Building blocks in organic chemistry

For hydrogen

H (Hydrogen)

For carbon

sp3-hybridized carbon (takes four partners) C C

(all four atoms = central carbon

sp2-hybridized carbon (takes three partners) C and three partners are in one
plane)

sp-hybridized carbon C (linear)

For oxygen
two lone pairs (bent structure)
O
O
O

one partner three partners

two partners rare in isolable, stable products,
but known in reactive
intermediates
(here all four atoms = oxygen
lone electron pair and three partners are in one
For nitrogen plane)
four atoms (nitrogen
N and three partners) are
N N N in one plane

three partners two partners three partners

lone electron pair

For phosphorus
P
P
N N
three partners

four partners

P P P
N

five partners four partners

 Building blocks in organic chemistry (continuation)

For carbon C sp2-hybridized carbon

three partners (but here carbon only shares into 6 electrons)

carbocation (planar, only found as reactive intermediate)

C
carbanion (three partners)

For oxygen O oxide

For sulfur
S S S

three partners two partners four partners

(bent)

Please remember that the elements of the building blocks only provide one electron for every one bond.
The other electron for the bond is provided by the building block partner to be connected.