INDEX

Experiment no Title

1 Preparation of Isotonic solution of NaCl

2 Determine the specific gravity of the given liquid

3 Preparation of Simple ointment

4 Preparation of Sulphur ointment

5 Preparation of compound Borax powder

6 Preparation of Ferric ammonium citrate mixture

Experiment no 1

Preparation of Isotonic solution of NaCl.

Theoratical Background
Osmosis
If a semi-permeable membrane is used to separate solutions of different solute
concentrations, a phenomenon known as osmosis occurs in which solvent molecules
cross the membrane from lower to higher concentration to establish a concentration
equilibrium.

Osmotic Pressure
The pressure driving this movement is called osmotic pressure and is governed by the
number of "particles" of solute in solution.

Solutions which contain fewer particles and exert a lower osmotic pressure than 0.9%
saline are called hypotonic and those exerting higher osmotic pressures are referred to
as hypertonic.

Solutions containing the same concentration of particles and thus exerting equal
osmotic pressures are called iso-osmotic. A 0.9% solution of NaCl (Normal Saline) is
iso-osmotic with blood and tears.
Materials

Sodium chloride 9gm

Chemical balance
Volumetric flask 1000ml.
Stirrer.
Beaker
Funnel

Procedure

At first 9gm of sodium chloride (NaCl) was weighted accurately. 500ml of distilled
water was taken in a beaker and added 9gm NaCl and mixed it properly. Then
distilled water was added to make the volume up to 1000 ml. Labeled it and stored in
a dry place.
Experiment no 1

Preparation of Isotonic solution of NaCl.

Materials

Sodium chloride 9gm

Chemical balance
Volumetric flask 1000ml.
Stirrer.
Beaker
Funnel

Isotonic solution

Ingredients Directions Manufacturing

Sodium chloride 9gm Keep it away Mfg date
from children Xyz
Exp date
Prevent it from direct Xyz
sunlight. Batch No
X.Y.Z
Retail Price
100/-
Experiment no 2

Determine the specific gravity of the given liquid

Theoratical Background:
Density:-
It is define as mass per unit volume of substance (liquid) at specific temperature
ρ=m/V

Unit:- g/m

Specific gravity:-
It is the ratio of weight of substance to that of water at specific temperature.
SG=ρ s / ρ W

Here ρs is density of sample liquid and ρW is density of water.

Unit
As it is a ratio so it has no unit.

Material and other apparatus

Pycnometer
Balance
Water
glycerine

Procedure:-
Clean the pycnometer with water and rinse it with acetone . Then dry it properly.
After drying weight the dry pycnometer. Then filled it with water and weight . Repeat
this step with given liquid. Weight of the water or glycerine is calculated by
subtracting the weight of empty pycnometer from the weight of dry pycnometer
which is filled with water or glycerine.
Experiment no 2

Determine the specific gravity of the given liquid

Materials

Pycnometer
Balance
Water
Glycerine

Observations and Calculation

Weight of empty pycnometer = 9 gm

Weight of water filled pycnometer = 27 gm
Weight of water = 27 - 9 = 18 gm
Vol. of water = 20 ml
Density of water = 18/20 = 0.9 g/ml

Weight of pycnometer filled with glycerine = 31.93

Weight of glycerine = 31.93 - 9 = 22.93
Vol. of glycerine = 20 ml
Density of glycerine = 22.93/20 = 1.146 g/ml

SG = 1.146/0.90
= 1.28
Experiment No 3

Preparation of Simple ointment .

Official Formulation

Wool fat 50g

Hard Paraffin 50g
Cetostearye alcohol 50g
White soft pauaffin 250g

Procedure

Meet together wool fat,hard pauaffin and white soft pauaffin together on a water
bath. Then add cetostearyl alcohol and stir continuocsly until it becomes cool .

Use

It is used to keep skin emoclient .

Experiment No 3

Preparation of Simple ointment

Official Formulation

Wool fat 50g

Hard Paraffin 50g
Cetostearye alcohol 50g
White soft pauaffin 250g

Simple ointment

Ingredients Directions Manufacturing

Wool fat Keep it away Mfg date
50g from children Xyz
Hard paraffin 50g Exp date
Cetosteoryl alcohol 50g Prevent it from direct Xyz
White soft paraffin sunlight. Batch No
250g X.Y.Z
Retail Price
100/-
Experiment No 4

Preparation of Sulphur ointment

Official Formulation

Wool fat 50g

Hard paraffin 50g
Cetosteoryl alcohol 50g
White soft paraffin 250g
Sulphur 2g

Proceduce

Meet together wool fat ,houd paraffin and white soft paraffin together on a water
bath. Then add cetostearyl alcohol and stir continuosly until it becomes cool. Add
sulphur in ointment and triturate it. Finaly store in a dry container.

Use

It is used to keep skin emollient sulphur make ointment antiseptic and fungicidal .
Experiment No 4

Preparation of Sulphur ointment

Official Formulation

Wool fat 50g

Hard paraffin 50g
Cetosteoryl alcohol 50g
White soft paraffin 250g
Sulphur 2g

Sulphur Ointment

Ingredients Directions Manufacturing

Wool fat Keep it away Mfg date
50g from children Xyz
Hard paraffin 50g Exp date
Cetosteoryl alcohol 50g Prevent it from direct Xyz
White soft paraffin sunlight. Batch No
250g X.Y.Z
Sulphur Retail Price
2g 100/-
Experiment No 5

Preparation of compound Borax powder

Introduction
It is a white crystalline solid, less soluble in cold water but more soluble in hot water.
Borax dissolves in water to give an alkaline solution.

Material

Hydrous Calcium borate

Sodium carbonate

Proceduce

First of all powdered hydrous calcium borate was moxed with sodium carbonate
solution and boiled.
After boiling for 2-3 minutes it was filtered to remove the precipitated calcium
carbonate.
The filtrate was allowed to cool down and get concentrated.
After cooling white crystals of borax were formed which were separated and dried.

Uses

Used in manufacture of drugs and cosmetics.

Used as antiseptic agent
Used in chemical laboratories to make buffers.
Borax is used as an antimicrobial, a fungicide, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying
agent.
Used as a treatment in Rheumatoid arthritis
Experiment No 5

Preparation of compound Borax powder

Material

Hydrous Calcium borate

Sodium carbonate

Borax Pwder

Ingredients Directions Manufacturing

Hydrous Calcium borate Keep it away Mfg date
from children Xyz
Sodium carbonate Exp date
Prevent it from direct Xyz
sunlight. Batch No
X.Y.Z
Retail Price
100/-
Experiment No 6

Preparation of Ferric ammonium citrate mixture

Materials
Ferric hydroxide
Citric acid
Ammonium hydroxide

Proceduce :
Aqueous solution of citric acid was prepared by dissolving citric acid in distilled
water.
Weighed amount of ferric hydroxide was added into aqueous solutiopn of citric acid
followed by the addition of ammonium hydroxide.
The resultant mixture was heated on a medium heat until the evaporation of water.
Mixture obtainedthus ground to a powder and stored in a desicator.

Use :
Nutrient, dietary supplement, anticaking agent for sodium chloride
Agricultural chemicals
As a food additive and as an acidity regulator.
Water purification
Experiment No 6

Preparation of Ferric ammonium citrate mixture

Materials
Ferric hydroxide
Citric acid
Ammonium hydroxide

Aluminium Paste

Ingredients Directions Manufacturing

Ferric hydroxide Keep it away Mfg date
from children Xyz
Citric acid Exp date
Prevent it from direct Xyz
Ammonium hydroxide sunlight. Batch No
X.Y.Z
Retail Price
100/-