REPLACEMENT OF HIP JOINT-STEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ARUN.P - 090111629005
ARUN.A - 090111629006
KATHIRESAN.M - 090111629020
NAVEEN.S - 090111629033

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PAVAI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI –600025

[APRIL - 2013]
 ANNA UNIVERSITY:CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certified that this project report “REPLACEMENT OF HIP JOINT-

STEM” is the bonafide work of ARUN.P, ARUN.A, KATHIRESAN.M and

NAVEEN.S who carried out the project work under the supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mr.S. DINAKARAN, M.E. (Ph.D) Mr.L.PRAKASH, M.E.(Ph.D)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PROJECTSUPERVISOR

MECHANICALENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PAVAI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY PAVAI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

PACHAL, NAMAKKAL. PACHAL, NAMAKKAL.

Submitted for the viva voice examination held on……………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset we wish to express our sincere gratitude and indebted need to
our esteemed institution of Pavai College Of Technology, pachal which has given
this opportunity to have sincere bases in management and fulfillment our most
cherish of reaming goal of becoming successful leader.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to chairman

Shri.CA.N.V.Natarajan,B.com,F.C.A.and correspondent Smt.MangaiNatarajan,
M.sc., for providing us the needed facilities to do our project work. We express our
thanks to our Director (Admin) Dr.K.K.Ramasamy, M.E.,PhD., for his motivation
to carrying out our project work. We express our thanks to our Principal
Dr.J.Sundararajan, M.Tech., Ph.D., for his encouragement given to us in
carrying on the project work.

We express our sincere gratitude to the Head of the department,

Asst.prof.S.Dinakaran ,M.E.,(Ph.D), of Mechanical Engineering, who lead a
helping hand power, whenever we are in need of it. We find it different to find word
to express our guide Mr.L.PRAKASH, M.E.(Ph.D), of Mechanical Engineering
department who gave us valuable suggestions, advice, motivation and
encouragement.

We express our guide to friends who have helped us directly or indirectly in

the successful completion the project work.

Last but not least we express our deep gratitude to our parents for their
encouragement and support throughout the project.
ABSTRACT:

Total hip prosthesis is a treatment for the osteoarthritis of the

hip as well as per the hip fractures for the elder patients. nowadays to
improve the longevity, new designs have been developed for the hip
implants by considering the implant size and the best long term performance
from the literatures, it is found that the proximal end with elliptical cross
section will be a better design for the hip implant model also, It is observed
that the material removal concept of making cut section, curvature cut and
elliptical holes in the femoral stem will increase the life as well as it reduces
the weight of the hip joint replacements. the present paper implements the
concept of merging those ideas of elliptical cross sectional area in the cut
section, curvature cut and elliptical holes in the femoral stem to develop a
new hip implant design using finite element concepts .And the stem is
analyzed for the static and dynamic loading case. the analysis results
concluded that the developed vonmises stress in the proposed design is much
lower than the previous design.
CHAPTER:1

INTRODUCTION
The hip joint is a ball and socket joint composed of the acetabular cup in the
pelvic bone and the femoral head, it is supported by strong muscles and ligaments which provide
stability and a large range of movement. This anatomy does not always last a person's entire life,
failure can result in pain and disability and occur through numerous mechanisms, biological and
mechanical in nature.

Artificial replacements can be implanted to repair the failed joint. From an

engineering perspective these must be designed with the necessary mechanical strength and be able
to endure the biological environment in which they are placed, otherwise they will also fail. In the
past, design factors which have led to failure of a joint include joint geometry and poor material
choice or manufacture, leading to excessive and unexpected wear and corrosion. In order to reduce
the incidence of implant failure, it is important that the entire system is fully characterized; from
the anatomy of the joint and the biological response, through to the microstructure of the material and
the design geometry.

The reduction of wear and subsequent extension of life of a hip joint replacement would
bring both economic benefits and a better quality of life to the patients who have to undergo
replacement surgery. Reduction of wear can be achieved by modifying the materials used for the
replacement. In particular by applying a surface coating at the femoral-acetabular interface which is
able to withstand the forces.

CHAPTER:1.1( FAILURES)
Hip Joint Failure:

The national joint registry for England reports on the reasons for approximately 80% of primary
hip joint replacement operations in England and Wales. The most common reason necessitating
replacement is osteoarthritis, occurring in 94% of all reported cases. Other reasons include rheumatoid
arthritis, fracture and avascular necrosis Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease the prevalence of
which increases with age. It results from damage to the hyaline cartilage which can become split and
softened, known as_ brillation. The damage to the cartilage leads to its wearing away; in severe cases
bone on bone contact will occur when the cartilage has been completely removed.
This leads to changes to the structure of the bone; new bone forms around the edges of the joint,
these bone formations are known as osteophytes . Osteoarthritis leads to joint pain and stiffness for the
person. Initially lifestyle changes can be suggested as treatment, such as weight loss. The use of
analgesia can reduce the pain and discomfort . In the longer term surgical intervention is necessary.

Arthroscopic lavage which will clear the joint space of anydebris but is a
palliative approach which does not address the underlying problem.Osteotomy whereby the inter-
trochanteric region is cut, it will relieve symptoms for a few years, but the mechanism by which it
works is not fully understood. Arthrodesis whereby the joint is fused is extremely successful for
removing pain but is debilitating. Arthroplasty whereby the joint is remodelled; typically in
the hip joint a total or part replacement is inserted to prevent fusion of the joint after the
procedure. The increasing number of hip joint replacements can be attributed to surgeons implanting
into younger (<60) patients , an ageing population and increasing demands from patients for longer,
more active lives , which would preclude arthrodesis.

CHAPTER:1.2(FAILURE MECHANISMS)
Fatigue is a phenomenon occurring under load-time fluctuations occurring at localized areas
due to irreversible permanent deformation. A cyclic load is any type of varying force exerted
on an object that is lessened or increased repetitively for a number of cycles. This type of failure
is prevalent in prosthesis hip replacements because prostheses are subjected to cyclic stresses
caused by walking, jogging, running, and other body weight movements.shows the devastation
that can occur to an implant that is improperly designed.
The number of cycles for an individual prosthesis depends, naturally, on the amount of
activity of the individual. This often results in younger patients experiencing implant
failures earlier than older patients.
The mechanical behavior of candidate implant materials will be discussed in the following
sections. Dislocation was the next leading cause for revision in the given study. Relative motion
between two surfaces constitutes bearing. The main cause of dislocation is wear of the load-
bearing material in the prosthesis. The friction forces caused by grinding against the implant
cause the initial formation of wear particulates. The wear particulates then act as stimuli for
further formation of wear particulates. The problem causes itself to become worse. The wear
particles can then cause infection.
Wear mechanisms are also due to fretting fatigue due to the formation of a bearing. Fretting
wear or fretting corrosion is the mechanism precursor to fatigue, which incubates and
culminates to nucleating a ―crack.‖ These processes then transform to ―fatigue.‖ Another problem
encountered is that when the implant wears away at the bone, the bone naturally repairs itself, but
not to the original shape of the bone socket considered initially for the implant. This
metamorphosis of the bone then causes the problem of the implant being improperly sealed in
the acetubular cup. This condition ultimately can lead to the implant ball being forced outside
the socket or moving the implant out of its proper location. Another complication is
physical wearing of the implant.Unlike the human bone, which can biologically rebuild the
outer layer of the bone that is worn, the implant cannot repair or re-grow itself. Therefore any
wear damage done to the implant is permanent and irreversible without a revision surgery.
Corrosion contributes to the failure of implants prematurely.

Corrosion is a physical process by which materials return to a more stable phase, e.g. natural ore
form. A material is destroyed or deteriorated by reaction with its environment normally by
chemical processes.
Implants are corroded by fluids in the body. The human body is approximately 80% water. ―Body
fluid consists of an aerated solution containing approximately 1% sodium chloride, together
with minor amounts of other salts and organic compounds at 98 to99F‖.This presents a problem
when certain metal materials are inserted into this environment since metals generally have the
tendency to corrode in the body. Therefore an implant must be able to withstand the
conditions in the body without corroding significantly. Such failure cases have been reported
with galvanic corrosions that release metal particles as well as fretting corrosion. Fretting
corrosion is due to the relative motion between surfaces in corrosive environment and causes
subsequent particulate formation between two dissimilar materials that results in a roughened
surface forming large, deep scars. There are fourteen independent corrosion mechanisms.
Pitting,crevice, exfoliation, galvanic, stress corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and other
mechanism can develop in many different ways causing them to be of many types.

CHAPTER:1.3(FAILURE REASONS)
Long-term aseptic loosening.
1. Primary hip arthoplasties are subjected to failure due to bone resorption
i.e. boneloss.
2. Failure due to fatigue loading of hip joint.
3. Relative micro motions resulting from improper implant fitting in the bone
cavity.In cementless implants load transfer between a stiff implant and
relatively flexible bone results in extremely unnatural stress distribution in
bone, i.e. excessive stress concentrations near to the implant ends.
4. Stress shielding followed by bone resorption in the other areas of bone-
implant interface.
5. Hip failure due to bone loss is caused by the production of wear particles
associated with the deterioration of the prosthesis
6. For an average hip patient, the prosthesis have to resist thirty-four million
blows
Vein thrombosis

Venous thrombosis such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are
relatively common following hip replacement surgery. Standard treatment with anticoagulants is
for 7–10 days; however treatment for more than 21 days may be superior.
Dislocation

Dislocation is the most common complication of hip replacement surgery. At surgery the femoral
head is taken out of the socket, hip implants are placed and the hip put back into proper position.
It takes eight to twelve weeks for the soft tissues injured or cut during surgery to heal. During
this period, the hip ball can come out of the socket. The chance of this is diminished if less tissue
is cut, if the tissue cut is repaired and if large diameter head balls are used. Surgeons who
perform more of the operations each year tend to have fewer patients dislocate.Doing the surgery
from an anterior approach seems to lower dislocation rates when small diameter heads are used,
but the benefit has not been shown when compared to modern posterior incisions with the use of
larger diameter heads.

Patients can decrease the risk further by keeping the leg out of certain positions during the first
few months after surgery. Use of alcohol by patients during this early period is also associated
with an increased rate of dislocation.

Osteolysis

Many long-term problems with hip replacements are the result of osteolysis.
This is the loss of bone caused by the body's reaction to polyethylene wear debris, fine bits of
plastic that come off the cup liner over time. An inflammatory process causes bone resorption
that may lead to subsequent loosening of the hip implants and even fractures in the bone around
the implants. In an attempt to eliminate the generation of wear particles, ceramic bearing surfaces
are being used in the hope that they will have less wear and less osteolysis with better long term
results. Metal cup liners joined with metal heads (metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty) were also
developed for similar reasons. In the lab these show excellent wear characteristics and benefit
from a different mode of lubrication. At the same time that these two bearing surfaces were
being developed, highly cross linked polyethylene plastic liners were also developed. The greater
cross linking significantly reduces the amount of plastic wear debris given off over time. The
newer ceramic and metal prostheses do not always have the long term track record of established
metal on poly bearings. Ceramic pieces can break leading to catastrophic failure. This occurs in
about 2% of the implants placed.

They may also cause an audible, high pitched squeaking noise with activity. Metal-on-metal
arthroplasty releases metal debris into the body raising concerns about the potential dangers of
these accumulating over time. Highly cross linked polyethylene is not as strong as regular
polyethylene. These plastic liners can crack or break free of the metal shell that holds them.
Metal sensitivity

Concerns are being raised about the metal sensitivity and potential dangers of
metal particulate debris. New publications that have demonstrated development
of pseudotumors, soft tissue masses containing necrotic tissue, around the hip joint. It appears
these masses are more common in women and these patients show a higher level of iron in the
blood. The cause is unknown and is probably multifactorial. There may be a toxic reaction to an
excess of particulate metal wear debris or a hypersensitivity reaction to a normal amount of
metal debrisMetal hypersensitivity is a well-established phenomenon and is common, affecting
about 10–15% of the population. Contact with metals can cause immune reactions such as skin
hives, eczema, redness and itching. Although little is known about the short and long term
pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of circulating metal degradation products in vivo, there
have been many reports of immunologic type responses temporally associated with implantation
of metal components. Individual case reports link hypersensitivity immune reactions with
adverse performance of metallic clinical cardiovascular, orthopedic and plastic surgical and
dental implants.

Metal toxicity

Most hip replacements consist of cobalt and chromium alloys, or titanium.

Stainless steel is no longer used. All implants release their constituent ions into the blood.
Typically these are excreted in the urine, but in certain individuals the ions can accumulate in the
body. In implants which involve metal-on-metal contact, microscopic fragments
of cobalt and chromium can be absorbed into the patient's bloodstream. There are reports of
cobalt toxicity with hip replacement patients.

Metal-on-metal hip implant failure rate

By 2010, reports in the orthopaedic literature have increasingly cited the

problem of early failure of metal on metal prostheses in a small percentage of patients. Failures
may relate to release of minute metallic particles or metal ions from wear of the implants,
causing pain and disability severe enough to require revision surgery in 1–3% of patients.Design
deficits of some prosthesis models, especially with heat-treated alloys and a lack of special
surgical experience accounts for most of the failures.
Surgeons at leading medical centers such as the Mayo Clinic have reported reducing their use of
metal-on-metal implants by 80 percent over the last year in favor of those made from other
materials, like combinations of metal and plastic. The cause of these failures remain
controversial, and may include both design factors, technique factors, and factors related to
patient immune responses (allergy type reactions).

In the United Kingdom the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory

Agency commenced an annual monitoring regime for metal-on-metal hip replacement patients
from May 2010. Data which is shown in The Australian Orthopedics Association's 2008
National Joint Replacement Registry, a record of nearly every hip implanted in that country over
the previous 10 years, tracked 6,773 BHR (Birmingham Hip Resurfacing) Hips and found that
less than one-third of one percent may have been revised due to the patient's reaction to the metal
component. Other similar metal-on-metal designs have not fared as well, where some reports
show 76% to 100% of the people with these metal-on-metal implants and have aseptic implant
failures requiring revision also have evidence of histological inflammation accompanied by
extensive lymphocyte infiltrates, characteristic of delayed type hypersensitivity responses. It is
not clear to what extent this phenomenon negatively affects orthopedic patients. However for
patients presenting with signs of an allergic reactions, evaluation for sensitivity should be
conducted. Removal of the device that is not needed should be considered, since removal may
alleviate the symptoms. Patients who have allergic reactions to cheap jewelry are more likely to
have reactions to orthopedic implants. There is increasing awareness of the phenomenon of metal
sensitivity and many surgeons now take this into account when planning which implant is
optimal for each patient.

On March 12, 2012, The Lancet published a study, based on data from the National Joint
Registry of England and Wales, finding that metal-on-metal hip implants failed at much greater
rates than other types of hip implants and calling for a ban on all metal-on-metal hips. The
analysis of 402,051 hip replacements showed that 6.2% of metal-on-metal hip implants had
failed within five years, compared to 1.7% of metal-on-plastic and 2.3% of ceramic-on-ceramic
hip implants. Each 1mm increase in head size of metal-on-metal hip implants was associated
with a 2% increase of failure. Surgeons of the British Hip Society are recommending that large
head metal-on-metal implants should no longer be performed.On February 10, 2011, the
U.S. FDA issued a patient advisory on metal-metal hip implants, stating it was continuing to
gather and review all available information about metal-on-metal hip systems.
Nerve palsy

Post-operative sciatic nerve palsy is another possible complication. The

incidence of this complication is low. Femoral nerve palsy is another but much more rare
complication. Both of these will typically resolve over time, but the healing process is slow.
Patients with pre-existing nerve injury are at greater risk of experiencing this complication and
are also slower to recover.

Chronic pain

A few patients who have had a hip replacement suffer chronic pain after the
surgery. Groin pain can develop if the muscle that raises the hip (iliopsoas) rubs against the edge
of the acetabular cup. Bursitis can develop at the trochanter where a surgical scar crosses the
bone, or if the femoral component used pushes the leg out to the side too far. Also some patients
can experience pain in cold or damp weather. Incision made in the front of the hip (anterior
approach) can cut a nerve running down the thigh leading to numbness in the thigh and
occasionally chronic pain at the point where the nerve was cut (a neuroma).

Leg length inequality

The leg can be lengthened or shortened during surgery. Unequal legs are the
most common complaint by patients after surgery with over lengthening the most common
problem. Sometimes the leg seems long immediately after surgery when in fact both are equal
length. An arthritic hip can develop contractures that make the leg behave as if it is short. When
these are relieved with replacement surgery and normal motion and function are restored, the
body feels that the limb is now longer than it was. If the legs are truly equal, the sense of
inequality resolves within a month or two of surgery. If the leg is unequal, it will not. A shoe lift
for the short leg, or in extreme cases, a corrective operation may be needed.

True leg length inequality may sometimes be caused by improper implant

selection. The femoral component may be too large and stick out of the femur further than
needed. The head ball selected may sit too proud on the stem. Stiffness in the lower back from
arthritis or previous fusion surgery seems to magnify the perception of leg length inequality
 CHAPTER:2

LITERATURE REVIEW:
Masnimiliano Baleani[1]This study investigates a theoretical protocol to Predict the maximum
stress induced in the stem by the ISO experimental test set-up. Stress was predicted using beam
theory and finite element analysis (FEA).
A.B. Lennon a [2]We developed an experimental model of the if planted proximal femoral that
allowing visualization of damage growth in the cement layer. Five matt surface and five polished
surface stems were tented. Pre-load damage and damage after two million cycles was measured.

Frank Lamped[3]The objective of this study was the numerical evaluation of the load-shift
concept. The analysis was performed with a finite element model. Three-dimensional non-linear
dynamic analysis data were used to evaluate whether the load transfer during walking can be
altered effectively by insertion and resorption of a distal pin.

Oguz Kayabasi[4]In this study, 4 different cup shapes for hip prosthesis have been designed to
investigate an optimum stem shape. The stem shapes have Geometries’ of varying curvatures.

John Fisher[5] The goal of this study was to model hip kinematics under the micro-separation
regime in a computational simulation of total hip prosthesis including joint laxity and to analyze
the vibration frequencies and the potential for noise generation.

A. Zafer Fenalp[5]In his study, 4 stem shapes of varying curvatures for hip prosthesis were
modeled. Static, dynamic and fatigue behavior of these designed stem shapes were analyzed using
commercial finite element analysis code ANSYS. Static analyses were conducted under body
load. Dynamic analyses were performed under walking load.

Oguz Kayabasig[6]The new design is modeled parametrically to investigate the elements of

different geometrical parameters on the relative displacement. These parameters are then
optimized.

Paul T. Scannell[7]In this study we use an approach based on a combined strain/damage

algorithm to simultaneously predict both bulk and interfacial peri-prosthetic bond adoptation
around a non-cemented hip prosthesis.
Andhew M. New[8]The sampling techniques were applied and the performance indicator was the
maximum strain in the bone. The random input parameters were the joint road, the angle of the
applied load and the material properties of the bond and the implant.

Ahdrew M. New[9]Ahdrew M. New’s method was used with two performance indicators the
percentage of bone volume that Exceeded specified. The random input parameters were the joint
road, the angle of the applied load and the material properties of the bond and the implant.

B. Piccigallo[10]This paper reviews recent literature on lubrication and wear models, stressing
simplifying hypothesis, input data, methods and results. Also this paper determines the
tribological review of the current acetabular prosthesis.

Habiba Bougherhra[11]Total hip arthroplastic is a wide spread surgical approach for treating severe
osteoarthritic of the human hip. Aseptic loosening standard metallic hip implants due to stress
shielding and bone loss vas motivated the development of new materials for hip prostheses.

Olof Calonius[12]A new method of computingthe wear factor for total hip prostheses is presented.
In the conventional method, only the resultant contact force and the track drawn by the point of its
application are considered so that the product of the instantaneous force and Sliding increment is
integrated over one motion cycle.

A. Ramos[13]The aim of this study was to verify The influence of cement mantle thickness and
stem geometry on fatigue damage in two different cemented hip femoral prostheses and methods
of evaluating medical devices must be developed to improve clinical performance. Different
results and conclusions concerning the cement micro-cracking mechanism have been reported.
CHAPTER :3

MATERIAL

The alloys used in total joint components include: stainless steels, titanium
alloys, cast and forged cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys, wrought cobalt chromium
tungsten nickel and cobalt nickel chromium molybdenum alloys. These different alloys can be
grouped into three distinct categories: steel, titanium, and cobalt-based alloys. The ideal metal
for a cemented component would have a high fatigue limit, yield strength, ultimate tensile
strength, and corrosion resistance. Theoretically, a high modulus of elasticity may be
considered advantageous because it would reduce the stress in the cement around the
component and decrease the risk of cement failure, but it would be disadvantageous
because the bone may become so unloaded that disuse osteoporosis, or stress shielding, could
develop, resulting in cement failure and subsequent loosening of the component.
Stainless steel components were typically made of 18% Chromium, 8% Nickel, and 0.08% carbon
content, better known as 316 steel. 316L steel was developed in the 1950s by reducing the
amount of carbon content to 0.03%, effectively acquiring better corrosion resistance. Stainless
steel components are only suitable for in vivo use when there is a low content of impurities and
a passivated finish.
Stainless steel is not readily used for implants and is inferior to other super alloys because its
fatigue strength is less than other alloys, it is not as biocompatible, and is more prone to erosion.
However, stainless steel mechanical properties have been greatly improved in recent times,
making them a good alternative for elderly patients with lower expected physical demands, life
expectancy, and monetary constraints.
Co-Cr alloys are generally available with and without nickel. The Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloy is a more
recent development that is used for the stems of heavily loaded joints such as the knee and hip.
Cobalt based alloys are more impervious to corrosion, fatigue wear, and fracture than iron-
based alloys.
Although titanium alloys seem ideal for implant materials, there has not been a significant
amount of long-term analyses performed since these materials have only recently been
introduced as prosthesis materials. The use of this material in other applications has shown
significant improvement over steel alloys; therefore, there is a promising outlook for the
material. Since most failures occur only after a few years, it is still too soon to determine the
material’s exact successfulness. A prosthesis made with titanium alloys is susceptible to many
damage mechanisms. The forces arising from body weight and movement may give rise to a
force, which may produce stresses in the cup and stem in integrated areas such as head-neck
joints and may cause displacements in modular head-neck prostheses. This relative motion
even in the order of a few micrometers may produce fretting and vibration of the debris. This
debris, even in very small concentrations (ppm), may aid medical conditions that are of a
biological nature requiring revision. Therefore, both modular and integrated prostheses are
currently studied for possible application in THR’s.
 Another aspect of implant material properties is the damage tolerance
characteristics of titanium alloys. Given that other damage criteria may not evolve into a
damage mechanism, fatigue studies for both S-N fatigue behavior and crack growth studies for
titanium are very important. Data from present work provides a summary of stress
amplitude required to cause failure at a particular number of life cycles. It must be
pointed out that the S-N fatigue behavior of a material degrades as the environment
changes from a vacuum to standard air pressure, as humidity levels increase, and as
corrosive elements in the environment react with the metal under study. Published the fatigue
crack growth behaviors in Ti-6Al-4V. The data is presented below for higher humidity levels at
room temperature.
CHAPTER:4
DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

Surveying various shape and size

of bone

Select the dimensions of stem as

per dimensions of bone

Choose the suitable materials for

the stem

Design the stem models using

“Unigraphics-7.5”

In unigraphics-7.5 “swept option”

use to create a stem modles

Export the stem modles into

“parasolid format” from the
unigraphics

Import the parasolid format modle

in “ANSYS-12”

Collect the “boundary conditions”

from literature survey

Perform “static and dynamic

analysis” for metals “Ti-Al-V and
CoCr alloy for a four different
stem modles

Comparison the results for better

result

Final Result
CHAPTER:5
MODELS
Introduction to Unigraphices:
Unigraphices commonly referred to as NX. The NX software from Siemens plm software
delivers next generation design tools and technologies that help companies transform product
development process into reality. Leading edge design tools works in the contest of the total
development of the effect, by completely integrating design with other disciplines, which brings
products to market in a unified manages environment. NX design tools are superior in power
versatility, flexibility and productivity.

Models:

CHAPTER:5.1 (STEM 1)

Fig:1.1 Stem 1

stem 1 with the elliptical cross section is formed, because elliptical cross section have very less
stress concentration .Total height of 182 mm with various cross section is used in this stem design
,elliptical cross section in proximal and mid region and circular cross section in distal region. Neck
angle of 35 degree is used and ball diameter of 40mm.
External support is used in region at end of the neck so stress concentration is minimal in this
region.
CHAPTER:5.2 STEM 2 (CUT SECTIONAL MODEL)

Fig: 1.2 Stem 2

In stem 2 cut section is introduced in mid region of stem, because we assumed that stress
concentration is reduced by introduced cut section .

CHAPTER:5.3 STEM 3: (CURVATURE MODEL)

Fig:1.3 Stem 3

In stem 3 curvature is introduced in the Distal region ,so maximium stress concentration is
reduced in this region.this stem design have ability to absorbed majer stress act on stem and
increased the life of artificial stem.
CHAPTER:5.4 STEM 4: (STEM WITH ELLIPTICAL HOLES)

Fig:1.4 Stem 4

In stem 4 is similar to stem 3 have a curvature but also have the elliptical holes ,main function of
elliptical holes are listed below

I. Reduced the stress concentration in proximal region.

II. Holes allow the growth of Trabecular bone into stem,so stem can withstand
to shear force.

CHAPTER:6

ANALYSIS:FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS:

FEA consists of a computer model of a material or design that is stressed and analyzed for
specific results. It is used in new product design, and existing product refinement. A company is
able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the client's specifications prior to
manufacturing or construction. Modifying an existing product or structure is utilized to qualify
the product or structure for a new service condition. In case of structural failure, FEA may be
used to help determine the design modifications to meet the new condition.
There are generally two types of analysis that are used in industry: 2-D modeling, and 3-D
modeling. While 2-D modeling conserves simplicity and allows the analysis to be run on a
relatively normal computer, it tends to yield less accurate results. 3-D modeling, however,
produces more accurate results while sacrificing the ability to run on all but the fastest
computers effectively. Within each of these modeling schemes, the programmer can insert
numerous algorithms (functions) which may make the system behave linearly or non-linearly.
Linear systems are far less complex and generally do not take into account plastic deformation.
Non-linear systems do account for plastic deformation, and many also are capable of testing a
material all the way to fracture.

CHAPTER 6.1:(STATIC ANALYSIS)

Introduction to static analysis:

Stress analysis is an engineering discipline covering methods to determine
the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces or loads.

Stress analysis is a primary task for civil, mechanical and aerospace engineers involved in the
design of structures of all sizes, such as tunnels, bridges and dams, aircraft androcket bodies,
mechanical parts, and even plastic cutlery and staples. Stress analysis is also used in the
maintenance of such structures, and to investigate the causes of structural failures.

Typically, the input data for stress analysis are a geometrical description of the
structure, the properties of the materials used for its parts, how the parts are joined, and the
maximum or typical forces that are expected to be applied to each point of the structure. The
output data is typically a quantitative description of the stress.over all those parts and joints,
and the deformation caused by those stresses. The analysis may consider forces that vary with
time, such as engine vibrations or the load of moving vehicles. In that case, the stresses and
deformations will also be functions of time.

In engineering, stress analysis is often a tool rather than a goal in itself; the
ultimate goal being the design of structures and artifacts that can withstand a specified load,
using the minimum amount of material (or satisfying some other optimality criterion).Stress
analysis may be performed through classical mathematical techniques, analytic mathematical
modelling or computational simulation, through experimental testing techniques, or a
combination of methods.
CHAPTER: 6.1.1(STATIC ANALYSIS OF TI-AL-V ALLOY)
Stem 1:

Fig:2.1 Static analysis of Ti-Al-v alloy for stem 1

Specification: Load=2300N, Maximum Stress=28.7Mpa, young’s modulus=110Gpa,

Poisson’s ratio=0.316

Stem:2

Fig:2.2 Static analysis of Ti-Al-v alloy for stem 2

Specification: Load=2300N, Maximum Stress=37.9Mpa, young’s modulus=110Gpa,

Poisson’s ratio=0.316
Stem 3:

Fig:2.3 Static analysis of Ti-Al-v alloy for stem 3

Specification: Load=2300N, Maximum Stress=29.9Mpa, young’s modulus=110Gpa, Poisson’s

ratio=0.316

Stem 4:

Fig:2.4 Static analysis of Ti-Al-v alloy for stem 4

Specification: Load=2300N, Maximum Stress=30.7Mpa, young’s modulus=110Gpa,

Poisson’s ratio=0.316
CHAPTER: 6.1.2(STATIC ANALYSIS OF COCR ALLOY)
Stem 1:

Fig:2.5 Static analysis of CoCr alloy for stem 1

specification: Load=2300N, Maximum Stress=20.7Mpa, young’s modulus=220Gpa,

Poisson’s ratio=0.30

Stem 2:

Fig:2.6 Static analysis of CoCr alloy for stem 2

Specification: Load=2300N, Maximum Stress=30.8Mpa, young’s modulus=220Gpa,

Poisson’s ratio=0.30
Stem 3:

Fig:2.7 Static analysis of CoCr alloy for stem 3

Specification:
Load=2300N, Maximum Stress=30.5Mpa, young’s modulus=220Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.30

Stem 4:

Fig:2.8 Static analysis of CoCr alloy for stem 4

Specification:
Load=2300N, Maximum Stress=31.8Mpa, young’s modulus=220Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.30
Boundary conditions:
I. Maximum load of 2300N acting on Femoral head.
II. Stem is fixed on bottom region in all Degrees of freedom.
III. Stem model is inclined to the angel of 10°in X axis and 9°Y axis.

Methodology:
Step by step procedure of Static analysis is given below

1. preferences:
1.1 Structural
2. Preprocessor :
2.1 Element type Solid brick8 node 45 element9ol.,

2.2 Material models structural linear isotropic young’s modulus

Poison ratio value is given

2.3 Meshing Mesh tool Set global mesh pick all to mesh
3 . Define loads:
3.1.1 Apply Structural Select area Fix all DOF
3.1.2 Force/moment Pick node Apply load on FY direction
3.2 Solve Current LS Ok to solve
4. General postprocessor:
4.1 Contour plot Nodal solution Stress Von miss stress
5. Finish ( Static Analysis )
CHAPTER: 6.2(DYNAMIC ANALYSIS)
Transient dynamic analysis (sometimes called time-history analysis) is a technique used to
determine the dynamic response of a structure under the action of any general time-dependent
loads. You can use this type of analysis to determine the time-varying displacements, strains,
stresses, and forces in a structure as it responds to any combination of static, transient, and
harmonic loads. The time scale of the loading is such that the inertia or damping effects are
considered to be important. The basic equation of motion solved by a transient dynamic
analysis is

where:
[M] = mass matrix
[C] = damping matrix
[K] = stiffness matrix
= nodal acceleration vector
= nodal velocity vector
{u} = nodal displacement vector
{F(t)} = load vector

The Three Solution Methods

Three methods are available to do a transient dynamic analysis: full,
reduced, and mode superposition. The ANSYS/Linear Plus program allows only the
mode superposition method.
The Full Method
The full method uses the full system matrices to calculate the transient response (no
matrix reduction). It is the most powerful of the three methods because it allows all
types of nonlinearities to be included (plasticity, large deflections, large strain, etc.).
The Reduced Method
The reduced method condenses the problem size by using master degrees of
freedom and reduced matrices. After the displacements at the master DOF have
been calculated, ANSYS expands the solution to the original full DOF set.
The Mode Superposition Method
The mode superposition method sums factored mode shapes (eigenvectors) from a
modal analysis to calculate the structure's response.
CHAPTER: 6.2.1(DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF TI-AL-V ALLOY)
Stem 1:

Fig:3.1 Dynamic analysis of Ti-Al-V alloy for stem 1

Specification: Loads=(1800,2300,2500,3000)N,Maximum Stress=28.5Mpa, young’s

modulus=110Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.316
Stem 2:

Fig:3.2 Dynamic analysis of Ti-Al-V alloy for stem 1

Specification: Loads=(1800,2300,2500,3000),Maximum Stress=37.7Mpa, young’s
modulus=110Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.316
 Stem 3:

Fig:3.3 Dynamic analysis of Ti-Al-V alloy for stem 3

Specification: Loads=(1800,2300,2500,3000)N,Maximum Stress=30.3Mpa, young’s
modulus=110Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.316

Stem 4:

Fig:3.4 Dynamic analysis of Ti-Al-V alloy for stem 4

Specification: Loads=(1800,2300,2500,3000)N, Maximum Stress=30.7Mpa, young’s
modulus=110Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.316
CHAPTER; 6.2.2:(DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COCR ALLOY)
Stem 1:

Fig:3.5 Dynamic analysis of CoCr alloy for stem 1

Specification: Loads=(1800,2300,2500,3000)N,Maximum Stress=29Mpa, young’s
modulus=220Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.30

Stem 2:

Fig:3.6 Dynamic analysis of CoCr alloy for stem 2

Specification: Loads=(1800,2300,2500,3000),Maximum Stress=38Mpa, young’s
modulus=220Gpa,Poisson’sratio=0.30
Stem 3:

Fig:3.7 Dynamic analysis of CoCr alloy for stem 3

Specification: Loads=(1800,2300,2500,3000)N,Maximum Stress=31.3Mpa,
young’s modulus=220Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.30
Stem 4:

Fig:3.8 Dynamic analysis of CoCr alloy for stem 4

Specification: Loads=(1800,2300,2500,3000)N,Maximum Stress=31.8Mpa,

young’s modulus=220Gpa, Poisson’s ratio=0.30
Boundary conditions:
I. Varying loads are acting on Femoral head.
II. Stem is fixed on bottom region in all Degrees of freedom.
III. Stem model is inclined to the angel of 10in X axis and
9°Yaxis.

Methodology:
Step by step procedure of Static analysis is given below

1. preferences:
1.1 Structural
2. Preprocessor :
2.1 Element type Solid brick8 node 45 element.

2.2 Material models structural linear isotropic

young’s modulus Poison ratio value is given.

2.3 Meshing Mesh tool Set global mesh pick all to mesh
3. Solution:
3.1 Analysis type New analysis Transient
3.2 Solution control give the information about (No of Sub steps)
4 . Define loads:
4.1.1 Apply Structural Select area Fix all DOF
4.1.2 Force/moment Pick node Apply load on FY direction
4.2 Solve Current LS Ok to solve
5. General postprocessor:
5.1 Contour plot Nodal solution Stress Von miss stress
6. Finish ( Dynamic Analysis )
CHAPTER:7

RESULT:
Static analysis for Ti-Al-V and CoCr alloy:(Table:1)
Ti-Al-V alloy CoCr alloy
Module Max Module Max
stress stress
Stem 1 28.7Mpa Stem 1 20.7Mpa
Stem 2 37.9Mpa Stem 2 30.8Mpa
Stem 3 29.9Mpa Stem 3 30.5Mpa
Stem 4 30.7Mpa Stem 4 31.8Mpa

Dynamic analysis for Ti-Al-V and CoCr alloy:(Table:2)

Ti-Al-V alloy CoCr alloy
Model. Max Model. Max
stress stress
Stem 1 28.5Mpa Stem 1 29.0Mpa
Stem 2 37.7Mpa Stem 2 38.0Mpa
Stem 3 30.3Mpa Stem 3 31.3Mpa
Stem 4 30.7Mpa Stem 4 31.8Mpa

Minimum stress value of Static analysis for Ti-Al-V and cocr alloy(table:3)
Ti-Al-V alloy CoCr alloy
Model. Max Model. Max
stress stress
Stem 1 28.7Mpa Stem 1 20.7Mpa

Minimum stress value of Static analysis for Ti-Al-V and cocr alloy(Table:4)
Ti-Al-V alloy CoCr alloy
Model. Max Model. Max
stress stress
Stem 1 28.5Mpa Stem 1 29.0Mpa

Based on result obtained ,model Stem 1 bear’s minimum stress for Ti-Al-V and CoCr alloy on
conducting Static and Dynamic analysis.
CHAPTER:8

CONCLUSION:

In this study, we examine the four different stem models (Stem 1,Stem 2,Stem
3,Stem 4) to conduct Stress Analysis on both Static and Dynamic approach. we used two
different Materials Ti-Al-V and CoCr alloy, but Ti-Al-V Stem obtain minimum stress then
CoCr, so we used Ti-Al-V material for future work .On this observation ,we come to know
Stem 1 bear’s minimum stress for Static and Dynamic analysis. but Stem 4 also obtain
minimum stress closer to Stem 1, stem 4 able to allow the growth of trabecular bone, because it
have Elliptical holes in Proximal region. so, we suggest the Stem 4 is good design for the Hip
replacement.
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