
anyone. The slum rehabilitant should only be given the right to use the flat for residential
purpose and if they want to move to another place they will have to hand it over to the
government again. The slum rehabilitant cannot rent the flat to anyone. Only the slum
rehabilitant and his legal heirs can live in the rehabilitated house. The flat can be passed on only
in case of legal inheritance from parents.Government policies and the NGOs related to slum area
development should be checked on time to time and work properly for the upliftment of the slum
dwellers as well as the awareness should be spread among them so that they can avail the
government schemes and policies properly.
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 DATA ANALYSIS
@ Includes projected population of Assam where 1981 census was not conducted.
* Includes projected population of Jammu & Kashmir where 1991 census was not conducted.
Source: Primary Census Abstract-2011, Registrar General of India
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2011
A total of 65.49 million population living in 13.9 million households have been enumerated in
slums of 2613 cities/towns spread across 31 States and Union Territories in the 2011 Census of
India. The non-slum population was 311.61 million. The slum population enumerated constitutes
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5.4 per cent of the total population of the country. The slum population constitutes 17.4 percent
of the total urban population of all the States and Union Territories; 82.6 percent of the urban
population was non-slum population in 2011. The slum population enumerated was 22.4 per cent
of the total population of the 2613 statutory towns (including 19 Census Towns in NCT of Delhi
and 1(one) in Uttar Pradesh) reporting slums. Table 6 gives population profile of the country and
This figure provides slum, non-slum population as per census 2011 in India.
These tables gives total Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population and their percentage
in slum and non-slum areas in the country in 2011. Out of the total 65.4 million populations
enumerated in the slum areas in the 2613 cities and towns during 2011 Census reporting slum
population, 13.4 million were Scheduled Castes (SC) and 2.2 million were Scheduled Tribes
(ST). Scheduled Castes constituted 20.4 per cent and Scheduled 27
Tribes constituted 3.4 per cent of the total slum population. The proportion of Scheduled Castes
was higher in the slum areas (20.4%) compared to the population of Scheduled Castes in the
non-slum areas (11.0%), and urban areas of the country (12.6%).
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5. CONCLUSION
The slums have become a dumping ground for the surplus population living with almost no
human rights and working in unskilled, unprotected and low-wage informal service industries
and trade which is a direct result of liberalization. Its formation is closely linked to economic
cycles, to trends in national income distribution, and in more recent years, to national economic
development policies. The U.N. report finds that the cyclical nature of capitalism, increased
demand for skilled instead of unskilled labor and the negative effects of globalization in
particular, global economic booms and busts that ratchet up inequality and distribute wealth
unevenly have contributed to the enormous growth of slums. However, there can be no single
uniform model for urban planning which can be used globally. Slum rehabilitation and upgrading
are vital, but each city has certain distinctive political, cultural, environmental and economic
factors which determine the extent to which such rehabilitation is feasible. Hence, proper
assessment has to be made and prospects evaluated before the problem can be addressed.
Slum dwellers need to make aware of the need for improvement in living conditions, and they
must readily involve themselves with every phase of the rehabilitation. Governments need to pay
more attention to slums and make concerted attempts to address this problem proactively. It is
indeed time for urgent action. Practical and innovative approaches need to be put into practice to
integrate slums within the cities. The development of the slums cannot be done without the
proper cooperation of slum dwellers. The long-term solution to the slum problem largely
depends on community awareness and some cost-sharing by slum dwellers for the provision of
utilities. We have to increase awareness in respects of proper education, family planning, human
rights, girl’s education, health care, HIV etc. The government should encourage and support
NGvs that work to empower communities through providing training, awareness, and technical
support. It has to make provision of tenancy rights to slum dwellers in order to ensure that their
housing is not evicted upon by government agencies.
Besides this, a proper housing facility including the low-cost residences with availability of clean
water and proper sanitation and waste management for slum dwellers which is their fundamental
right provided under article 21 of Indian constitution, can ensure their safety and hygiene. Such
area should be connected properly with transport facilities. They should be part of financially
inclusive growth with proper availability of credit facility. There should a better coordination
among different ministries, agencies, NGvs and the slum beneficiaries with a common platform
for sharing ideas, inputs and experiences and implementing policies.
Development of villages should be done by providing proper facilities, amenities, and

employment opportunities in the village so that migration of people from villages to cities can be
controlled. Also long term planning and effective implementation of the plans must be done
keeping in mind the flood and draught situations in the villages so that the villagers need not
have to migrate to the cities in search of a livelihood in times of natural calamities.
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6. SUGGESTION
1. The dream of having a slum free city by the year 2022 can be made possible only if the
slum rehabilitation schemes are effectively and efficiently implemented.
2. Strict legal actions should be taken under the different acts applicable as the case may be
on the goons present in the slums who create difficulties in the slum rehabilitation
projects. This will make the goons co-operate with the authorities for the rehabilitation
scheme.
3. Issuing of tenders regarding the slum rehabilitation schemes should be a transparent
procedure and should be made free from political influence and corruption. Only then the
dream of a slum free city can be achieved.
4. The objections raised by the NGO’s regarding certain rehabilitation schemes should be
looked into and cleared at the earliest so that the rehabilitation of these slums can be
done.
5. The cases which are pending in the court should also be cleared and those slums should
be rehabilitated.
6. Development of villages should be done by providing proper facilities, amenities, and
employment opportunities in the village so that migration of people from villages to cities
can be controlled. Also long term planning and effective implementation of the plans
must be done keeping in mind the flood and draught situations in the villages so that the
villagers need not have to migrate to the cities in search of a livelihood in times of natural
calamities.
7. A legal provision should be made binding the slum dwellers that he/she cannot sell the
flat to anyone. The slum rehabilitant should only be given the right to use the flat for
residential purpose and if they want to move to another place they will have to hand it
over to the government again. The slum rehabilitant cannot rent the flat to anyone. Only
the slum rehabilitant and his legal heirs can live in the rehabilitated house. The flat can be
passed on only in case of legal inheritance from parents.
8. Government policies and the NGOs related to slum area development should be checked
on time to time and work properly for the upliftment of the slum dwellers as well as the
awareness should be spread among them so that they can avail the government schemes
and policies properly.
9. The internal roads in the slums in Patna are very narrow due to illegal acquisition of the
land and space by the slum dwellers the roads have become narrower. Due to this in case
of accidents or emergency it becomes impossible for the fire brigade or the ambulance to
reach the spot and provide help to the slum dwellers. To overcome this problem the
internal roads of the slums should be broadened and the illegal acquisition of land and
space in the slum should be removed.
10. Provisions should be made in the budget for the fire affected slum dwellers every year
which is not present now.
41 | P a g e
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS & PAPERS
 United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT) report, (April 2007). Slum
Dwellers to double by 2030
 “Decentralization and Local Politics” edited by S.N.Jha and P.C.Mathur – sage
publications 1999.
 Barney Cohen, Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections,
and key challenges for sustainability, Technology in Society. 28 (2006): 63–80
 State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011 Bridging The Urban Divide, United Nations
Human Settlements Program, 2008
 Census of India, Rural–urban distribution. In Provisional Population Totals, Paper 2,
2011, vol.1, India Series 1.
 Bimal Jalan: The Indian Economy. Penguin Books India (P) Ltd.
 Durga Das Basu, Shorter Constitution of India, Thirteenth Edition, (2004) Wadhwa
&Co., Nagpur.
 H.O. Aggarwal, International Law and Human Rights, Fifteenth Edition, (2008), Central
Law Publication, Allahbad
 Shikha Jha & P.V. Srinivasan, Economic & Political Weekly
REPORTS
 Census of India 2011- Circular No. 8
 Constitution of India, 1950
 United Nations Development Programme
 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
 World Health Organization.
 Twelfth Five Year Plan in India 2012-2017 document.
 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992
WEBSITES
 http://planningcommision.nic.in,
 http://www.mp.nic.in/planning/tenth.htm,
 www.nhrc.nic.in,
 www.un.org/overview/rights.html,
 http://www.fao.org/wsfs/en,
 www.fao.org.com
 http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/Slumdwellers-chapters1-4.pdf
42 | P a g e

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Condition Of People Living In Slum With

Respect To Human Rights

B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) 1st Year

Chanakya National Law University, Patna

NAME- FATHERS NAME-

1. DO YOU HAVE AADHAR /RATION/VOTER ID CARD?

2. HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE?

3. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING?

4. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE THERE IN YOUR FAMILY?

5. WHERE YOU GO FOR DEFECATION?

7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH FACILITIES PROVIDED TO YOU?

8. WHAT IS THE DAILY ROUTINE OF YOUR FAMILY?

9. EDUCATION LEVEL OF YOUR FAMILY?

10. ARE YOR AWARE/ BENEFITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT FACILITIES?

1. DO YOU HAVE AADHAR /RATION/VOTER ID CARD?

2. HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE?

3. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING?

4. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE THERE IN YOUR FAMILY?

5. WHERE YOU GO FOR DEFECATION?

7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH FACILITIES PROVIDED TO YOU?

8. WHAT IS THE DAILY ROUTINE OF YOUR FAMILY?

9. EDUCATION LEVEL OF YOUR FAMILY?

10. ARE YOR AWARE/ BENEFITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT FACILITIES?

1. DO YOU HAVE AADHAR /RATION/VOTER ID CARD?

2. HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE?

3. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING?

4. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE THERE IN YOUR FAMILY?

5. WHERE YOU GO FOR DEFECATION?

7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH FACILITIES PROVIDED TO YOU?

8. WHAT IS THE DAILY ROUTINE OF YOUR FAMILY?

9. EDUCATION LEVEL OF YOUR FAMILY?

10. ARE YOR AWARE/ BENEFITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT FACILITIES?

1. DO YOU HAVE AADHAR /RATION/VOTER ID CARD?

2. HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE?

3. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING?

4. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE THERE IN YOUR FAMILY?

5. WHERE YOU GO FOR DEFECATION?

7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH FACILITIES PROVIDED TO YOU?

8. WHAT IS THE DAILY ROUTINE OF YOUR FAMILY?

9. EDUCATION LEVEL OF YOUR FAMILY?

10. ARE YOR AWARE/ BENEFITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT FACILITIES?

1. DO YOU HAVE AADHAR /RATION/VOTER ID CARD?

2. HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE?

3. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING?

4. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE THERE IN YOUR FAMILY?

5. WHERE YOU GO FOR DEFECATION?

7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH FACILITIES PROVIDED TO YOU?

8. WHAT IS THE DAILY ROUTINE OF YOUR FAMILY?

9. EDUCATION LEVEL OF YOUR FAMILY?

10. ARE YOR AWARE/ BENEFITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT FACILITIES?

1. DO YOU HAVE AADHAR /RATION/VOTER ID CARD?

2. HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE?

3. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING?

4. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE THERE IN YOUR FAMILY?

5. WHERE YOU GO FOR DEFECATION?

7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH FACILITIES PROVIDED TO YOU?

8. WHAT IS THE DAILY ROUTINE OF YOUR FAMILY?

9. EDUCATION LEVEL OF YOUR FAMILY?

10. ARE YOR AWARE/ BENEFITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT FACILITIES?

1. DO YOU HAVE AADHAR /RATION/VOTER ID CARD?

2. HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE?

3. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING?

4. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE THERE IN YOUR FAMILY?