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High Sulphidation Gold Deposits A Retrospective Summary

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 High Sulphidation Gold Deposits
A Retrospective Summary

Michael B. Thomsen
March 3, 2017 ©

Photo: The author at an advanced argillic alteration zone draping the ridge
border of Chile and Argentina near the El Indio gold belt in the high Andes.
 High Sulphidation Gold Deposits - A Retrospective Summary

Michael B. Thomsen
March 3, 2017 ©

Abstract

High sulphidation gold systems are a unique and increasingly important type of
mineral deposit. These systems are formed within a vertical continuum from
shallow epithermal environments to the upper portions of porphyry Cu-Au
deposits. This paper presents information on some of the largest and most
important high sulphidation (HS) gold districts in the world. This deposit type has
become the dominant model for many international mineral exploration
programs. While the three largest HS districts in the world are located in Latin
America (Yanacocha in Peru, Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, and
Pascua/Lama/Veladero in Chile/Argentina), these types of gold systems have
been found in virtually every Cretaceous/Tertiary volcanic terrain that also hosts
productive porphyry Cu-Au mineralization. The post-Yanacocha high
sulphidation gold discoveries at Pierina, Veladero/Pascua/Lama, Alto Chicama,
Lagunas Norte, Alturas, El Sauzal, Santa Rosa (Puno) and Cerro Aruntani
suggest that a focused exploration program targeting the geologic and alteration
characteristics indicative of high sulphidation gold systems will meet with
success. The numerous geologists who worked on the development and
advancement of the high sulphidation geologic model at the Yanacocha gold
district deserve significant credit in defining and disseminating that knowledge to
the industry.

Characteristics of the High Sulphidation Deposit Type

The usage of the term ‘high sulphidation’ refers to the fundamental genetic state
of the hydrothermal system (i.e. the highly-oxidized state of sulphur). The terms
acid sulfate, enargite-gold, Goldfield-type, high-sulfur, quartz-alunite-gold and
alunite-kaolinite have previously been used to describe this type of deposit. This
group of deposits shows a common set of diagnostic minerals indicating high-
sulphidation states (pyrite, enargite, luzonite) and acidic fluid conditions (alunite,
kaolinite and pyrophyllite). The dominant and ubiquitous alteration feature of
high sulphidation gold deposits is the presence of fracture controlled vuggy silica
which is the result of intense alteration and acid leaching. Lateral to a central
vuggy leached silica zone, quartz occurs with magmatic-hydrothermal alunite and
minerals such as pyrophyllite, kaolinite, diaspore, dickite and zunyite which are
typical of hypogene acidic conditions. High sulphidation gold deposits display a
wide variety of styles of mineralization that include hydrothermal and phreatic
breccia bodies, stockworks, veins, and disseminations. Some HS deposits are
hosted entirely within a single dome (Summitville) while and others are located
within a dome complex such as Yanacocha, Pueblo Viejo, and Julcani.

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Photo: Extensive advanced argillic alteration in an arid setting at Pascua-Lama.

Photo: Outcrop of advanced argillic alteration of an intermediate volcanic unit

containing mixed clays, alunite, iron oxides and fine silica veinlets. Note the
hammer at the center of the photo for scale.

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Notable High Sulphidation Gold Discoveries

While the three largest high sulphidation gold districts in Latin America were
discovered over 20 years ago, there has been a recent string of new discoveries
that has reignited exploration for these types of systems in the Andes and around
the world. The newest of these, the Alturas high sulphidation gold deposit in
Chile, was discovered in late 2015 south of the El Indio system. This deposit is
located on a group of concessions held by the world’s largest gold company for
over a decade before it was sampled, drilled and discovered.

One third of the largest dozen producing gold deposits in the world today are of
the high sulphidation (HS) type. In terms of geologic models utilized by most
international gold exploration programs, the volcanic-hosted high sulphidation
gold model is targeted as frequently as greenstone belt targets, porphyry copper-
gold systems and others.

Considering that some high sulphidation gold deposits can occur in settings with
only minor historic mining activity and with few or no associated placer gold
occurrences, these high sulphidation gold systems may be overlooked.
Discovery outcrops of the oxide portions of these deposits can be quite
nondescript in their appearance. Pueblo Viejo is a classic example where
sulphide mineralization was first noted and mined over 500 years ago, but the
most profitable oxide portion of that gold deposit was not recognized until 1969.

The following list of the largest gold deposits/districts currently in production

indicates the preponderance of high sulphidation gold systems:

• Grasberg in Indonesia (Porphyry Copper-Gold)

• Muruntau and Olympiada in Russia (Mesothermal Gold)
• Yanacocha in Peru (High Sulphidation Gold)
• Carlin/Goldstrike/Post/Betze in Nevada (Carlin-type Sed-Hosted)
• Veladero in Argentina (High Sulphidation Gold)
• Shandong Province in China (Mesothermal Gold)
• Lagunas Norte in Peru (High Sulphidation Gold)
• Lihir Island in Papua New Guinea (Low Sulphidation Gold)
• Kalgoorlie District in Australia (Archean Greenstone Gold)
• Pueblo Viejo - Dominican Republic (High Sulphidation Gold)
• Ghanaian Greenstone Gold Belts

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Alteration Within High Sulphidation Gold Systems
The largest high sulphidation gold systems are characterized by zoned
alteration formed as a result of the progressive cooling and neutralization of the
hot acidic fluids by reaction with host rocks and groundwaters. At the core of
high sulphidation ore systems hot acidic fluids leach many components from the
host rocks leaving mainly only silica and some rutile, and the altered rocks are
termed residual silica or vuggy silica from the texture produced by the
pseudomorphous removal of porphyritic feldspars and rock fragments. In many
breccias finely comminuted rock material is replaced by massive fine grained
silica while porphyritic intrusive fragments display the characteristic vuggy
texture. Vuggy silica provides important secondary permeability for later
mineralization. The progressive neutralization and cooling of high sulphidation
fluids by rock reaction produces alteration moving away from the core in which
zonation is characterized progressively outwards by mineral assemblages
dominated by alunite, pyrophyllite, kaolin, illite, and chlorite.

Photo: Vuggy silica alteration of a subvolcanic intrusive from a large high

sulphidation gold deposit. Note the subhedral vugs representing the relic texture
of leached feldspars.

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Photo: Multi-lithic hydrothermal breccia from a high sulphidation gold system
containing altered and leached/vuggy silicified volcanic clasts.

Photo: Hydrothermal breccia with steam heated opaline silica and elemental
sulphur overprinting the breccia unit from a high sulphidation gold deposit.

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Photo: Multi-lithic phreatic-hydrothermal breccia from the Cerro Yanacocha
complex. Note the altered porphyry clast (white) and the numerous angular
silica-pyrite clasts (black).

Photo: Silica-pyrite-enargite breccia situated deep in the Cerro Yanacocha

complex, the world’s largest high sulphidation gold district.

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Regional Geology and Alteration Map of the World-class Yanacocha High
Sulphidation Gold District and Proximal Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits.
(from Teal & Benavides, Economic Geology, 2010)

Image of classic advanced argillic alteration centers (yellow) and targets (blue)
being evaluated by the author for high sulphidation gold mineralization.

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Select List of High Sulphidation Gold Deposits Primarily in Volcanics (2005)

Deposit Country Summary Details

+40 Million Ounce High Sulphidation Gold Systems:

Yanacocha Peru +50 M oz. reserve/resource/past production
Pueblo Viejo Dominican Republic 40 M oz. combined district resource
Pascua//Lama/Veladero Chile/Argentina 40 M oz. combined district resource

5 - 15 Million Ounce High Sulphidation Gold Systems:

Alto Chicama Peru Discovery in 2002 in Peru
Chelopech Bulgaria Currently the largest gold deposit in Europe
Chinkuashih Taiwan Contains high grade breccia pipes and veins
El Indio/Tambo Chile Primarily high grade veins and breccias
Goldfield United States High grade veins and the ‘alunite ledge’
Lepanto Philippines HS system with FSE porphyry and Victoria
Pierina Peru Discovered by Arequipa Resources

Other High Sulphidation Gold Systems Containing < 5 Million Ounces:

Deposit Country Deposit Country

Angostura Colombia Aruntani Peru

Bor Yugoslavia Chah-e-Zard Iran
Choquelimpie Chile El Hueso Chile
El Sauzal Mexico Enasen Sweden
Famatina Argentina Furtei Italy
Guanaco Chile Julcani Peru
La Coipa Chile Lahoca Hungary
La Zanja Peru Majdanpek Yugoslavia
Motomboto Indonesia Mount Kasi Fiji
Mulatos Mexico Nalesbitan Philippines
Nansatsu Japan Nena PNG
Osilo Italy Paradise Peak USA
Rodalquilar Spain Santa Rosa Peru
Seongsan South Korea Sipan Peru
Spahievo Bulgaria Srednogorie Bulgaria
Summitville USA Tantahuatay Peru
Temora Australia Wafi PNG
Zijinshan China

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Size/Grade of High Sulphidation Volcanic Hosted Gold Mines in South America*

Gold Mine Gold Au grade Silver Ag grade

Country million oz grams/ton million oz grams/ton

Yanacocha 50 1.2 g/t 356 11

Peru

Pascua Lama 22 1.3 g/t 719 53

Argentina

Veladero 14 1.0 g/t 195 15

Argentina

Lagunas Norte 11 1.1 g/t 25 3

Peru

Pierina 9 1.8 g/t 56 15

Peru

Production Statistics* (*2005)

Gold Mine Tons Grade Au oz

Country mined mined produced

Yanacocha, Peru 146 million 0.87 g/t 3,300,000

(6 operating mines)

Pierina 16 million 1.56 g/t 628,000

Peru

Lagunas Norte 14 million 1.87 g/t 550,000

Peru

Veladero 5 million 0.62 g/t 56,000 (1st year of production)

Argentina

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
About the Author:

Michael Thomsen has directed mineral exploration programs in over 45 countries

for Newmont Mining Corporation, Freeport-McMoRan Inc. and a number of junior
resource companies for over 35 years. His exploration teams were responsible
for world-class discoveries in the Ertsberg-Grasberg copper/gold skarn-porphyry
district in Indonesia, the +50 million ounce Yanacocha high sulphidation gold
district in northern Peru, and a number of other locations. He is currently
pursuing exploration targets for high sulphidation gold systems through his
private exploration company and other AIM listed junior resource companies in
London. His full profile can be found on his LinkedIn page. And, as an avid
Bruce Springsteen fan since 1972, he enjoys and respects Bruce’s music (but
not necessarily his political inclinations).

References – High Sulphidation / Acid-Sulphate Gold Deposits

1. High Sulphidation Deposits (general)

2. Advanced Argillic / Acid-Sulphate Alteration

3. Alunite and Related Minerals

4. Fluid-Mineral Experimental Studies

5. List of High Sulphidation Gold Deposits (in alphabetical order)

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
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From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
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5. High Sulphidation Gold Deposits

Bor, Yugoslavia

Jankovic, S., Terzic, M., Aleksie, D., Karamata, S., Spasov, T., Jovanovic, M., Milicic, M.,
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Chinkuashih, Taiwan

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El Indio Belt

Araneda, R., El Indio, Au-Ag-Cu deposit, Coquimbo, Chile. Unpublished report, 6pp.

Dow, J.A.S., 1984. The El Indio epithermal gold-silver-copper deposit, Coquimbo, Chile. Unpubl.
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Jannes, R.R., Beane, R.E., Ahler, B.A., and Brosnahan, D.R., 1990. Gold and copper
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Geochemical Exploration, 36, 1-56.

Jannas RR, Bowers TS, Petersen U and Beane RE, 1999. High sulfidation deposit types in the
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Siddeley, G., and Areneda, R., 1986. The El Indio - Tambo gold deposits, Chile. Proceedings of
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Siddeley, G., and Araneda, R., 1989. Gold - silver occurrences of the El Indio belt, Chile. In :
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Andes and its Relation to Hydrocarbon and Mineral Resources., Houston, Texas, Circum-Pacific
Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, v.11, pp. 273-284.

Walthier, T.N., Sirvas, E., and Araneda, R., 1985. The El Indio gold, silver, copper deposit.
E&MJ, October, 1985, pp. 38-42.

El Sauzal, Mexico

Lewis PD, Taite SP and Charest A, 2000. Geology of the El Sauzal gold deposit, Batupilas
Mining District, Chihuahua, Mexico. Cuarto Simposium Internacional del Oro, May 2- 5, 2000,
Lima, Peru, Sociedad Nacional de Mineria, Petroleo y Energia.

Enasen, Sweden

Hallberg, A., 1994. The Enasen gold deposit, central Sweden. 1. A palaeoproterozoic high-
sulphidation epithermal gold mineralization. Mineral. Deposita, 29, 150-162.

Hallberg, A., and Fallick, A.E., 1994. The Enasen gold deposit, central Sweden. 2. Light element
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169.

From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©
Famatina, Argentina

Chambers, J.K., 1991. Famatina district, La Rioja Province, Argentina. Newmont Exploration
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Furtei, Italy

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Goldfield, Nevada

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Hope Brook, Newfoundland

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Julcani, Peru

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La Coipa, Chile

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Lepanto and Mankayan District, Philippines

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Maragorik, Papua New Guinea

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Marcapunta, Peru

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Motomboto, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Mount Kasi, Fiji

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Mt. Ninderry, Queensland

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Nalesbitan, Luzon, Philippines

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Nansatsu (Kasuga, Iwato and Akeshi), Kyushu, Japan

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Nena - Frieda River, Papua New Guinea

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Pascua – Lama, Chile – Argentina

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Peak Hill, New South Wales - Australia

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Pelangan, Lombok, Indonesia

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Pierina, Peru

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Poracota, Peru

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Pueblo Viejo, Dominican Republic

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Vennemann TW, Muntean JL, Kesler SE, O’Neil JR, Valley JW and Russell N, 1993. Stable
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Recsk, Hungary

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Red Mountain, Arizona

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Rhyolite Creek, Victoria - Australia

Raetz, M.C., and Parrington, P.J., 1988. Rhyolite Creek, Victoria, a Lower Palaeozoic epithermal
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Rodalquilar, Spain

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Sipan, Peru

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Sobov, Bulgaria

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Summitville, Colorado

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Tantahuatay, Peru

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Temora, New South Wales - Australia

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Veladero, Argentina

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Wafi River, Papua New Guinea

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Yanacocha, Peru

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From: Thomsen; High Sulphidation Gold Deposits – A Retrospective Summary, March 2017 ©

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