A PROJECT

ON

BACHELOR OF COMMERCE
FINANCIAL MARKETS
SEMESTER-VI
ACADEMIC YEAR 2019-20
SUBMITED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE
OF BACHELOR OF COMMERCE- FINANCIAL MARKETS

BY
MR: RAHUL JANYANI
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF: EVELYN CORREIA
SEAT NO: 24

JAI HIND COLLEGE

‘A’ ROAD, CHURCHGATE, MUMBAI 400020
 DECLARATION

I MR. RAHUL JANYANI Student of BCOM FINANCIAL MARKETS hereby declare that the

project for the OVERPOPULATION CRISIS titled. Submitted by me for Semester-VI during the

academic year 2019-2020, is based on actual work carried out by me under the supervision of

Prof. EVELYN CORREIA

I further state that this work is original and not submitted anywhere else for any examination.

Signature of student
 JAI HIND COLLEGE
‘A’ ROAD, CHURCHGATE, MUMBAI 400020

EVALUATION CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the undersigned have assessed and evaluated the project on,

“POPULATION CRISIS”

Submitted by RAHUL JANYANI student of BCom FINANCIAL MARKETS

This project is original to the best of our knowledge and has been accepted for
Assessment

________________ ______________________

Course Coordinator Principal

________________ ______________________

Internal Examiner: External Examiner

______________________

College seal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of project involved the contribution of time and efforts.

The project would never have been completed without the valuable help extended to

us by the subject teacher and project guide Prof. EVELYN CORREIA

Secondly would like to thank

I would also like to thank all my friends to help me in this project work and

giving their precious time to me.

Last but not the least I would like to thank our parents for making us capable in

doing this project and giving their continuous support and guidance.
 CONTENTS
Sr No. Particulars Page No.
1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 8

2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 9

3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 10

4 LITERATURE REVIEW 11-12

5 SECONDARY DATA 13-33

6 CASE STUDY

7 Recommendations 34

8 Conclusion 35-37

Bibliography No page no.

 Background of the study:
Bangladesh has the world’s highest rates of population growth in the
world. Human population control is the practice of artificially the rate of growth
of human Population.

Though the population of a country is an asset, it becomes a problem

when the country cannot afford to give people the basic necessaries of life like
food. Clothing, education, medicine and shelter so on. This problem has not
only one side it has two sides. One is its original look which is known to us and
the other is its background which is not familiar to us. There are causes of rapid
growth of population. Now a day’s medical facilities and improvement of
standard of living the death rate has gone down much but on the other hand the
birth rate is on the constant increase. Early marriage and illiteracy rate are two
important causes of the growth of population. While population control can
involve measuring that improve. People lives by giving them greater control of
their reproduction, some programs have exposed them to exploitation. No
improvement is possible unless this problem is solved.

Statement of the problem:

 Population problem is no doubt, a burning question in Bangladesh. Our
economic hardship is aggravating due to over growing population. It is
certainly, number one problem of our country. Bangladesh. Occupies the
8th position among the countries of the world in respect of population. The
present growth rate of population in Bangladesh is 1.34%. Every year more than
two million people are being added to our population. If this alarming growth
rate continues, the population of Bangladesh will be doubled within next thirty
years and it will be nearly 30 crore at that time. The population of Bangladesh is
increasing by geometric progression. But the agricultural production is
increasing by arithmetical progression. As a result, it creates problem such as,
food storage. Communication disruption, educational problem, shelter shortage.
Health hazards, lack of medicine, environmental pollution and poverty. If the
population is allowed to grow at this rate, people will find no place of live in
and shall have to face starvation. The nation as a whole shall have to experience
a miserable and pitiable condition. The entire nation will have to face a fatal
consequence because people will fall in ever increasing poverty. Ultimately,
they will have to lead a miserable and unhappy life. There are crowed
everywhere in buses, trains, bazaars, school and colleges. At present every
educational institution is overcrowded and class size is unusually large.
Bangladesh is troubled with politics and violence. Thus the growth of
population is a challenge to our existence as a nation. We can now realize that
all our efforts for development are being frustrated.

Objective of the study:

 The causes to take the case of overpopulation in Bangladesh are mainly
is to research our country’. Overpopulation problem is increasing day by day in
our country. So we may control our population growth in future.

There are two types of objectives. One is general objectives and other in
specific objectives. Now both objectives of this study are given below.

General objectives
1. Find out the problems which are eased by the population.

2. Analysis the factors for which people are suffering for food due to over
population.

3. Find out the effects of environment.

4. Overpopulation in our country creates an education problem. It’s a big

problem what created by over population.
5. Analysis the effects of economic problem in Bangladesh.

6. Find out the steps to remove this problem.

Specific objective
1. Find out reasons which are responsible for population
Problem.

2. Find out the social and financial effects due to this problem.

3. Analysis the role of population problem in ease of poverty of

The people.

4. Find out the conditions of the basic needs of people after the population
problem.

5. Besides finding out the effects and reasons find out the ways of getting
solution of this problem.

6. Find out the main steps which play a vital role to stop this problem as early as
possible.

Literature Review:
 Population is fundamental and the most important element of a
state. But over population is a great challenge for a country.

Over population is a condition where an organism's numbers exceed

the carrying capacity of its habitat. The term often refers to the relationship
between the human population and its environment, the Earth. Steve Jones, head
of the biology department at University College

London has said, "Humans are 10,000 times more common than we should be,
according to the rules of the animal kingdom, and we have agriculture to thank
for that. Without farming, the world population would probably have reached
half a million by now."

Over population does not depend only on the size or density of the
population, but on the ratio of population to available sustainable resources. It
also depends on the way resources are used and distributed throughout the
population. Over population can result from an increase in births, a decline in
mortality rates due to medical advances, from an increase in immigration, or
from an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources.

Population of a country is a great asset unless this becomes

unusually big in relation to the ability of food production of the country.
Bangladesh is an over populated country. So population problem is one of the
top problems in Bangladesh.
The statistics about the population of Bangladesh has given
Below.

Source: Bangladesh Economical Scrutiny

     
  Subject     Amount  
  Population    14.79 crore  
  Increasing rate of   1.36% 
  Population      
  Men : Women   105 : 100 
  Density of population in    993 persons  
  every square kilo meters      
  Gross birth rate in every    19.4persons  
  Thousand      
  Gross death rate in every    5.8 person  
  Thousand      
  Fertility of women (Age:    2.15 person  
  15-49 years) in every      
  Thousand      
  Rate of using family   56.4% 
  Planning      
  Average age of first    Male: 23.8 years &  
  Marriage    Female: 18.5 years  

CURRENT POPULATION SITUATION AND FUTURE

GROWTH
The Bangladesh population in mid-2007 was around 147 million. The precise
figure depends on assumptions about rates of growth since the adjusted census
figure of 129,247,233 for 22 January 2001. The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
(BBS) indicates an average rate of natural increase of 1.5% annually since the
census. However, these figures from the BBS are almost certainly under-
estimates of crude birth rate (CBR) (20-21/1,000) and crude death rate (CDR)
(5-6/1,000). The BBS rates would project a population of just over 141 million
whereas the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) rate of natural growth of 1.9%
per annum is more likely—based on assumed CBR of 27/1,000 and CDR of
8/1,000, resulting in a projected population of 147 million.

Population projections
A more important question is what the future population growth will be. Until
the United Nations Population Division (UN PD) released the 2004 revision of
population projections for all the countries of the world, there was a general
agreement that Bangladesh would reach 218 million by 2050 and finally
stabilize at around 260 million in mid-next century. However, the 2004 revision
by the UN PD proposes a pessimistic upgrading of the 2050 figure to 243
million as a consequence of the decade-long fertility plateau (1993–2002). This
seems excessively high. The PRB estimate is 231 million for mid-century,
which is more realistic, although a new set of Bangladesh population
projections should be produced, taking into account the recent demographic
events. Whatever the details, it can be seen in  that Bangladesh is only halfway
along the S-curve of the ‘demographic transition’ from a historically-stable
population size of around 25 million to a final size of 10-fold larger.

Fig. 1
Population of Bangladesh: 10-fold growth in two centuries
Key messages
 The density of the Bangladesh population is much higher than any other
mega country.
 In 2007, Bangladesh was only halfway up the population growth curve
and will reach more than 250 million later this century.
 Most of the increased population will be urban, and much of Bangladesh
will essentially become a city state.
 The year that Bangladesh reaches replacement fertility is not as critical
lowering fertility to less than replacement. Other Asian countries have
accomplished this.
 The number of children born each year is now stabilized at slightly less
than 4 million.
 Age of marriage has not increased in Bangladesh as it has in other Asian
countries.
 The elderly (>60 years) will grow in population from 7 to 65 million this
century, and this will make many demands and different demands on the
health system.
 There has been a major reduction in overall numbers of child deaths over
the last three decades. Part of this reduction is due to reduced fertility,
and part is due to child-survival interventions.
The UN projection would require an average annual growth rate of 1.29% from
today to 2050. As the CDR will not fall below 8/1,000, the CBR would have to
remain, on average, at least 21/1,000 [The population growth rate (natural
increase, not including international migration) is the difference between CBR
and CDR, expressed as a percentage, not per 1,000]. This is unlikely as even if
the TFR remains at a plateau at replacement level through 2050, the population-
ageing process will bring the CBR down below 20 within a decade or so.
Simultaneously, the population-ageing process will start to push the CDR
beyond 8/1,000 from around 2020, which will further reduce the population
growth rate.

Replacement fertility
It is worth noting that the exact year in which replacement fertility is achieved is
not of great importance. What is potentially of much greater importance is
whether or not fertility can be brought below replacement fertility. For example,
if fertility stops declining on attaining replacement level, the final population
will continue to increase for another century and add at least 100 million.
However, if fertility declined through replacement (i.e. TFR around 2.2) to the
current level of Thailand (TFR around 1.8), the final population could stop
growing at 205-210 million, some 50-55 million lower than otherwise will be
the case.

Age structure and population momentum

A demographic change that has major implications is the rapid fertility decline
of the 1980s. The first impact has been to slow population growth, but it has
resulted in a gradual change in age structure. An encouraging feature of the
change to, or ‘ageing’ of the age structure, is the fact that the number of
children and young people aged less than 15 years—now at 47 million—will
never increase. Throughout this century, that number will remain stable, which
should assist planners in building an education system.
A related feature of this age structure is that, with current low mortality rates,
many of those 47 million young people will survive and pass through the
reproductive years and contribute to the continuing population growth, even if
replacement fertility level is attained within a decade [Every 5-year delay in
achieving replacement fertility adds 3% to the population projection]. To
illustrate the significance of this, there are currently about 45 million young
women in the reproductive ages (15-49 years). By mid-century, this number
will have increased to 75 million, as over 90% of young people who survive to
age 15 years will survive to age 50 years.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION AND

URBANIZATION
Not only are the total population figures important, their distribution between
urban and rural areas is also critical. Overall growth may continue through the
present century, but the rural population will stop growing by 2025, adding
‘only’ another 30 million to the current 108 million. The urban population,
however, will absorb the additional 70 million national population growth, so
the current urban population of 34 million will blow out to over 100 million,
possibly during this century. This frightening growth will be driven
predominantly by rural-urban migration, with a small component of natural
increase.
How can urban populations grow at this rate, tripling in size within this century?
The current rate of growth of the urban areas within the six metropolitan areas is
around 3.5% per annum. The BBS quotes a rate of natural increase for urban
Bangladesh of about 1.3% per annum. If this estimate is correct, the difference
(2.2% per annum) must come from rural-urban migration. This gives a doubling
time of 20 years [The doubling time is estimated by dividing the annual growth
rate in percentage into 69.3, or 70. Populations grow exponentially, and the
natural log of 2 is 0.693], or a tripling time is about 31 years. So, a doubling is
probable by mid-century at the current growth rate. More important even than
the overall urban growth rate is that the slum populations within the urban areas
are growing at double the average urban rate—around 7% per annum. For
example, in Dhaka, more than one-third (37.4%) of the 9,136,182 population in
the metropolitan area currently live in slums. Nationwide, that proportion is
similar, at 35.2%, although in other divisions the proportions are lower (Khulna
City Corporation=19.5%). The growth rate for urban Dhaka indicates that, in
absolute terms, it is growing at around 320,000 persons per annum in the
metropolitan area, of which three-quarters are added to the slum population.
This proportion is likely to be similar elsewhere, although the total numbers
will, of course, be smaller than in Dhaka.
Figure 4 , showing Bangladesh with a current population density of 2,600 per sq
mile, supports the argument that Bangladesh is a special case in that its
economy is very much based on agriculture, but its exceptional population
density places it at great risk of reaching saturation in terms of agricultural
production and capacity to absorb further population increases into the rural
labor force [To place the Bangladesh population density in perspective, if the
entire world population was squeezed into the USA, the density would be 1,740,
or into Australia, the density would be 2,170 per sq mile; The population
density of Bangladesh will rise from 2,700 to 4,500 per sq mile by 2050].
Fig. 4
‘Mega’ countries with population of >100 million
There is a slightly encouraging sign that urban growth appears to be slowing in
recent years. While there is little evidence, this is possibly linked to the rapidly-
expanding microcredit facilities in rural areas, and consequent employment and
income-generation taking some pressure off the poor to move to the cities in
search of work.

Urban health conditions and challenges

The health of the urban poor or slum dwellers is primarily due to crowding and
lack of access to basic services, such as water and sanitation. Consequences of
these living conditions include stress due to crowding, insecurity due to lack of
housing and land tenure, various types of illegal or criminal activities, including
violence, drug-use, prostitution, etc.
If conditions are so bad, why do people move to these areas? Presumably
because there are better (perceived) chances to find cash from employment.

Population density and crowding

Rural Bangladesh has a relatively high population density of 755 per sq km This
is sparse compared to the urban population densities from the latest slum-
mapping (5), which are 30 times higher, averaging 23,378 nationwide (7,152 in
Barisal City Corporation to 29,857 in Dhaka metropolitan). The slums,
however, at 205,415 persons per sq km, are almost 300 times more densely
populated than the rural averages. Figure Fig. 5 illustrates the point that most
slum housing is single-story, not high-rise and, thus, very crowded. Chittagong
is the highest at 255,100 persons per sq km. With modal (most common) values
of 4-5 persons per room and the average house-size of 103 sq ft., there can be
little doubt that crowding is a genuine issue.

Fig. 5
Korail slum in Dhaka
Since slums tend to be in low-lying areas, where the better-off do not want to
live, they are subject to flooding (26.5% fully flooded, 27.4% partly flooded,
46.1% flood-free), with over half of the area being poorly drained (52.7%, plus
37.0% moderately drained). More than half (55.7%) have no fixed place for the
disposal of garbage. More than half (52.8%) of the population use a pit latrine
for sanitation, and in many households, these must be shared—in one in eight
slums, one latrine was shared, on average, by 11 or more families.
What are the prospects for this situation with future rapid urban growth? Water
is likely to be a limiting factor. At present, the people of Dhaka city need 2.1
billion liter of water a day (L/day). Dhaka WASA provides 1.45 billion L/day,
mostly from groundwater through its 400 deep tube wells, and the remainder is
from the Shitalakshya River, which is becoming increasingly polluted. Many
additional deep tube wells are serving the mushrooming numbers of high-rise
buildings, and the overall impact of extraction of this underground water at a
rate exceeding the capacity to recharge the aquifer is a drawdown of the Dhaka
water table at an unsustainable rate. The water table is presently over 60 metres
below the surface [One positive aspect of this low water table is that it is below
the level of arsenic contamination of the shallow aquifer, down to 30 metres],
some 20 metres lower than eight years ago, and 35 metres lower than in the
mid-1970s. Surface water should be a viable alternative [There is a proposal to
import relatively clean surface water from areas to the south-west of Dhaka city,
as the Shitalakshya River has reached its extraction limit due to pollution and
siltation]. However, surface water is contaminated by industrial wastes (mostly
toxic chemical dyes, heavy metals, etc.) and domestic wastes due to the
inadequate sewerage system.
Only Chittagong and Dhaka are the two cities with any piped, water-based
sewerage system, but it is very old and poorly maintained. Only 30% of city
residents live in areas served by the sewerage system, another 30% have septic
tanks, and the rest lack even basic sanitation, further exacerbating the pollution
of surface water.
While the recommended allowance of water is around 200 L/day per person (for
all purposes), many slum-dwellers manage with less than 10 L/day. With the
Dhaka population increasing by over 300,000 persons each year, theoretically
needing six million additional litre per day, the numbers limited to this
inadequate amount or less, will undoubtedly increase, unless something drastic
is done.
The health implications must be clear, where populations are growing, water is
becoming increasingly scarce, and sanitation is poor and not improving,
waterborne diseases are very likely to become a serious problem again.
In addition, air-borne diseases, such as influenza, pneumonia, and TB, which
tend to be exacerbated by crowding, are obviously also likely to increase under
these pressured conditions.

CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE BANGLADESH POPULATION

There can be no doubt that the continued growth of the large population of
Bangladesh has major implications in the future development of the country.
Questions that are not often asked are what population can Bangladesh support;
what strategies might be used for minimizing the negative impact of future
population growth; and what changes to population distribution and the
economy will be needed.
There are several issues that throw light on this. What is the capacity of
agriculture to generate employment and absorb the expanding population into
gainful employment? What is the capacity of agriculture to feed the growing
population?
Bangladesh has 8.774 million hectares of cultivable land, of which 88% is
cultivated, so there is a limited scope to expand the cultivated area. Intensive
double (59%) and triple (22%) cropping increases the effective crop production
by 150%. Has Bangladesh reached the limits of agriculture? This may depend in
the short term more than anything else on the availability of water [In the
longer-term, the shift to genetically-engineered or modified crops might play a
role in Bangladesh, just as the introduction of high-yielding rice varieties did in
the 1970s and 1980s].
Bangladesh resides in a water paradox in that it receives massive volumes of
water both from transboundary rivers and from monsoon rains (average 2.3
metres annually), but water shortages are common. Among the 57
transboundary rivers are the Ganges [The Ganges carries so much water into
Bangladesh that the Paksey bridge near the Indian border needs the deepest
pylons in the world—91 metres below the riverbed], the Brahmaputra, and the
Megna, with peak discharges among the highest in the world according to the
Food and Agriculture Organization (6). Between these and other minor rivers,
some 1,100 km3 of water enters Bangladesh annually, mostly during the
monsoon (June-October). To put this in perspective, it is equivalent to covering
the entire country in water to a depth of 7.5 metres.
How can there be water shortages? There are two reasons. The first is that,
across the 230 rivers, dams capture less than 2% of internal renewable water
resources. Irrigation is used on only half the potentially-irrigable land area, and
major canals cover less than 10% of the total irrigated area. The remaining area
uses minor irrigation systems, with pumps for groundwater, shallow and deep
wells of various kinds. However, a concern is that “there has been a general
reduction in the area irrigated by wells as a consequence of aquifer drawdown,
and there has been an increase in salinity, particularly along the coastal areas in
the southwest of the country”.
The second reason is that, in the dry season, the groundwater reserve amounts to
less than 2% of total renewable water resources, yet due to lack of dams and
canals, this forms a major source of irrigation water. When irrigation is most
needed, farmers suffer water shortages due to erratic power supply, which limits
their capacity to operate electric pumps to access the shallow and deep aquifers.
Yet, despite this ‘dry-season drought’ situation, over the past four decades,
about half of the funds spent on water development have been for embankments
for flood control and drainage projects. A further consequence of these
embankment projects has been a gradual reduction in the fertility of the soil due
to preventing the natural siltation associated with flooding. Farmers living
within embankments may be able to multiple crops—rice and other cereals, but
they report needing increasing amounts of artificial fertilizers each season. It is
not only embankments which affect crop production, but “man-made soil
degradation is mainly due to continuous rice monoculture, inadequate soil
conservation measures, and unbalanced fertilizer use”.

Unless major changes are made in access to water sources for irrigation in the
dry season, agricultural production will not increase significantly. The
optimistic view is that food production will keep pace with the growing
population at least until 2010, when requirements of food-grains will be 31
million metric tonnes (mt), and production will be about 30 million mt. These
national averages may conceal household-level variations. For example,
assuming a daily per-capita requirement of 454 g of food-grains, an average
family of five would need 825 kg annually. With average agricultural land-
holding at 0.2 acres and average production at 4 mt per acre, the typical
agricultural family can currently produce almost exactly their intake
requirements of 0.8 mt (800 kg). However, this leaves no excess for sale and for
supporting the population in non-agricultural households in the country.
The National Water Management Plan may contribute to changes in patterns of
water extraction that may alleviate some of this problem, but if agricultural
production does not increase, what will be the trend for agricultural
employment?
The latest figures suggest that, compared to the mid-1990s, the numbers
working in agriculture are about 17.2 million males and 5.8 million females and
are stagnating or declining. Figures on small or zero land-holdings by farming
households are elusive. The 1996 agricultural census indicates that 10.2% of
farm households owned no land at all, followed by 79.87% holding between
0.05 and 2.49 acres (0.02-1 ha) . This range is not useful as it covers impossibly
small areas to reasonably large areas, but includes most farm households. What
are clear are that farm in all size categories have declined between the 1983–
1984 and the 1996 agricultural census, and the overall average farm size has
fallen by one-quarter from 2.26 acres to 1.69 acres. Measures of landlessness
are complicated, but it appears that, from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s,
landlessness fell from 56% to 50%; however, micro-level evidence suggests that
the “rate might have slowed down in recent times in part as a consequence of
the escalation in the pace or rural-urban migration”.
These trends suggest that agriculture will not absorb the continuing growth of
population into the economically-productive labour force. Thus, the continuing
short-term growth in the rural areas of around two million annually will have to
find other sources of employment, of which there are a few, or they will be
driven into the cities looking for work. The latter is the most likely scenario. By
2025, when rural populations are expected to stop growing, migration to urban
areas will then balance the annual natural increase of 1.3 million.
It is worthwhile to point out that the area of cultivable land is not static. It is
constantly under threat from the need for land for other uses. Between 1983–
1984 and 1997, the area of cultivable crop-land declined by almost 14% while
the area for homestead increased by 20%; adjacent ponds and other residential
uses increased by another 20%, consuming over 300,000 acres of crop-land.
The growth of district-level small cities and towns is now having a noticeable
impact: “urbanization offers the greatest substantive threat to total land
available for agricultural use”.
Another aspect of the ‘water paradox’ is that global trends in climate change
pose threats of rising sea-levels which may inundate coastal areas and further
reduce available agricultural land by both direct flooding and salination of the
aquifer, as is already occurring in Barisal. This prospect is discussed further
below.
Finally, in this brief overview, the potential catastrophic impact of the proposed
plans to divert many major rivers passing through India will not be discussed.
Obviously, if this had occurred, Bangladesh would be deprived of currently-
available transboundary surface water. The only positive aspect of such a
scheme might be a reduction in numbers of people rendered homeless by the
perennial problem of river erosion.
River erosion is believed to swallow nearly 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) each year,
leaving some 60,000 people homeless. It is predicted to consume 3,575 sq. km
by 2025. The Brahmaputra and Jamuna rivers alone are said to have contributed
to one million rural inhabitants being driven into poverty, and forced to relocate,
with the trend in recent decades of moving to the cities in search of work.
 According to Oxfam, up to 90% of trafficked women and children are victims
of river erosion, forced to migrate from their rural homes.

CAUSES FOR OVERPOPULATION

 There are many causes for over population in Bangladesh. Some of these
causes are describe below.

Natural Factors

 Climate: The climate of Bangladesh is neither very cold nor hot. It is

temperate. For this reason the boys and girls of Bangladesh get youthfulness
earlier. So, the population of Bangladesh is increasing rapidly.

 Configuration of land: Configuration of land and soil of Bangladesh are very

favorable to live and agriculture work. Earning means and living are easy in
Bangladesh so the population is increasing at high rate.

Social Factors

 Illiteracy: A large number of people in Bangladesh are illiterate. Because of it

they are not aware about the effects of increasing of population. They take many
children in their married life. 6

 Social & Religious superstition: Social and religious superstition are the

major causes of over population in rural areas.

 Age of marriage: Most of the girls in Bangladesh get married within 14 to 18

years. So, they enjoy a long married life and take more children.

 Lack of entertainment: A large number of people in Bangladesh are deprived

from the opportunity of entertainment and other social opportunities. They take
their wives as an easiest way to entertainment. So, the population is increasing.

 Infancy marriage & polygamous: From many years infancy marriage and

polygamous are practicing in rural society in Bangladesh which is very
responsible to increase population.

Economic Factors:
  Poverty: Large numbers of people in Bangladesh are living under poverty
line. They are deprived from many opportunities of life. They have need for
money. They believe, “more children earn more money”. So they procreate
more children in their married life.

 Agricultural economics: Bangladesh is an agricultural country. Economics

of Bangladesh depends on agriculture. For helping in agricultural activities
farmers take more children. For this reason the increasing rate of population is
increasing.

EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION
Economic Growth, Environment and Sustainability
Economic pursuits of human beings are dependent on the natural environment
as nature is the provider of raw materials for the production of different goods.
Natural environment provides us two types of resources. Natural or material
resources− mineral and fossilized energy which are extracted from the natural
state at some cost to the economic agent who is involved in the extraction of the
resource as well as environmental resources− clean air, water, rivers, natural
beauty, oceans etc. the use of these does not involve any payment as there is no
market for natural goods. Besides, natural environment works as a waste
assimilator as the wastes are Natural/ Anthropogenic Environment Population
Poverty discharged into the natural environment without anybody having to pay
for it. On the other hand, modern technology increases the use of resources and
also enables us to affect the environment in many ways. Before the invention of
CFC‟s, used as propellants in spray cans and as coolants in refrigerators and air
conditions, we were not causing depletion. Economic activities of human being
and their impacts on environment are given below:

ECONOMIC ACTIVITES IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

Land development for industries, Loss of fertile agricultural land

housing, brick, fields

Construction of buildings, roads in Soil erosion, destruction of hill

unsustainable ways ecosystem, topographic level

Solid wastes disposal by households, Land degradation

 industries and hospitals

Over pulling out of water for Depletion of groundwater, fall in water

consumption table, heavy metals or arsenic
contamination

Unplanned construction of high rise Crowded neighborhoods, overloaded

buildings utilities

Unplanned land use changes Lack of open space, heat island

Wastes and effluents discharged by Water pollution, lack of safe drinking

different industries water, groundwater pollution

We can consider the use of energy resource such as coal in the generation of
power. The combustion of coal produces heat that generates power and the
wastes such as carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere and the solid
wastes are disposed of on land. The environment has the capability of
transforming some of these wastes into useful products – tree converts carbon
dioxide into carbohydrates through photosynthesis. The wastes may also be
harmless through biogeochemical processes. These reflect the waste
assimilative capacity of the environment. As a result, economic activities do not
overload the assimilative capacity of environment. However, when too many
wastes are discharged into a specific environment, it cannot assimilate all these
and there is environmental pollution. Pollution induces the negative externality7
which is unsustainable to society, economy and environment.
It is common that, agricultural production increases arithmetically and
population increases geometrically. Increasing population growth at first rate
mainly in the developing countries has put enormous pressure on forested land
because it becomes necessarily to clear the virgin forest covers and convert
them into agricultural land so that agricultural production may be significantly
increased and food may be provided to hungry human population. This trend
has resulted into large scale destruction of savanna vegetation in the subtropical
region, rich and extensive grasslands of Russian „steppes‟, South American
pampas, Newzelandean native forests, has been extensively converted to
agricultural firms and these areas have now become major granaries of the
world. We can compare the different countries status in terms of environmental
security, economic growth and sustainability.

Urban Health and Environmental Sanitation

A major challenge faced by the developing countries is that of human waste
management and disposal. The primary concern is the amount of money that is
required for proper management and disposal of human wastes. It is important
to understand that the improvement of health is not possible without sanitary
disposal of human excreta. There are some Problems of groundwater
development in Bangladesh. Such as, arsenic in groundwater, excessive
dissolved iron, Salinity in coastal areas, water table is lowering due to over-
exploitation of groundwater for irrigation and intensive cropping. The urban
area is a composite of different subsystems of physical structures and human
activities all having links with one another. Growth in the urban population of
Bangladesh is more or less centered on the three metropolitan areas of Dhaka,
Chittagong and Khulna. It can be 38% of the total population by the year of
2020. Economically affected, socially excluded and environmentally displaced
people will join in urban area as beggar, hotel worker, porters, day laborers,
maid servant, rickshaw puller, petty traders etc.
Planned and unplanned human activities taking place within the urban area have
profound impacts both within and outside it. The degradation in the quality of
the urban environment is the consequence of these economic activities, which
may affect the environment either directly or indirectly. For sustainable urban
health, the environmental sanitation through environmental education can play
key role.
 Land degradation
Agriculture land availability declined at 0.26% annually between 1976 and
2010. Arable Land (hectares) per person in Bangladesh was last measured at
0.05 in 2011. Agricultural land or basically Arable land is decreasing due to the
house settlements, uncontrolled industrial development and even in forest area,
poor transport and communication systems, rudimentary institutional and
technical capacity in exploring and management of energy, power, mining etc.
land use patterns in Bangladesh are given below: Sectors Percentage (%)
Agriculture 50 Urban 15 Tea/Rubber 2 Village Forest 4 Unclassified Forest 7
Classified Forest 13 Social Needs 8 (Source: estimated by Author) Water
supply Urban Health Sanitation Environmental Education As urban population
and urban economic activities increase, more land is needed for commercial
units. Expansion of the transportation system is an integral part of the urban
development. Construction of new roads and widening of existing ones, have
become necessary as economic activities disperse over a large area. Increased
demand for bricks is the outcome of an expanding construction industry, which
follows rapid urbanization. To meet this demand, the number of brickfields
keeps on increasing in the outskirts of urban areas. Growing numbers of
brickfields mean loss in prime agricultural land. Top soils are reducing around
the brickfields. As a result, soil loses the water holding capacity and fertility. On
the other hand, Intensive cropping reduces soil nutrients and organic materials
as well as wetlands are covered by contract and shrimp farming as we know,
food security is given top priority in Bangladesh. Her large and growing
population needs a steady supply of food grains. In Chittagong, excavation of
hills for the construction of houses and for acquiring earth for leveling land
elsewhere is turning the beautiful city into a disaster zone (Zinatunnessa, 2001).
The hills of Nasirabad pahartali, lalkhanbazar, baizid bostami and the khulsi
area are al threatened by unplanned construction and earth excavation. Besides,
in Bangladesh, much of the problems of water logging and salinity have been
attributed to the lack of maintenance of existing flood control, drainage,
irrigation and poor design and planning of new infrastructure.

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION GROWTH IN

BANGLADESH
DEMOGRAPHY

It took roughly the first three-quarters of the Christian era for the human

Race to double in numbers. The next doubling took 200 years, from the time of
the Lord Protector to that of the Great Exhibition in the mid-19 th century. Yet
the next two doublings have together spanned a mere 125 years, and the present
doubling time is little more than a third of a century. This is the equivalent of an
annual rate of growth of 2%, which may not sound too alarming until we
translate it into an increment of three billion over three decades. Even if
population increase were to be halved to a figure of some 1% annually, it is
clear from Text-fig. 1 that this would give little more than an extra 150 years
before there was one inhabitant per square metre. At the present rate, this
‘impossible’ state of affairs would be reached by approximately the beginning
of the 23rd century; at the 1% rate, by the middle of the 25th century.

But this, of course, is simply playing a numbers game and demonstrating the
well-known terror of compound interest (or, as Malthus might have put it,
Geometrical progression). What we have to consider is the reliability of such
automatic extrapolations, and the likelihood of a demographic transition
occurring in the poor world. More specifically, the question is not so much
whether such a transition will eventually materialize, but how rapidly and
effectively it will happen. And here, it must be admitted, our techniques of long-
term forecasting are about as reliable as the use of tea-leaves to prophesy the
arrival of strangers.

The basic problem is to assess the time-lag between death control and birth
control, and this will clearly depend upon a host of mutually related factors
ranging from educational advance and family motivation to contraceptive
devices and economic stimuli. Such factors may be transformed by unforeseen
and strictly unforeseeable changes, and it would be hazardous to peer very far
into the future. Nevertheless, in the short-term, which means during the
remainder of this century, it is possible to project population figures with
reasonable confidence, if only because most of the potential parents of this
century have already been born and enumerated. The spreading bases of the
population pyramids for the poor countries, which mark the consequences of
falling infant and maternal mortality, will inexorably move up the pyramid as
the years go by. This will mean a substantially larger cohort of potential parents
a generation hence than in the corresponding age range of today, and, unless
family size is very sharply reduced from its present level, the next parental
generation will in turn send a demographic impulse—through its own offspring
—a further 30 years ahead into the 21st century.

UNEMPLOYMENT

The numerical implications of this growth, which lead us to anticipate about a

billion extra people per decade between now and a.D. 2000, suggest that the
major problem of the coming years will be that of coping with a multitude of
economically unnecessary individuals. However much we stimulate
intermediate technology in the developing countries and so far only China
seems to have had much success in this—it seems distinctly optimistic to
foresee anything but massive unemployment (and concealed under-
employment) in the decades ahead. Manufacturing industry, which for
predominantly agricultural peasant societies seems the prerequisite of economic
transformation and higher individual wealth, works generally more efficiently
with a high capital-labour ratio, and certainly if the developing nation wishes to
penetrate competitive world markets it can hardly afford to ignore the
advantages of highly mechanized continuous flow techniques.
URBANIZATION

Again, in contrast to the experience of the present ‘rich’ world, the urbanization
process in the poor world is only tenuously related to successful transition to
industrial economy. As shown in Table 3, which is based on United Nations
(1969) data, there has been a spectacular increase in the number of major urban
concentrations in the poor world during the middle decades of this century; yet
many of these cities are little more than aggregations of the unwanted. As
agriculture proves incapable of sustaining the growing peasant masses, they
move to the town where they huddle in squalor, poverty and idleness. The
shanty towns and the favellas are the symptoms of a quasi-urbanizing process

Which seems destined to produce social deprivation and political violence?

The lack of employment, in turn, curtails the domestic market and discourages
investment by both local and external entrepreneurs. Investment instead tends to
focus on the ‘bonanza’ areas of rich mineral strikes, where high profits and
capital-intensive extraction are the norm. Nevertheless, however poverty
stricken the urban masses are, and however unproductive, they continue in
aggregate to consume the resources of the poor country. As their numbers swell,
so the already slender economic surplus is eroded further. Against this summary
background of the predicament of the developing world, it is increasingly
difficult to avoid the sense of a looming catastrophe as the century draws
towards its close.

It must be accepted, of course, that the developing world is far from a

homogeneous unit. Guyana, say, with its 800,000 people clustered on a narrow
coastal strip backed by an empty interior, may seem a far cry from India whose
numbers rose from 439 million in 1961 to 547 million 10 years later. Yet at the
risk of over-simplification, in most of the inter-tropical world there are common
problems of climate, soils and inherited social structures which make all these
countries incapable of reconciling a 2% rate of population growth with
economic transformation and material improvement for the bulk of their people.
In such countries, with few if any exceptions, population restraint is urgently
required in the coming decade if disaster and bitter disappointment are to be
avoided.

This plea, however, is now very much the conventional wisdom, and it has been
reiterated only to remind us that wisdom without appropriate action becomes
folly. And it is still the case that few of the influential decision-makers in the
affluent world have grasped the magnitude of the population crisis which is
inevitably bound to deepen in the immediate future. As Dr Malcolm Potts
shows in his account of the work of the IPPF (p. 475) the priority given to
family limitation internationally is lamentably low and, as we know, the Roman
Catholic Church is still (officially) hostile to contraception.

Perhaps this mood of official complacency or indifference will change as

Population begins to move into the main-stream of political controversy in the

rich countries. For the population crisis is, in the ultimate, indivisible, and the
case for population restraint is no less urgent in the rich world than in the poor.
Economy, in the final analysis, is a relationship between man and his
environment, and if the poor world needs to ease demographic pressures for the
sake of that relationship, so too does the rich world.

DEPENDENCY

Before turning to the environmental aspects of population growth in the high

consumption economies, it may be noted that there are many different facets to
the demographic dilemma facing such countries. For example, the demographic
transition of earlier decades in the United Kingdom has resulted in a steadily
rising ratio of elderly dependants to the population of working age. Shows, this
has risen from 110/1000 in 1911 to 259/1000 in 1969, and the figure will
continue to rise to a maximum of 276/1000 in 1981. Thereafter it will fall
slightly, partly owing to the impact of the post-1955 rise in the birth-rate (itself
an unexpected and certainly unforeseen bulge which remained pronounced until
the mid-sixties) upon the working population of the eighties and nineties. The
economic implications of these changing patterns are difficult to assess, but it
may be suggested that the increasing tendency towards premature retirement is
a hint that people in the affluent world, no less than in the poor, are becoming
unnecessary to the economic process—and even a hindrance to its efficient
operation. Yet, at the very time when such labour-shedding is being encouraged
(perhaps the steady raising of the school-leaving age has a similar role in
reducing explicit unemployment), increasing numbers of people survive to old
age. One hesitates to speculate on the size of the redundant population let alone
its functions—should the ageing process ever be mastered.

This is not, of course, to argue that people should not be allowed to live out
their full term—but it does raise the question whether the human race is well
advised to strive to extend its personal life-span. Human clustering in Britain
has produced exceptionally dense urban populations, particularly in the ‘axial
belt’ which straddles England from the Thames to the Mersey. Within this area
of dense population, accentuated by inward migration and (more recently) by
substantial growth in situ, we have seen the motor vehicle ‘activate’ the
residents in a way which has worsened the man/land relationship. It is
instructive, in this matter of crowding, to compare England and Wales as a
whole—and not simply the axial belt—with the famous ‘Megalopolis’ defined
in the north-eastern U.S.A. As Table 5 shows, the entire area south of Hadrian’s
Wall is already broadly comparable with the American region; on this basis, the
axial belt deserves a term all to itself.

Meanwhile, a process of micro-geographical sifting within the cities has

Mirrored the wider regional sifting which led to marked economic disparities
and social gulfs within the British Isles as a whole. As the towns explode across
the former countryside, the inner areas are left as ghettos of the socially and
economically—which often means mentally inadequate. For such ghetto
denizens, the economy of affluent meritocratic man can find little use, except in
menial and poorly paid jobs; in effect, the favela mentality takes root in the
decaying cores, rather than in the outskirts, and the experience of the United
States shows how grave this sifting can become when allied to racial
differences.
 CASE STUDY

Rohingya crisis

It has triggered the fastest growing humanitarian crisis in recent years

Efforts to deprive the Rohingya -- the ethnic Muslim community living in

the Rakhine State of Myanmar for time-immemorial -- from citizenship
began shortly after Myanmar’s independence. 

The 1948 Union Citizenship Act defined Myanmar citizenship and

identified specific ethnicities that were allowed to gain citizenship -- and
did not include the Rohingya. After the military coup in 1962, the
government began giving documentation to fewer and fewer Rohingya
children, refusing to recognize new generations. Violence against the
Rohingya continues, with continued military involvement and the
government’s denial to protect them.

What ethnic cleansing is?

In 1990, the term “ethnic cleansing” came into wider usage, to explicate
and describe the situation suffered by particular ethnic groups during
conflicts that erupted after the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia.
Ethnic cleansing has been defined as the attempt to get rid of (through
deportation, displacement or even mass killing) members of an unwanted
ethnic group in order to establish an ethnically homogeneous geographic
area.  

The term ethnic cleansing has been reserved for some of the worst
atrocities in history. The UN defines it as a purposeful policy, designed by
one ethnic or religious group to remove, by violent and terror-inspiring
means, the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from
certain geographic areas.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) has linked ethnic cleansing more
specifically to genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, stating
that ethnic cleansing could constitute all three of those other offenses. In
this way, despite controversy over its exact definition, ethnic cleansing is
now clearly covered under international law, though efforts to prevent and
punish acts of ethnic cleansing are still in development.

The Rohingya crisis

Since August 2017, over a million refugees have entered Bangladesh,

crossing the border of Myanmar where the state military launched a
cleansing operation against the Rohingya.

The situation cannot yet be assessed fully and independently, as Myanmar

has refused access to human rights investigators. Satellite imagery
showing burned villages confirm the situation as a textbook example of
ethnic cleansing -- the military of a Buddhist majority country attacking a
Muslim minority.
The recent wave of violence is the latest in a pattern of discrimination that
started over 50 years ago in 1962. Myanmar, then called Burma, was taken
over by the military in a coup led by General Ne Win. 

They promoted fierce nationalism based on the country's Buddhist identity

and when they needed a common enemy to help unite the population, the
Rohingya were singled out as a threat. Tensions between the Burmese
Buddhist population and the Rohingya go back to WWII, when each group
supported opposing sides. 

The Rohingya with a population of about one million became a stateless

people in 1991, and Myanmar's military launched a campaign to rid them,
resulting in 250,000 Rohingya fleeing to Bangladesh. Tensions continued
to build in the 2000s. Violence broke out in 2012, when four Muslim men
were accused of raping and killing a Buddhist woman in Rakhine.
Buddhist nationalists, backed by security forces, attacked Muslim
neighborhoods’ and burned homes, displacing tens of thousands. 

The Rohingya were persecuted, disenfranchised, and stateless in 2016. A

Rohingya militant group called Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA)
emerged and coordinated small-scale attacks on border police stations. An
attack on August 25th 2017 left 12 police officers dead, and sparked the
current crisis against Rohingya civilians. A brutal retaliation by the state
security forces has led to thousands of deaths, and the mass exodus to
Bangladesh. 

Since the August attack, 210 villages have been burned to the ground. The
violent campaign has triggered the fastest growing humanitarian crisis in
recent years, but Myanmar's de facto leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner
Aung San Suu Kyi has barely acknowledged the attacks. 

Recent reports claimed that the military has planted land mines along the
Bangladesh border to prevent the Rohingya from returning. Myanmar's
government has systematically stripped their citizenship, terrorized them,
and destroyed their homes, and now it wants to keep them from ever
coming back.

Role of the world community

In mid-October 2017, the European Union Council of Foreign Ministers

annulled ties and incorporated travel bans for the Myanmar military, as did
the United States. Both also began reviewing the possibility of further
formal sanctions. Meanwhile the Pope’s late-November visit to Myanmar
to denounce the violence must have hit home to the Rohingya just how
helpless the West had become.

Over the issue of Rohingya, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN) has been mostly silent and has not taken a stand on the growing
number of asylum seekers in member countries, largely because of its
members’ commitment to the principle of non-interference in each other’s
internal affairs.

ASEAN’s only response to the crisis so far has been a bland statement --
almost a month after the atrocities in Rakhine -- expressing “concern”
about the situation, and failing to even mention the word Rohingya.
Amnesty International has criticized the organization, alleging it has
“failed” the refugees.

India stated, “We stand by Myanmar, we strongly condemn the terrorist

attack and condole the death of policemen and soldiers.” However, India
has also sent 7,000 metric-tons of relief materials to Bangladesh. China
has been advocating resolution through bilateral efforts between
Bangladesh and Myanmar, and has offered to negotiate. Beijing and
Moscow questioned UNSC's jurisdiction to take any measure, and
contended that any interference would worsen the situation.

Hence, the world’s largest democracy, the biggest communist state, and a
powerful Eurasian country, all have lined up with Myanmar, turning a
blind eye to the “textbook case of ethnic cleansing” as aptly stated by the
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, while Bangladesh
is taking the burden of all the Rohingya refugees with its limited capacity.

The End Story So far, there is no notable improvement of the solution. The
international sides have not yet shown any serious interest to come to a unified
agreement regarding Rohingya. The aids and human rights organizations only
working with the government of Bangladesh in providing food, clothes and
other necessities. But, the real solution lies on the returning of these people
either to go back to Myanmar with all basic citizen rights or arrangement of
permanent shelter in some other countries as refugees recognized by those
governments. Bangladesh government is almost fighting this battle alone from
1980s to manage all these helpless people for humanitarian reason. Without a
permanent solution for this problem, these people can be involved with some
terrorist organizations for money as they are in a vulnerable state. In that case,
the whole South-east Asian region will be in grave danger. Therefore, urgent
and solid solution to necessary that van only be possible with an unified
agreement between Myanmar, Bangladesh and the international negotiators.
 RECOMMENDATIONS:

We should all come forward to control it. The government of Bangladesh is

trying to control it. To remove this problem we should follow the following
arrangement.
Family planning: each family must not have more than two
children. Then each family will be planned. They should be made
aware of the gravity of problem.
Education of the masses: To check the growth of population, top-
most importance should be attached to education of the masses. If the
entire populations are educated, there would develop a sense of
national awareness and wide outlook among them.

Stop early marriage: If we do not stop early marriage, the people of

our country will be increasing at an alarming rate day by day. So all
should aware about it.

The population problem is a great malady for Bangladesh. But this can be
soled if the government and the people are firmly determined to control
birth rate and grow more food at the same time. No improvement is
possible unless this problem is solved. Therefore, all the people of
Bangladesh and the government should join hands to meet the crisis right at
this moment before it is too late.

Conclusion

Personal evaluation:

Though the problem already has created so we should not waste

our time only to discussing the problem, but analyzing the resources to
overcome the problem. We should all come forward to control it. We
should follow some arrangement, ideas, and examples of another country.
Such as – family planning, education of the masses, stops early marriage,
export man power to other countries, create awareness about self-reliance.
Most of the people in our country have no earning abilities so that they
become load for the country but if they defined creative, self-depended then
they can become the assets of the nation. Then we can overcome the
overpopulation problem into over. Population assets.

Food problem: population in BD is increasing by geometrical progression.

But the agricultural production is increasing by arithmetical progression so
there is the shortage of food in our country.

Communication problem: there are crowds everywhere in buses, trains,

and bazars. Schools, etc. people climb on the roof of the buses and trains to
travel one to another as there is no seat inside. This causes the accident.

Educational problem: it creates educational problem too. It is a Herculean

job to get admission in schools and college. For twenty seats, there may be
two thousand candidates.

Unemployment: In the field of employment this condition is hazardous for

an single vacant post there will be thousand candidates.

Shelter problem: the area of Bangladesh is too small to arrange shelter for
the large number of population.

Health problem: “health is wealth” but our people are suffering from
many diseases, many children of our country are blind because they do not
get enough nutrition. Our children often suffer in diarrhea.
Medical & medicine problem: the large number of population creates the
treatment problem too. There is only one qualified doctor for every 25000
village people on the average.
Environmental problem: The increasing people pollute our environmental
by making latrine on the bank of rivers and canals. Human waste pollutes our
environments. The vast population also produces so much carbon dioxide
which is danger for the environment.

Poverty: The increasing population of our country is creating pressure to our

wealth, so, day by day we become poor.

Recommendation: We should all come forward to control it the govt, of BI)

is trying to control it. To remove this problem we should follow the following
arrangements.

1. Family planning: Each family must not have more than two children.
Then each Family will be planned. They should be made aware of
gravity of problem.

2. Education of the masses: to check the growth of population, top most

importance should be attached to education of the masses. It the entire
population are educated, there would develop a sense of national
awareness and wide outlook among them.

3. Stop early marriage: if we do not stop early marriage, the people it

our country will be increasing at an alarming rate day by day.

4. Others: we can export man to other countries to remove the population

crisis. To remove this problem. The lesson of self-reliance is
particularly needed for us.
3.2 : Bibliography:

//http.www.wikipedia.com/bangladeshoverpopulation.bd
oxford international Dictionary
www.dandebat.dk/eng-demografi.htm
www.bced.gov.bc.ca/exams...aterials/ss11_papers06.pdf
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc
 BEA-BRD.ORG