Motion — = Distance and displacement, velocity, uniform and non-uniform ‘motion along a straight line, acceleration, distance-time: and Velocity-time graphs for uniform mation and uniformly accelerated motion, Derivation of equations of motian by graphical method, elementary idea of uniform circular moton. lotion is a common phenomenon observed in our daly ves. 'A moving bus, a running dog ete., show motion while Tock Iying on the road does not show motion and we say it is at rest. Change in weather, day and night, sunset and sunrise, all are ‘the consequences of the motion of the earth. But without ‘mentioning the observer there is no point in mentioning the torms ‘motion or rest. This chapter gives an insight ofthese terms. Like, what Is the stance an air dives, must travel down the run way botore reaching take off? When you throw a bal straight up in the ar, ow high does it go? When lass slips from your hand how ‘much time do you have to catch it before it hits the floor? By the fend of this chapter you will be able to understand what mation Is and how the physical quantiles tke velocity and acceleration help to describe ‘A typical sprinter spoeds up during the ono-third of a race and slows gradualy over the rest of we course. Is accurate to say that 1 sprinter is accelerating as he slows during the final two-thirds of the race? INCLUDES State of a Body Reference Paint Rest Motion Rest and Motion are inter-related ‘Types of Motion Scalar and Vector Quantities Motion along a Straight Line or Rectilinear Motion > Distance or Path Length > Displacement ‘Speed and Velocity > Speed > Velocity > Instantaneous Velocity and Speed Acceleration and Retardation > Acceleration > Uniform Acceleration > Non-uniform Acceleration > Retardation or Deceleration Graphical Representation of Motion > (Distance or Position) - Time Graph > Velocity-Time Graph Derivation of Equations of Motion by Graphical Method > Pasition-Velocity Relation Sign Convention Uniform Circular Motion ‘Quick Recap Assignment‘STATE OF A BODY Reference Point ‘The location (or position) of an object is described by specifying a reference point. The point from which location | observed and measured Is called the reference point. This reference point is calied origin. For example - If we say that a school ig situated 5 km east of a temple. We have specified the position of the school with respect to the temple. In this example the temple is the relerence point ‘A system of geometric axis in relation to which measurements of size, position or motion can be made is called frame of reference, Rest If an object does not change its position with respect to a fixed point taken as a reference point in its ‘surrounding with the passage of time, itis said to be at rest For example - A book placed on a table remains:en the table, if not disturbad by anybody. Therefore. its positon fs not changing with respect to the table with the passage of tme and we can say that the book is at rest with respect to the table. ‘An object is said to be in motion, if t changes its position with respect Io a reference point in its surroundings with the passage of time. For example - A moving car changes its position with respect to its surroundings with the passage of time. ‘An object may appear to be moving for one person and stationary for another person. Rest and motion ara not significant without viewer. Nothing is at absolute rast arin absolute motion For example - A robber enters into 3 moving bus. brings out his knife and says, “don't move, stand sti” The: passengers stand stil, The passengers are at rest with respect to the robber but are moving with respect ta the road. Hence, we conclude that the state of mation and rast le a combined property of the abjact under consiceration ‘and the observer. ‘Types af Motion ‘There are various types of motion as an abject may move in various ways. An abject moving in a straight ling {is said to have rectilinear motion. A body moving along = curved path is said to have curvilinear motion. Ant ‘object moving around a fixed point has rotatory mation. The pendulum of a clack moves to-and-fra about the ‘mean position and is said to have oscillatory mation. The motion of a sitar string, when plucked exhibits vibratory ‘motion. if an abject possesses two oF more lypes of motion at the same time, then such a motion is called "muttiple motion. For example, the tyres. of a truck moving along a straight road exhibit wo types of motion, 1e,, Fotatory motion a well as rectilinear motion. ‘The branch of physics which deals with the study of the motion of objects and their response to force is called mechanics. SCALAR AND VEGTOR QUANTITIES When you want fo know the temperature outside so that you will know how to dress, the only information you head is a number and a unit “°C” of “F." Temperature is therefore, an example of a scalar quantity. A physical quantity that is completely specified by a number and appropriate units is called a scalar quantity. Hence, hhishad aicdeiaed bas coated Uap Ghaaha sabas UA die Sepals dh ahd a anaI you are gotting ready to pilot a srnall plane and need to know the wind velocity. you must know both the: speed of the wind and its direction. Therefore, velocity is a vector quantity, which Is defined as. a physical ‘quantity that is completaly specified by 4 number and appropriate units plus a direction. Henoe, ‘A vector quantity must have magnitude as well as direction and obeys the laws of vector addition. Examples = Displacement, velocity, momentum, force, torque ete. {A particle moves from A to & and then from B to C, its displacement from its intial positian is shawn by the broken line from A to C. ‘Suppose a particle moves from point A to point & along a straight line and then tums towards right an moves from point 6 to point C along a straight line. We represent the displacoment of the particle by drawing an arrow from A to C with an arrow directing from ital to final position as shown by AC in the above figure. The length of the arrow reprosents the magnitude of the displacement of the particle. By Pythagoras Theorem, the displacement will be V3? 14? ~ 5 m ‘Now, if he displacement would have baen a seslar quantty then its magnitude: should be the algebraic addition je, 3m+ 4m-= 7m. But this ie not so, as discussed before the displacement is 5 m. This kind of addition {is called vector addition and the quantiies obeying this addition are always vector quantities. MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE OR RECTILINEAR MOTION. ‘The simplest type of motion is the motion along a straight line, alse known as rectilinear motion. For example - A car is moving along a straight line path as shown below Reference Terminal Point point zo) Fig. 1 Distance or Path Length Itis the total path tenth covered byy an object during the entire journey without taking into consideration its direction. itis a scalar quantity and is always positive for an object in mation. Displacement When a body moves. from one position to another, the shortest distance: between the initial and final position. fs taid to be the magnitude of displacement and ite directed from sna to final position, ih ice -vebter quis: W pease denlinn: Seieheberaenk:Hd [en When a body travels along a straight line in the same direction, then the distance it travels is equal ta its displacement. There are various situations when a body has travelled a certain distance yet it has zero displacement. For example -If'we take & round trip and come back to the starting point then, although we have travelled Some distance, our net displacement will be zero because, the inital and final position are same, Differences between distance and displacement | exame ‘A cyclist travels around 9 500 m circular track 10 times. What Is the total distance and total displacement of the cyclist? ‘Solution The cyclist travels @ distance of 500 m each time he completes one lap. Since he completes 10 laps, total distance travelled by him is $000 m. To find his displacement, wo draw ai line segment from tho starting point {o the end point of his moton, Since he slarts and ends at he same point, his displacement has a magnitude of 2600 "Note : In this example, we obtain diferont answers for distance and displacement. Its @ good reminder (of how important itis to clearly differentiate between the vector and the scalar quanties.Phyaioa = Class Ik tation) es dnocec/40 twee, hen hin an 30m omc () What is the total distance travelled by the person? (i) What is the magnitude of his displacement? 2 () Total eictance OA + AB Me samsam=7m 4 (i) Total displacement = 08 = JOA? + AB™ Woe a = ear? =F = GFE m= 2m ‘A person travels on a semi-circular track of radius 50 m during a morning walk. If he starts from one end of le track and roaches the other end. Calculate the distance tavelled and the magnitude of displacement of the person. Solution Let the person starts maving fram A and reaches at B via C. c ‘Then, the distance travelled by the person = Length of the semi-circular track 2 .com-s57440 0 The displacement is equal to the diameter of the semi-circular On — 50 m—o tas oning Ao Bos ware 80m= 100m ee 1. Abbody is moving slong a eireular path of radius F. What is the distance and displacement of the body, when it completes two and a half revolutions? (1) Distance is Srrand displacement is 2nr (2) Distance is 2nr and displacement is Sar (@) Distance is 2r and displacement is also 2r (4) Distance is Sr and displacement is 2r 2. The numerical value of the ratio of displacement to distance Is ple peeqpic a pi po emma | (3) Always less than one (4) Greater than or equal to one | 3 Chan tountod by Bey pn re (1) Is always Positive: (2) Gan be zero or positive: | @) sairys gare (4) Emer 1) @) Pee eee cece = cee mera ee ee ee) Soser | (1) aR (2) oR @) 20 4) oR‘SPEED AND VELOCITY ‘Speed ‘The speed of a body is defined as the distance travelled by it per unit time. Distance traveled ee Time taken ta boty travels a distance in time f, then ts speed vis given by he. Spe 4 tis a scalar quantiy. The SI unit of distance is metre (m) and that of time: Is second (s). Therefore, SI unit Of speed is metre per second written as m/s or ms". The other units of speed include centimetre per second (em s~") and kilometre per hour (km 1). Average speed {is defined as the total distance travalled by a body divided by the total time taken to cover this distance. IUis a scalar quantity, ‘Total distance travelled by the body ie., Average speed = rage ‘Total time taken Ia body travels a distance s in time f, then its average speed is 7 ‘The SI unit of average speed is mvs. It can also be expressed in kmh or emis Uniform Speed (or constant speed) {fan object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, no matter how small these ime intervals may bo, then its speed is said to be uniform. For example -Acar running ata constant speed of 20 mvmin, wil cover equal distances of 20 min every minuto. Non-Uniform Speed {an abject covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, no matter how small these time intervals may be, then iis speed is said to be non-uniform speed. For example -() The motion of a car on a crowded road, (i) The motion of a freety falling body.na Velocity ‘eloaty of a body isthe distance travelled by per unit ime ina paricar direction In ther words, velocity inthe speed of the body i'n deiite direction Diatanee travelled in a glen drection Time ton Distance traveled in given diecion i the displacement of the objact. Displacement Tim taken ‘Vlocty has magnitude as wall as direction. iis @ vector quantiy. is units same as the unit of sped. Valocty fof a body can be changed by changing fe speed, drecion of motion or both Average velocity {tls defi a tha total dlaplacemant of body dvidad by the total tis tan to cover that ceplacemant Total diaplacement of the body Total ime taken Velacity Velocity Je,, Average velocity where, v= Average velocity ‘Total displacoment of the body ‘otal time taken land x, are the positions of an object at times , and f, then the average velocity fram f, to t is given Average velocity = 72— 8. When the velocity of a body moving in a straight line is changing continuously at a uniform rate, thon the average velocity is given by the arithmetic mean of initial and final velocities for a given poriod of time. locity + Final velocity Ze, Average velocity $ ‘Mathematically, where, Vy, Initial velocity of the moving body Final velocity of the moving body Uniform velocity (Uniform motion) Abody is said to have uniform velociy, if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time in a particular direction, no matter how small these time intervals may be. An object traveling with uniform velocity is said to have Uniform motion along a straight line. Exampl = A.car moving along a straight line with a constant speed is said to have uniform velocity ‘Variable velocity (Non-uniform motion) A body is said to have variable velocity if Ithas non-uniform spaed or Its direction of mation keeps on changing or de ets hs epics what hence. Chasse kam: Gales.Example 4 Aperson running on a circular track. 4@)_ Acar moving on a crowded road Instantaneous Velocity and Speed “The average velocity and the average speed of an object tellus, how fast the abject is moving in a given time interval, but it doos not give information thal how fast the object is moving al different instants. For example. ‘3 man drives from his home to office, His average speed can be found out by dividing the total distance travelled by him by the total fime taken. But during his joumey he increases or decreases the speed of the car i. speed of the car is not same al different instants. Instantaneous Velocity “The velocity of an object at a particular instant or at a particular point ofits path is called instantaneous velocity de. the instantaneous velocity of the object can be defined as the average velocity aver an infinitesimally small time interval Instantaneous Speed “Tho speed at any instant of lime is callod the instantaneous speed. Generally, instantaneous speed is simply called speed. ‘Some Important Points : Ifa object moves along a straight line without changing its direction, then the magnitude of the average velority is equal to the average speed. = Ifa body is moving with a constant velocity, then the average velocty and instantaneous velocity are equal 4 When a body moves with velocities v, and v, for an equal interval of time f, then its average velocity is given by vy = + When a body moves an equal distance 5 with velocities v, and v,, its average velocity is given by 2yve + The odometer fitted In automobiles measures the distance travelled by it In kllometres, whereas the speedometer shows the instantaneous speed of the automobile. Example 4 Tan object is moving with velocity 54 kimi. What will be its velocity in @ ms? (i) kendirin? Solution : We have, velocity = 54 kmh @ ints, 1000 v= 54 4) In kmimin, Sa ker 0.9 kmémin {60 min Example § The average velocity of Ram over a given time duration Is 12 ms. If he travels the first half of the total time ‘wits velocity x m/s and the second half of the total time with velocity 2x mis. Calculate the value of x eke:Distance travelled by Ram in going from A to © dj=xxtext ' ; Distance travelled by Ram in going from C to 8 y= 24% t =, + dy = (e+ Det = St Total distance Total distance Average speed = SSN Total ime axt 2 2t x= 24 x= 8mé| oR As, the velocity of Ram Is changing at uniform rate vii xen _ 3x 2 5 m and b = 2.5 mr? [PE ow camana mascara azeseme mene Sees Sie es Solution: average velooty = 2% AU t= 28, x 504 4D At fe 48,2204 160 Average velocity bh (a+180)-(a+ 40) (4-2) =e = 6(25)= 150 ms Example 7: "A motorist is moving with a constant spoed of 45 Km. How much distance will be covered by hie ie @ 1 min? @ 102 i 15? Solution ‘We have been given, Speed v= 45 kinih(main ~ Physios -Giass be) 0) Distance travelled by him in one minute = speed (kin/h) x time taken (hn) Time taken min= hour 60 1 x) 245% =0.75km X= 750m 4) Distance travelled by him in 1 hour is 2 = Speed (keh) * time (h) = 45 km my -48km 4) Distance travelled by him in 8 ‘48000m 2 =W{ana)< time taken (second) = 45900 545 a =¥{ mia)» time taken (second) = SSE x 125m irae 6. An atificial satelite is moving uniformly in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Find its speed if Ie takes 24 hour to revolve around the earth, (1) 1760.4 km @) 307 kmh @) 3.07 kris 48) 1760.4 kms 7. Aperson travels along a straight road for first half length with a constant speed v, and the second half length with a constant speed v,. The average speed of he person fs eae aa ora o ff 8. Choose the correct statement (1) The average speed Is always equat to the average velocity @) The magnitude of average volociy is always less than or equal to the average speed @) The magnitude of average velocity is always greater than or equal io the average speed @) There is no difference between the average speed and the average velocity ©. Attain 50 m long passes over a bridge al a speed of 90 kin. If i takes 36 sto cross the bridge, the lenath of the bridge wall be (1) 100m @) 200 m @) 250m 44) 300m 10. A drunkard is waiking along a straight road. He takes 5 stops forward and 3 steps backward, followed by 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward and so on. Each step is 1 m long and takes 4 second. There is a pit on the road 11 m away from the staring point. The drunkard wil fal into the pit after 21s @ 2s @ ats @) 4s A201 ‘(6 “(ze (2)2 “(20 “"sUV)Exampto 8 in object travels 10 m in 2 & and next 10 m in 4 s. What is the average speed of the object? ‘Solution ‘Gen Tolal distance travelled = AB + BC = 10m + 10m =20m Total time taken = 6 s Atom gg tom og Total distance trav Average speed ~ Lota! distance travelled 20s 405 12° Speed Total ime: Taken = B-399ms “The average speed of the object Is 3.33 mis, Example 9 Peete, ‘man swims in @ pao! of width 100 m. He cavers 200 m in 10 minute by swimming fram ane end ta the ‘ether, and back along the same path. Find the average speed and average velocity of man during the journey. Solution: Total distance covered by the man in 10 min = OA + AB 200m Displacement of the man in 10 min = 0 Total distance covered Average speed = rime taken Yop = 4200 21 L039 mis 10x605~ 35 Average velocity - (Displacement . Om Total ime taken 8008 “Therefore, the average speed of the man is 0.33 mis and the average volocity is mis. wnplo 10 A car travels a distance of 200 km along a straight road at a speed of 40 ken/h. The car returns back 10 ‘same location with & speed of 60 kavh. Find the average speed and the average velocty of the car for the ‘entire journey. Solution | ‘Total distance travelled Vy = 40 kmin—» Tawame 200m 400m 400 pee *ooRm, 200K 7977)" ee 0) 20Kmm GOKMM TO Average speed = 1) 6) ais _20%28km, eran Displacement Time taken Because displacement is zero. Average velocity — fa “Sachin jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight road of length 300 m in 2 mint 30 s. He then tums back and jogs 100 m to point C in 1 min. What are Sachin's average speed and average velocity in seaging. @ FromAtoB @ From Ato C‘Solution : ‘We have, Total distance @ Total ime taken 300m —100m—« 2min30s=1508 A ¢ 5 a Total distance travelled Average speed = Total ime taken It concludes that, if the magnitude of displacement Is equal to the distance travelled, then average speed and the magnitude of average velocity are the @ Foratoc Distance travelled = 400 m 300m. Total displacement = 200 m A Total time taken = (2 min 30 8) + (1 min) 3 min 30s = 210s - __ Total distance travelled werage speed = “Total me Taken om = Hos Displacement ‘Average VelOGiSY = Total time taken 200m 2108 Thus, the average velocity from A to Cis 0.95 mis. It concludes that when the distance travelled and magnitude of displacement are unaqual, the average speed and the magnitude of average velocity are diferent Example 1: “A car moves at a speed of 2.24 kmh in the first minute, at a speed of 3.60 km/h in the second minute and ‘ata sped of 5.16 kann in the third minute. Calculate the average speed of the car in these three nrinutes. Solution : Distance travelled in the fst minute Ome 0.95 mis SS yx = 2.24% ken Distance travelled in the second minute 4 Sp Vexte = 3.60% km Cy Distance travelled in the third minute spies 818m a Total distance travellad, s = 5, + 5; + 55Physics om (Sze BOE) gh km 60 60 * 60 60 Total time taken, f= (1+ 1 #1) min = 3 min = 1h 20 Average speed = 2 1 1.02 20 km oo ih 67 keh, 11. The average speed of an object over a given time duration is 6 m/s. If It travels first half of the ‘duration with a constant speed 4 rs, its speed during the next half duration is () Sms 2) 4m @) 6ms @) 8 mvs 12. An object is moving along the circumference of a circular track of radius R. What is the eee eee ent) eer 2 () 98 @ Sar 2 @ 3nn ® BR 19, A man walks § m towards east and turns right and moves 12 m. The magnitude of his sisplacement () 10m @) 20m @) 5m @) Bm 14. particle moving in a straight line covers half of the total distance with @ speed of 3 mis. The ‘other haif of the distance is covered in two equal time intervals with speeds of 4.5 mis and 7.5 mis, The average speed of the particle during this motion is (1) 40 mis @) 50 mvs @ 55 mis (4) 48 mis 15. Average speed of a moving object is equal fo the magnitude ofits average velocity when it travels (1) Ina straight line without turning back — 2) Ina circle @) Back and forth (4) nazig-zag path Ta)st Wer “et (orzt ‘GEL “suv ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION Acceleration Itis defined as the change in the velocity of an object per unit time. Change in vetoct Time taken I the velocity of an object changes from an inilal value u to final value vin time f, then acceleration a is, ‘van by Acceleration = Final velocity ~ Initial velocity “Time takenFB ae ee ‘This kind of motion is known as accelerated motian. ‘SI unit of acceleration is ms? Iti a vector quantity, its direction is in the direction of change in velocity. + Itmay be positive, negative or zero. If an abject is moving with constant or uniform velocity, then its acceleration is zero, Uniform Acceleration A body is said to have uniform acceleration, if it travels in a straight line and its velocity increases or ‘decreases by equal magnituce in equal intervals of time. For exampte The motion of a freely falling body. i) The mation of a bicycle going down the slope of a mad (when the rer is not pedaling and air resistance: | negligible) Non-uniform Acceleration A body Is said to have non-uniform acceleration, if its velocity changes by unequal magnitude in equal intervals of time. For example - The motion of a car on a crowded road Retardation or Deceleration ‘A body is said to be retarded if the magnitude of its valocity decreases with time, In this case, the final Yelocity of the moving body is less than the initial velocity Le., v BC || axis) Slope of line f= un = tano ‘ sy ac tan 42 im Yeti AY _ Difference of ordinate t %—% Ax Difference of abscissa (Distance or Position) - Time Graph ‘The change in the position of a body with time can be represented on a distance-time graph. In this graph time ig plotted on x-axis and distance fs plotled on y-axis. From the distance-time graph we can get the following information (0) We can describe the nature of motion of the body whether it is uniform, non-uniform or the body is at rest. (i) We can determine the position of the body at any intermediate time (or any particular point of time). (li) We can calculate the speed of the moving body from the graph. (1) Distance-time graph of a body moving with uniform speed The distance-time graph for a body moving with uniform speed is a straight line as shown below. In ather ‘words we: can say that ifthe distance-time graph is a straight ine, the body &s moving with uniform speed. Distance —> Omen Fig. 2 Calculation of Speed from Distance-Time Graph We consider twa points A and 8, on the dlstanca-tme graph as shown in Fig. 2. Draw a line parallel to axis from A and another line parallel to y-axis from & These lines intersact each other at Ct form a SABC. On the graph AC = (ht) BC = s, — ¢, = Distance travelled Distance travelled ime interval, and Speed " “Time taken’ ss BC pera cd ac But cis known as the slope of the ine CAB. PORE 7 REELED ONIN HO BO Ra BOI LE TE RTE ROOT(Motion ) Distance-Time Graph for a Body Moving with Non-uniform Speed The distance-time graph for 8 body moving with non uniform speed is not 2 straight line but 2 curve Therefore, we can say that if the distance-ime graph of a body is a curve, the body i moving with non-uniform speed, (@) Increasing Speed ‘Atypical graph for a body moving with variable speed is shown in figure 3. In the graph, the slope changes al every point. The slope increases, so the speed increases. Gg aoe) Distance» ry ° Time > 9-3 (©) Decreasing Speed ‘The distance-time graph of an object, that is slowing down, is shown below. & L ° Time Fig. 4 This graph shows the speed of the object Is decreasing with time. The slope decreases so the speed Distance decranees. ©) Position-Time Graph for a Body at Rost The position-time graph for a body at rest is @ straight line parallel to x-axis (lime axis), Time > Fig. 5 Interpretation [At two points A and B, time has changed but the position of the body is sare, so we can say that the body ‘stat roelDetermination of Speed Consider the small portion AB of the position-time graph (fgure 5.) Position at time f, Position at ime t, Distance covered by the body in time interval Time taken =~ 4 Distance wavelled _ s—s Speed = Time takers £ t= ‘Thus, the speed of the body at rest is zero In all the above cases, If we consider the displacement on y-axis, then we will get displacementtime graph and we can determine the velocty of the body from that graph, (Uniform velocity “The body having uniform velocity is said to have unifarm motion. The graph for a uniform velocity is a straight line, as shown below. Time Fig. 6 : Graph ehowing uniform velocity (W)_Non-Uniform velocity “The graph for a non-uniform velocity is not a straight line, but a curve. % Fig. 7 : Graph showing variable (non-uniform) velocity Volocity-Time Graph The variation in velocity with time for a body moving in a straight line can be represented by @ velocity-time graph. In ths graph, time is pleted on z-axis and velocty Is plotted on y-axis. From the velocly- Lime graph wo ean get the folowing information. (@ Weean determine the velocity ofthe moving body atany particular point oftime and the nature ofthe motion. GH) We can detormine the acceleration of te body. The siope of the velociy-time graph gives the magnitude fof the acceleration of the body, (i) By calculating area under the graph, we can find the magnitude of displacement travelled by the body ina given time interval8) When the object is moving with constant velocity (Uniform Motion) ©The straight tine paralle! to time axis shows constant velocity Veloty > Time —+" Fig. 8 (@ Calculation of the acceleration of the body From the velocity-time graph (Fig. Velocity of the body al time t, = w mis Velocity of the body at time t= w m/s Change in velocty = v—v = 0 Time taken = & — ty ‘a= Ghange in velouty ime taken 2 ‘The acceleration of a body moving with constant volocity is z0ro. (i) Calculation of displacement from the velocity-time graph (Fig. 8). ‘To find the displacement travelled by the body (say a car) for a given time interval f, to f,, draw: perpendicular rom t, and & such that they intersect the straight line graph at A and B respectively. We will get a closed figure ABCD. ‘The displacement af the body = Velocity * time taken V (i=) = AD * CD = Area of rectangle ABCD ‘Thus, the area enclosed by the volocity-time curve and the time axis gives the displacement of the body in a given interval of time. @) When a body is moving with uniform acceleration (Non-uniform Motion) © When the body is initially at rest (@) If tho body initially at rast starts moving with uniform acceleration, then the velocity-time graph Is a straight line starting fram origin. ©) Acceleration ~ 4 line Wa—¥1 BC - stope of ine OAS ‘The slope of the line gives the acceleration af the body maving with uniform acceleration.(€) Displacement of the body in the given time interval (f;~ f,) can be calculated by the area of the shaded portion under the volocity-time curve. Thus, Displacement = Area of the shaded portion under the curve = Area of ABCEF Wea of a ABC + area of a rectangle ACEF TrcnBceAP are not at rest When the body is initial Velbaty > o Te Fig. 10 \Velocity-time graph of a body, intially not at rest and moving with uniform acceleration, is 2 straight ling. But it dees not onginats from arigin O. i will originate from some point Aon velocity axis. It maans at ime f= 0, it has some non-zor0 valocity v (say). @) When a body Is moving with uniform retardation (Non-uniform Motion) The velocity:ime graph of a. body moving with uniform retardation Is a straight tine stoping downwards ‘The slope of such a straight line graph is said to be negative, & I] Se, alot Re, Ti Fig. 14 48) When a body is moving with non-uniform accel In the case of non-uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph can have various shapes: © When the velocity of a bedy increases non-uniformly In this case, velocity-time graph is a curve moving upwards. Here, the slope of the curve is positive and increasing with time. tion os Fig. 12(i) When the velocity of a body decreases non-uniformly In this case, the body is under non-uniform retardation. Therefore, the velocity decreases non Uniformly, the velocty-time graph is @ curve moving dewnward. The slope af the curve is negative = csi aa casual tes t . ae a j BC — Represents uniformly accelerated motion = CD — Represents unitormly decelerated motion f — Fig. 18 Acceleration-time Graph “The variation in acceleration with time for a body moving in a straight line: can be represented bry accleration- time graph. In this graph, time is plotted on x-axis and acceleration is plotted on y-axis. From the acceleration time graph we can get the following information. 1) We can determine the acceleration of the moving body at any particular point of time and the nature of motion @) By calculating the area under the graph we can find the change in velocity in a given timo interval (1) When the Object is Moving with Uniform Acceleration ‘The straight line parallel to time axis shows uniform acceleration lo le paceeeration time (9+ Calculation of Change in Velocity from Acceleration-Time Graph “To find the change in velocity for a given time internal f, tot draw perpendicular from f, t0 fz such that they intersect the straight ine graph A and B respectively. We get a closed figure ABCD. ‘Change in velocity = acceleration x time = alt, - ) = AD * GO = Area of rectangle ABCD ‘Thus, the area enclosed by the acceleration-time graph and the time axis gives the change in velocity of, Fine bec er e iver bere tikereolDERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD If an object Is moving along a straight ine with uniform acceleration, then its displacement (3) time taker (0) Intiat velocity (4), final velocity (v) and acceleration (a) ate related fo one anther by a set of equations known as equations of motion. These are veusat @) sou dart iy =u +2a8 i) Velocity-Time Relation Let the object is moving with uniform acceleration and has some initial velocity u and its velocity increases to vin time £. We plot a graph between velocity and time for the motion (figure: 15), coms ; i i Fig. 15Position-Time Relation Displacement of the body(s) = Area under the velocity-time curve 5 = Area of OABG + Area of rectangle CACO e-teacn8e 104-00 (t-0} vu) +u(t-0) (s vou=ah This is the second equation of motion. Position-Velocity Relation ‘The velocity-time graph, the displacement covered by the object in time f, moving with uniform acceleration 2, Is given by the area of trapezium OABD. Vector quantities have magnitude as well as direction, which cannot be ignored. So, while dealing with vector quantiles we must pay altention towards thelr dition. As the equations of motion involve vector quantities Such as velocity, acceleration and displacement. We must define some sign corweniions for dealing with these quantiios. 4. The point where the abject is at #= 0, Is taken as origin 2. We are free to chaose any direction as positive or negative, 2) Iwo are taking right hand side as positive and left hand side as negative: as shown below, and both v and a are along the positive direction, then the velocity of the object is increasing ie., itis, accelerating ve Gwe Both acceleration and velocity are positive. (©) Iv and a are in opposite direction, volociy is decreasing with time /.e., the object is retarding seo te(©) If both v and @ are along LH.S. ie, along negative direction, object is accelerating, its velocity is increasing with time. we oe (@) If vis along the negative direction and a Is along positive direction then, the object is retarding we 0 We (©) Now. consider the vertical motion. If we take upward direction as positive, and downward direction as, negative and both v.and @ are in the upward direction, then object is accelerating upwards. tte o @ faand v are in the opposite direction, than the object is retarding fe., its welacity is decreasing with time. tere lo Je ve (@) lf aand v are in the downward direction (ve), then its velocity increases .e, the object accelerates downwards, lo we, (h) velocity is along the downward direction and acceleration is along the upward diraction, the velocity ‘of ebject decreases wih time. toe lo dy |Ay [Motion Physics - Glass | ‘Some Important Points (© body starts from cost, then = 0 2 body stops oF comes to rest, then v= 0 4) 1.3 body moves with @ constant velocity, then @ = 0 5 4) For converting speed from lento mvs mutiny i by o> 4) While calculating displacement from v-t graph give due regard to the positive and the negative signs. For calculating distance, only positive sign is to be used. 4v) When an object's velocity and acoaleration are in the same direction, the abject is speeding up. On the other hand, when the object's velocity and acceleration are in apposite directions, the object is slowing ‘own, ea UL ‘To deduce the equation for the displacement af a body in the 1! second = Zz c 2 Let AB be the distance travelled by a body in n seconds, and AC be the distance: travelled by it in (n — 4) seconds, “Thus the distance travelled by the body in the i" second is CB = S,, S,=AB- AG “ “) Ac =uin—1)+ atn—1* ai ‘Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (J), we get ons Lan? [a(n 8 4 wyZalen—1] In deriving the equations we have assumed that all the vactor quantities are in the same direction. Howaver all vectors need not be in the same direction, Giving due consideration to this, +" and ~ signs should be ‘assigned to the quantities.Example 1: A bike moving along a straight road covers $5 m in the 4th second and 40 a in the 9 second. What is 4s intial velocity and acceleration (if the acceleration is assumed to be uniform)? Solution = Lot S, and S, be the distances travelled in the 4° second and the 5!” second respectively S,= 35m, S, = 40m From the equations of motion, the distance travelled by a body in the n second Is given by i) 2 2u +90 i) ‘Solving equations (i) and (i), we got Weg raety. Sipe dau oP 5me S175: Example 1: “A car starting stom rest attains a velocity of 60 karvh sn 10 minutes. Calculate the acceleration and distance ‘ravelled by the car. assuming that the acceleration fs uniform, Solution ; ‘Given, u=0, v= 60 kmin = 60% 5 mis = Panis ws 10 min. = 10 * 60 s = 600 s From the velocity-ime relation, cube feats SS 5! Baa 00-80 = 0.028 mis? Wo nave roe (000 m = S km “Tie iéciteriaican of tes cis tsit:028 wis? ara Win claliahee Uarwenedl a'6-hra.Example 15 The motion of a car is described by the volocity-tme graph as shown) in the figure given below. x pig a 8 Velo (rs) Es Oto m8 4 Troy) Find the distance travelled by the car between @ 0102s @ 2010 508 Solution = ‘We know that, Distance travelled = Area under vt graph For (01020) s, Distance = Area of AOAC 1 fxoGxac i) For (20 to 50) 5, Distance = Area of rectangle ABDC + Area of ABED 4 $x20x5=50m Distance exep=}DexD8 (40-20): 258 100 + 25 = 125 m ‘Thus, distance travelled by the ear from 0 to 20's is 50 m and from 20 s to 50:5 is 125 m, Exomple 16 “A train starting from @ railway station and moving with uniform acceleration allains a speed of 40 kit in 410 minostes. Find its acceleration. Solution : We have, Initial velocity u = 0 kmh Final velocity v = 40 tenn Tene £10 mi Using formula for acceleration,[Physics - Class 0c het ‘A car moving with a speed of 54 kv i brought to rest in 10 seconds by applying brakes. Find the magnitude ‘of average retardation due to brakes. Solution Initial velocity (u) = 54 krvh = 54x 5 215 mis 18 Final velocity (v) = 0 mis Time interval t= 10s v-u _0- te to. Here, negative signs show retardation The magnitude of average retarcatior We have, =1.5 mis? “The velocity-ime graph for a particle is shown in the figure, then 2 ome 2 : ifs Timea) 16, The distance and dsplacement of the particle from 0 10 18 seconds i (1) 100m, 50m @ 100m, 100 m @ 100m, 200m (100m, 0 17, The dctares and dlplocement ofthe pale bebwesn 10 sto 20s fe () 50m, 100m @ 50m,0 © 50m, 60m (#) 100m, 50 m 418, In which tine interval te parte is spoeding un? () 01 108 @ 1015s @ 15208 () 0206 19. Inwhich time inforva the parte is moving with zero acceleration? () ots @ 5110s © 100108 () 1510208 20. Invich time Inewal the pant le movieg with negative eccelenation? () 510 105 @) i016. ©) 1510208 ( ot5s Pde nay Ghia ts ea oneHe wanted to see the Waterfall. Waterfall is a compound word that refers to water falling stright down over rocks. usually from a high place. For example, Niagara Falls is a famous waterfall, The meaning of this compound word is easy {0 understand from the separate words that make it up : water and fall UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION ‘When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is said to be uniform circular motion ‘Example - Motion of the tips of hands of a clock, car moving on a circular track with constant spaed. ‘The speed of an object moving along a circular track is given by Length of the circular path travelled by the object Time taken 7» Radius of circular track | Velocity of tha object at any point on circular path is along the tangent to the circle at that point “& The motion in a circle with constant speed is an example of accelerated motion, because at every point the direction of motion changes, hence velocity changes.(Pte Cass wastes] PE) Angular Displacernent (@) ‘The angular displacement of @ particle moving along a circular path is defined as the angle swept out by its radius in the given time interval itis & vactor quantity, provided! 0 is small Angular Velocity () tis defined as the change in angular displacement per unit time. Its represented by omega ‘e Thus, Change in angular positon (angular dis "Time taken Angular velrsty (0) = —— a Its unit is radian/second oF (rads), Radian is S.1_ unit of plane angle 8 Angular velocity is a vector quantity whose direction is associated as follows (For clockwise rotation, w is directed into the plane. For anticlockwise rotation, «js directed out of the plane. “The magnitude of angular velocity is callad angular speed Relation between Linear Speed and Angular Speed Angular speed * Radius of ciraular path (One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a ciecie of unit radius by an are of unit length 11 = unit length 8 =1 rad (1°) As we have o= 1 for smal angles) 1-10 Divo both sidos by ¢ We got alae -ED [imation Physics - Gloss I] jee The wheel of a cycle has a diameter 1m. Ifthe whoel has an angular speed of 5 radi, then calculato the speed of cycle in ms. Solution : We have, ¥= rw where, v—> Linear speed © Angular spood 1» Radius of the: whee! Given, = Sradis, = 0.5m v =n =05%*5=25ms v-25mis Example 19 “Acar is moving with speed 3.5 m/s. if the radius of its tyre is 0.35 m, then calculate the angular velocity of the wheel of the car. Solution ‘We have, 35 mis, 35 aas (=10 radis 0.36 m 0 rats Try Yourself Ea aie eee ee eet eee re ee rae eee atic val bw me Qn 1 ot ) wa 22, The angular velocity of a cycia wwe! in 10 rad/s. the Giareter cf the wtwel i 80 cm, then the speed ofthe cycle in ms () 8 mvs 2) 10 mis © 4m 4) 2m eee ates tee ee eet eter eet ever tet rece eter er! reaches athe staring point. The angular leplacoment of the person Is (1) Zoro QnPhysics = Class waaay 24, A pariice is revotving on a circular path with a constant speed. ifs speed and radius of the path fre doubled then its angular speed will (1) Get doubled @) Gethaved @) Remain same (4) Get quadrupled 25. Acyclist ig cunning al a speed of § mis. If the radius of each wheel ofthe bicycle is 60 om. Calculale the angular speed of the wheel. (1) 04 rads 2) 10 rads @) 100 raais (@) 0.01 reais li2)sz ‘e)v2 “Wez “telzz (ehiz “suv Relative Velocity: ‘You must have observed how a car that 's moving slowly forward appears to be moving backward when your ‘car pass it. In general, when two abservers measure the welocity of a moving body, they get different results if one observer is moving relative to the other. The velocity seen by a particular observer is called the velocty relative to that observer, of simply relative velocity. The following figure shows a situation in which understanding relative velocity is extremely important. "+ When two objects A and 8 are moving with diferent velocities, than the velocity of one object “A with respect to another object B is called relative velocity of object A with respect to B and Is given by Similarly, Relative velocity of B w.rt. As given by Van =Yo~ Ys = When A and B are moving in same direction Yas = Ma — (Me) = Ma Me + When A and & are moving in opposite direction Relative Velocity in One Dimension (Straight Line Motion) A passenger walks with 2 velocity of 7.0 mis. along the aisle of a train that is moving with a velocity of 3.0 mis (Fig.). What is the passenger's velocity? II's a simple question, but it has no single answer. AS Seen by a second passenger sitting in the train, she Is moving at 1.0 mis. A person on a bicycle standing beside the train sees the walking passenger moving at 1.0 mvs + 3.0 m/s = 4.0 mis, An observer in another train going in the opposite direction would give still another answer. We have to specify which observer we mean, and we speak of the velocity relative to a particular observer. ‘The walking passenger's velocity relative to the tain ke 4.0 m/s, her velocity relative to the cyclist is 4.0 mis, and 30 on. E Bed)TELE [ieton Physios « Gloss QUICK RECAP 4. State of rest : A body is sald to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to a fixed point taken as a reference point in its surroundings with the passage of time 2. State of motion : A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respact to a fixed point taken as a reference point in lis surroundings with the passage of time. 3. Types of motion : The various types of motion are rectiinear motion, curvilinear motion, oscillatory motion, Vibratory motion, multiple mation. 4. Mechanics : The branch of physics which deals with the study of motion of objects and their response to force is called mechanics, 5. Scalar quantity : A physical quantity which is described completely hy its magnitude only, is called a scalar quantity 6. Vector quantity : A physical quantity which has @ magnitude as well as a direction and obeys the laws of vector addition is called veetor quantiy. 7. Distance travelled : The actual length of the path travelled by a moving body in a given interval of time: Irespective of the direction in which the body travels is called the distance travelled by that body. 3. Displacement : The shortest distance (straight distance) measured between the initial position and the ‘inal position of a moving body in a particular direction is called its displacement 8. Uniform motion : A body moving In a straight line has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of fime, no matter how small these fime-intervals may be. 40. Non-uniform motion : A body has a non-uniform motion iit travels. unequal distances in equal intervals, of time, no matier how small these time-intervals may be or ils direction keep on changing. {lal distance travelled ‘41. Average speed = ee 42, Instantaneous speed : Tho speed at any instant of time is called the instantaneous speed. It is equal to the magnitude of instantaneous velocity. 43. Uniform velocity : A body is said to have uniform velocty if t covers equal displacement in equal intervals, of time, no mattar haw small these time intervals may be. 44, Variable velocity : A body is sald to have variable velocity if it covers unequal distances in equal intervals, of time in a particular direction, no matter how small thase time-intervals may be, or if covers equal distances in equal interval of time but its direction keep on changing or if both its direction and speed changes with time, 45. Acceleration : The rate of change of the velocity of a body with respect to time is called its acceleration 46. Retardation : When acceleration of body Is opposite to its velocity, Its called retardation 47. Distance-time graph : A graph showing the distance covered with time is called its distance-time graph (Fora body moving with uniform speed itis a straight line, inclined to the time-axts. (@ For 8 body moving with non-uniform speed itis @ curve. i) For a body at rest it is a straight line parallel to the time-axis, 48. Velocity-time graph : A graph showing the variation of velocity with time is called velocity-time graph. (The shape of the velocity-ime graph depends upon the nature of motion of the bady. (® The slope of the velocity-time graph gives the acceleration of the body. (ii) The area under the velocity-tme graph gives the displacement the body in that interval of time. 49. Uniform circular motion : When an object is moving in a circular path with a constant speed. the motion of the object is said to be uniform circular motion. Uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion.(SET - 1) School Examinations Students are required to solve and write the solutions in their exercise book.Fa) as ee Very Short Answer Type Questions : 1. Give one example where the displacement is zero but the distance travelled is not zero, 2. What is the natura of the motion of a body for which velocity-time graph is shown in figure? Velocity Time 3. Is displacement a scalar quantity? 4. How is linear speed of an object related to its angular speed (0)? 5. When are the follawing true for the path length? @ tis zero. {@) tis greatar than the magnitude of displacement of the object, 6. What does the edemoter of an automobile measure? ‘What is the nature of the displacement versus time graph for non-uniform motion? Give an example. 8. Area under velocity-ime curve reprasents which physical quantity? 9. What is the distance travelled by an object from f= 0 to t= 10 sin the following graph? os 40 20 Time (s) —* 10. A person moves along the boundary of a square park of side 10 min 40 s. What will be the magnitude of displacement of the person at the end of 3 minutes? ‘Short Answer Type Questions : 1. Acar travels frst 10 km in 20 minutes and another 10 km in 30 minutes. What is the average epeed of the ‘ear in rls? 2. A-student while going to schoo! in a school bus, observes the average speed of the bus to be 20 kmh. Gn his return trip along the same way, the average speed is 30 kmh. What is the average speed ff the bus inthe entire journey? 3. Acar moving with a velocity 54 kmvh on a straight road stops on applying brakes after covering a distance of 20 m. Compute the acceleration of the car 4. Apperson on a morning walk completes one round around a circular park of diameter 500m, jn 1 minute. What will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end af 5 minutes 30 5? 5. Abody is moving uniformly in a straight line with a velacty 10 mis. What is the distance covered by it in 10 =?6. "The velocity-time graph of a ball is given below. Os 0 i a as a a8 “Tine (=) ‘What is the acceleration of the ball During frst 10 87 i) Between 10s and 35 87 4) During 25 5 to 40 5? 7. Derive position-time relation by graphical mathod. 8. Acar acquires a velocity of 40 krnvh in 30 s just after the start. Calculate the acceleration of the car 9. On2.200 km track, a train travels the first SO km at a uniform speed of 40 kmin. How fast the train must travel the next 150 km so as fo maintain the average speed of 60 krnlh for the whole journey? 10. Aman travels a distance 8 m towards north then tum loft and moves towards west 6 m, What ie the total ‘stance and displacement from the starting point of his journey? 11. An object moving with initial velocity u along a straight line attains maximum velocity v after travelling stance s. Assume the acceleration is uniform. Derive the relationship between position and velocity of the ‘object by graphical method. 12. A.cycist moves from a certain point x and goes raund a circle of radius rand reaches y exactly at the ather ‘side of the point x as shown in figure. What is the distance and displacement of the eyclist during the journey? > 19. The brakes applied to @ car produce an acceleration of 10 mis in the opposite direction to the motion. If it takes 5 s to stop after the application of brakes, then how much distance is covered by the car before coming, to rest? 14, The lingar speed of the seconds hand of a wall clock is 1.05 emis. What will be the length of the seconds: rand? Long Answer Type Questions : 1. Derive an expression for velocity-time ralation by graphical method. The position-ime graph of three particles A, Band C are shown in the figure. Slady the graphs and answer the following questions A Position4 Which of the particle is travelling fastest? 4) Wilt they ever meet each other? i) Are thay travelling uniformly? 2. A particle starts with an intial velocity 2.5 mis alang the positive x-direction and it accelerates uniformly at the rate 0.5 mis*, @) Find the distance travelled by @ in the first two seconds 4) How much time does it take to attain the velocity 7.5 m/s? 4) How much distance wil it cover in attaining the velocity 7.5 eis? 3. On a foggy day, two car drivers spot each other, when they are just 80 m apart. They are travelling at 72 kmih and 60 knvh respectively towards each other. Both of them simultaneausly apply brakes, which retard both the cars at a rata of § misé. Determine whether they avert the colision or not 4. When the trafic light turns green, a car moves with a constant acceleration 2 m/s*. Al the same time a truck ‘moving with a constant speed of 10 rms, overtakes and passes the car. How far beyond the starting point will the car overtake the tnuck? 4) How fast will the car ba travelling at that instant? A) Draw position-time curve for each vehicle. 5. Define uniform velocity of an object moving along a straight line. What will be the shape of velocity-ime and pposttion-ime graphs for such mation? 6. How will you differentiste between the distance covered by an object and its displacement? Write the important characteristics of distance travelled and displacement. 7. Shaw that area under the velocity-time curve of @ body moving uniformly givas the displacement of the: particle na given time, 8. Ametro train starts from rest and in five seconds achiaves 108 kmh. After that it moves with constant velocity ‘and comes: to rest after traveling 45 m with uniform retardation. If total distance Is 395 m, then find the total time of travelling of the matro. 8. Derive with help of graphs, the three equations of motion, gaa(SET - 2) OLYMPIADS (Competitive Entrance Exam.)Fale Senn Cross-word Type Questions : L_ Complete the following word puzzle with the hhelp of clues given below = Across 2. The zero point from where we make all our measurements. (9, 5} 4. Addimension in which events happen in sequence. [4] 5. This is needed to describe @ vector quantity ) 7. ____of the position-time graph gives velocity ofan object. [5] 12, Result when direction of acceleration is opposite to that of motion. [7] 19, The rate at which an object's velocity changes. (12) 14, Every motion is_to some reference. 18] Down 1. Length of the total path taken. (8) 3. For the displacement and sistance traveled to be the same the taken must be straight. (4) 6. The adjective used to indicate the velacty of an object at a particular instant of time. (13] 7. A physical quantity that consists. of @ magnitude or amount only. [6] Speed is aways or On a posttion-time graph, the slope ofthe tine tels you the of the object. (6) Physics Class i) 10. For your total displacement to be zero you ‘must end up back from where you v1 11. The rate at which something is moving. [5] Across, Distance divided by time. [5] Straight tine parallet to time axis ina time graph shows uniform motion of an abject 8) 5. Ifa car accelerates, there isan in its speed. 6] 7. Spoed of a stationary object. 4) 8. Acceleration of 8 faling object arises due to the force of 17] 410, Rate of change of velocity. [12] Down 1. Speed in a particular direction. [2] Slowing down of a moving object. [12] 6. Device used to reduce injuries in motor ‘vehicles because of inertia. [8] 8. Wet road conditions affect the ___aistance of a car. (7) Eaton: ‘Objective Type Questions 1 For the displacement-ime graph of a car as shown, In figure, the ratio of the magnitudes of the velocity during the first two seconds and the next four seconds isTime(s) > @24 att @ 1:2 @ 3:2 A boy goes from A ta B with a velocity of 20 mimin and comes back ftom B to A with a Velocity of 30 mimin. The average velociy of the bboy during the whole journey is 40) 24 mimin @) 25 mis ®) Zo ‘Velociy-time graph of an object is given below. The object has, NN Time 41) Uniform velocity @) Unitorn speed @) Uniform retardation 4) Variable acceleration ‘Which one of the folawing velocity-time graphs is. not possible? (@ 20 min Velocity (is) q 7-—___ of @}| of 3 10, When a graph between two physical quantities is a straight line passing through the origin with positive slope, then the two quantities are (1) Constant (2) Independent of each other @) Directly proportional to each other (4) Inversely proportional to each other ‘Tho area under a volocity-ime graph gives the (1) Time taken by the moving object (2) Displacement of the moving object @) Retardation of the moving object, 4) Acceleration of the moving abject Which one of the following graphs is showing that ‘an object is stationary? of . o “ i ‘A car moving on a straight romd covers the one third of the total distance with 20 kwh and the rest with 60 knvh. The average speed is (1) 40 kervm @) 36 kesh © 26 km 4) 80 ken The ratio of epeed to tho magnitude of velocity Jwhen the body is moving in one direction is (1) Less than one @) Greater than one @) Equal to one (4) Greater than or equal to one A tain travels the first 15 km at a uniform speed of 30 km/h, next 10 km at a uniform speed of 20 kmh and final 75 km at a uniform speed of 50 kmih, The average speed for the entire journey of the train is (1) 40 ker moc @ 50 ken ‘san deaate12. 13, 14, 15. 16 balls thrown up with a certain velocity. It attains 17 2 height 40-m and comes back to the thrower. The displacement of the bal is 4) 80m @) 40m @) 20m (4) Zor0 A ball strikes the floor vertically downward with a Speed 5 m/s. and rebounds with the same speed “The magnitude of ts change in veloeity wil be ) 220 @) Sms @) 10 mis @) 40 mis ‘A.car ig moving along a straight road with uniform ‘velocity, Its shown in the graph 16 ‘A body is projected vertically upward from ground. Taking vertical upward direction as positive and paint of projection as origin. The sign of isplacoment of the body from the origin when itis. at height fh during upward and downward journey will be (1) Positive, positive (2) Positive, negative @) Negative, negative (4) Negative, postive The speed.time graph of a ball falling from certain height under gravity and rebounding from a solid surface is represented by i i 0 ; @ I mF @ 4 a a i 7 o} wf o ‘According to the given welacity-ime graph, the 49. which of the following graphs is not possible? i ow rem ot poet i i IO a a e i D @ Tie t * <4) Is moving with uniform velocity q q @) Has some initial velocity ae @ 48) Is moving uniformly with some inital velocity oe er 4) oat rest i Th “The slope of a velocity-ime graph gives 20. Which of the folowing situations is possible? 41) Displacement @)_Accalration (1) An object can have acceleration, but constant 48) Velocity ) Distance vebaty ‘An object experiences a constant acceleration for 20 8 after starting from rest. Ii travels a distance 2 If the frst 10 8 and distance x in the remaining 10 5, then which of the following is true? x @) x,=3x, 2, @ 42% @) x, =3x, @) The velocity of an object may be zero: but acceleration is not Zero @) Distance and the magnitude of displacement {are equal in circular motion (4) Average speed and the magnitude of average ‘velocity are always equal in circular motiona 22. 24. 25: 26. A car increases its speed from 20 km/h to ‘50 kmh in 10 seconds. Its acceleration is (1) 0.30 mis? @) 0.18 ms? @) 0.85 mis? (4) 0.50 mis? If the velocity of a body does not change, then its acceleration is ) Ze, @) Unity @) tnsiniy (4) Between zaro and unity If the distance travelled by a car is directly proportional to the duration of time. The car will travel with (1) Uniform acceleration (2) Unto speed (8) Non-uniform acceleration (4) Union velocity The velocity of a body moving in a straight tine at the end of 5 s is 30 mis, at the end of 12 s is ‘58 mis and at the end of 22 s, it is 88 mis. The body is moving with (1) Uniform velocity (2) Uniform acceleration @) Zero velocity (4) Uniform retardation fa body is travelling along a straight line without changing the direction of motion, then (1) Speed = |velcty| (2) Distance travelled = [displacement] (@) Average speed = laverage volocty| @) Allof these The graph predicts the condition of > (1) Body is undergoing positive acceleration (2) Body is undergoing negative acceleration @) Uniform velocity (4) Uniform speed 2. 26, 29. Which of the following graph is not showing accelerated motion of car moving on a straight road? 0 : @ : i q @ 4 «a #1 The velocity of a particle increases from u to v in lime f during which it covers a distance s. If the particle has a uniform acceleration, then which one of the following equations does not apply to the mation? : sudan ncn of ne ling woul probably sow te acceleration time graph for a body whose velocky- lime graph is shown in figure? | —= of ey |] hig i a4 @ 4 — —20. 34 32 =, A body is moving in a straight line with initial Velocity wand uniform acceleration a, Sum of the distances travelled in vi™ and (71+ 1) seconds is. 50 m. If vis its velocity after n Seconds and osm esi os @ 0 @ 1 2 What dove the area of an ‘acceleration Giplacoment gran fa unarmy acceler tap roprocore? 1) Velocity @) Distance (4) Acceleration: A freely falling body strikes the surface and rebounds. The velocty of the body w.rl Ume during its fall and rebound is best represented by “ va f / Y € eo 4 LN, a ‘Which of the following graphs represents the ‘motion of a body moving along a straight line under ‘constant acceleration? wa Lo, a 2 34. ‘The speecitime graph for a car is shown x ‘Speed (rs) —> 540 15 go as a0 a Time (5) —+ ‘Which part of the: graph represent uniform mation? (04 @ ac aw @) eco I the linear speed of minute hand of a wall clock is 3.14 x 10 mis then, the length of the minute hand wall be (1) 18.om (2) 1800 cm @ 314m @ 314m Which of the following Is true about the uniform rcular motion of an. object? (1) Velocity remains constant @) Magnitude of velocty keeps on changing (@)_ Direction of the velocity changes (@ Aller these ‘The wheel of a car is running at a speed of 50 m/s, if the angular speed of the whee! is $00 radis then, the radius of the whee! fe (1) 50m @Qim @ o1m @ 02m Which of the following is the acceleration-time: graph of an object having uniform motion? t t}-—_ o @Physics - Glass De 43 29. The ares under the acceleration-tims graph gives (1) Change in velocity (2) Displacement @) Speed (©) None of these 40. A ball is thrown vertically upward with @ given velocity v such that it rises for T seconds (T= 1). The distance traversed by the ball during the last second of ascent is given by ) gor? @ vrs dot? ory @F @ ver 9 41. The velacity-time graph for a vehicle Is shown below. Which among the following is the conresponding acceleration tine graph? VN 8) a a, eal 42, Which of the following graphs represent the object ‘moving with uniform acceleration? 7 5 i é a | \ a : oe ; wean i oeTEE @) Only C (4) Only B ECTION-C Comprehension Type Questions : |. Appanticia moves along the quadrant of a circle af radius 4 m from the point A to B with a constant speed 2 mis as shown in figure during the interval, then y a 1. Average speed of the particle (1) 2a. 2) t ms (8) 2mis @) Ams 2. Displacement of the particle (1) 200. em @) 42m @ 2m 3. Average velocity of the particle (1) Ze. @ +2 mvs 2 @) 1 ms @ 2 ms IL We can conveniently obtain the information about the nature of motion of an abject using graphs. The velacityime graph of an abjact moving along a straight line is shown in the figure, 1. The distance covered by the abject from tot= 10s is (1) 40m 2) 50m @) 60m @) 30mGime 2 3 4 “The displacement of the object from f= 30518 (1) 100m @ 200m @ 20m @ 10m ‘Which portion of the graph represents uniform acceleration? @) 08 @ ac (2) 4 @) Eo \Which potion of the graph represents uniform mation? ty ac @) Fo oD (4) FD Penn) Assertion & Reason Type Questions In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) Is followed by a statement of reason (R). o 2 e 4 If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason Is the correct explanation of the fassertion, then mark (1) I both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason Is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2) Hf Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). WW both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4). A: Average velocity of a moving body can be -zer0 but iis average speed cannot be zero. Ri: Displacement can be zero but distance ‘travelled cannot be 2er0 for a moving object. A: An object moving with = constant ‘acceleration can have zero velocity A moving object having zero acceleration has zero velocity, A: The following graph is not possible. t INS Teineé ek es enclose Win Sain tin. 2 Bis ios] ZN cnet gar ern J svi, moves wh constant spect ut ne wth bernie FR: incl moton drecton of motion of re partie changes wth te. 1A The eon thi ty represents nor moton. q 2 Tie RR: The particle changes its position with time, Perens Matrix Match Type Questions 1 Match the following : Column 1 Column @ Straight line parallel) Body at rest to time axis in veloatty-time graph ‘Straight tine parallel (ji) to me axis in pposition-tme graph Straightline parallel (i) Body in uniform, ‘motion Body having uniform to position axis in acceleration position-tme graph ‘Straight tine inclined (¥) Not possible to 45° with time axis in velocity-tme graph (1) (8) BOD, eC, A) (2), BE, iy, vp @) ai, BG, e(. 4) (4) aKiv). BAN, fi), dp Match the following ‘Column t Column 1 Uniform motion) Veloeity-time graph Ieacuve b. Nor-uniform mation (i) Straightline parallel te time axis in volocty-time graph © Straight ine parallel (il) Unequal distances to position axis in covered in equal Positiontime graph intervals of time 1G. The velociy.time —_(W) Not possible graph is a circle (@) Equal distances eeePhysies- Class XC wis) (1) atl, v), BE.) et), df) @) ati), bea, extn, A) @) tiv), Biv), eli), iy 4) ati), btw), of), di Match the following Column 1 Column 1 a, Constant speed with () At highest point ‘varying velocity of a body projacted vertically up b. The valocity of 2 (i) Uniform circular body having finite mation acceleration is zero Zero displacement (ii) Bady reaching on fond finite distance point of projection (2 A body moving on circular track with speed 2 rvs and complete one: revolution atl), BO, efit) Dati, BED, efiy @) al, W), BO, efi, W) (4) ACID, BA, fa, > For the velocitytime graph shown in figura, match the following columns. viens) Column 1 Column 1 a. Constant @ t=0we=2s acceleration b. Zero displacement iy t= 2 s to Increasing speed (ll) #= Oto F= 4s Negative ) t=4stot=8e displacement 1) a I), BOD, 4), 2) at, BAD, ef), A) @) aK), BE, CF, 4) ‘bat toe Match the following Column 1 Column 1 a. Motion of freely) Retardation faling body b. Reading of (Average speed speedometer e Movemant af tips of (li) Nor-uniforn mation hands of a clock 4. Brakes applied on a (¥) Uniform ciralar moving ‘motion (0) Instantaneous epee (1) aq). ba, e¢aD, dy 2) ai, BG), ef), diy @) ali. Be), ev). 0) 4) liv) bow), efi). at) Scene Aakash Challenger Type Questions ‘A scooter can produce a maximum acceleration of 5 mis®. Its brakes can produce a maximum, Felardalion of 10 m/s? Find the minimum time in, ‘which it starts from rest, covers a distance of 1.5 km and stops again. ‘A particle moves with constant acceleration. If v,, vy and v5 are the three average velociies in Ure sticcessive intervals ff, and f, of time, then prove WinVe bee that VarVa tat le ‘Acar accelerates from rest at a constant rate x for some time after which it dacelarates at a constant rate B to come to rest. If the tolal Ume is ¢ prove that incu vloty rach i vq = ea? teal lapacarect ie =, . Cu | B) ‘A train of 150 m length is going towards North at a spoed of 36 kmh, A bird Is flying at 18 knvh, parallel to track towards South. Find the time taken by the bind to: cross the train. A tuain is moving with uniform aceetoration, The two ends of the train pass through a point on the track with volocity v, and v,. With what velocity the idole point of the’ tain would pase through thePA 6s a in 6. Two cars leave with a time gap of 1 minute from , the same point. They move wih sn acceleration of 7. A rifle bullet loses th of is velocity in passing 0.2 mis? How long after the departure of the i ‘second car, does the distance between them through a plank. The least number of such planks: become equal to three times its. value, when the required to just stop the bullet is second car ist stars? a 6) 2imios =) int @ 10 1 aon @) ‘minute (9 3 rite ao