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Traditional Water Harvesting Methods - Their Role and Scope in Correcting Indian Water Sector Part I I
Traditional Water Harvesting Methods - Their Role and Scope in Correcting Indian Water Sector Part I I
Vivek P. Kapadia
Email : vivekpkapadia@gmail.com
Presented at One Day Woirkshop on Water Conservation
organised by
The Institution of Engineers (India), Gujarat State Center,
Ahmedabad
TRADITIONAL WATER
CONSERVATION METHODS
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TRANS HIMALAYAN REGION
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TRANS HIMALAYAN REGION
• Water is diverted from streams with the help of guiding
channels, and towards the evening, it is taken to a small tank,
locally known as a zing.
• The stored glacier water is then used the following day in the
fields. Each village has a large network of canals and zings.
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WESTERN HIMALAYAS
• The Himalayan mountains bind India in the north
by one continuous chain of gigantic peaks.
• Water shares are renewed and adjusted every season according to need, but a share
cannot be lent, sold or disposed of in perpetuity.
• Water shares are renewed and adjusted every season according to need, but a share
cannot be lent, sold or disposed of in perpetuity.
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WESTERN HIMALAYAS
• Kuhls are surface channels diverting water from natural
flowing streams called khuds and run at a higher
elevation than the stream to irrigate more upstream
lands than the khud itself.
• The kuhls were constructed and maintained by the village community. At the
beginning of the irrigation season, the kohli (the water tender) would organize the
irrigators to construct the headwall, repair the kuhl and make the system operational.
The kohli played the role of a local engineer. Any person refusing to participate in
construction and repair activities without valid reason, would be denied water for
that season.
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EASTERN HIMALAYAS AND NORTH EAST HILLS
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EASTERN HIMALAYAS AND NORTH EAST HILLS
• The Apatani plateau occupies about 27 sq km in
Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh.
• Fish channels across the terrace are dug with wooden crowbar having flattened tip.
• Every stream arising from the surrounding hills is tapped, channelised at the rim of
the valley and diverted to the terrace fields by a network of primary, secondary and
tertiary channels.
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EASTERN HIMALAYAS AND NORTH EAST HILLS
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EASTERN HIMALAYAS AND NORTH EAST HILLS
• Near the catchment area (mid-hill), silt
retention tank and water harvesting tank are
dugout with the formation of earthen
embankments. Silt retention tanks are
constructed at two or more points and the
water is kept for 2 or 3 days in these tanks
before being transferred to the main tank. The
silt retention tanks are cleaned annually and
the desilted materials, which have good
Rice Fields
amount of organic matter and nutrients, are
transferred in the terrace fields.
• In constructing the water-harvesting tank, the bottom surface is properly rammed and
sidewalls are plastered with paddy husk to minimise the loss of water through seepage.
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EASTERN HIMALAYAS AND NORTH EAST HILLS
• Bamboo drip irrigation system is practised
mainly in the Jaintia and Khasi Hills of
Meghalaya for the last 200 years.
Bamboo Channels 16
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INDO GANGETIC PLAINS
• The Indo-Gangetic Plains is a vast enclosed basin of numerous small and large rivers,
separated by alluvial divides. It covers Rajastan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi,
western Uttar Pradesh and Bengal. Geologically, the whole region is made up of
alluvium brought down by the Himalayan rivers.
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INDO GANGETIC PLAINS
• Floodwater enters the fields through the inundation canals, carrying not only rich
silt but also fish, which swam through these canals into the lakes and tanks to
feed on the larva of mosquitoes. This helps to check malaria in this region.
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INDO GANGETIC PLAINS
Ahar-Pyne System
• This traditional floodwater harvesting system is indigenous to south Bihar. The soil
here is sandy and does not retain water. Groundwater levels are low. Rivers in this
region swell only during the monsoon, but the water is swiftly carried away or
percolates down into the sand. All these factors make floodwater harvesting the best
option here, to which this system is admirably suited.
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INDO GANGETIC PLAINS
Ahar
• An Ahar is a catchment basin embanked on three sides, the 'fourth' side being the
natural gradient of the land itself.
• Ahar beds were also used to grow a rabi (winter) crop after draining out the excess
water that remained after kharif (summer) cultivation.
• Pynes are articifial channels constructed to utilise river water in agricultural fields.
Starting out from the river, pynes meander through fields to end 20
up in an Ahar.
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EASTERN HIGHLANDS
• The Eastern Plateau extends across Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa. The uplands of Jharkhand also known as the Chotanagpur Plateau,
cover the districts of Palamau, Ranchi, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Giridih, Santhal
Parganas and Singhbhum, and extend into the Purulia, Bankura, Mednipore, districts of
West Bengal. This region slopes towards the southeast.
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EASTERN HIGHLANDS
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EASTERN HIGHLANDS
• Bundh is a four sided tank excavated below the kata from which it derives its water by
percolation. They are almost invariably used for drinking purposes only and are
properly regarded as suitable monuments of piety or charity and are invariably
consecrated or married to a god.
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CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
• The Central Highlands comprise the semi-arid uplands of eastern Rajasthan, the
Aravalli range and the uplands of the Banas-Chambal basin in Rajasthan; the Jhansi
and Mirzapur uplands of Uttar Pradesh; the eastern hilly regions of Dangs and
Panchmahal in Gujarat; northern Madhya Pradesh uplands; the Sagar, Bhopal and the
Ratlam plateaus of central Madhya Pradesh; and the Narmada region, including the
flanks of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges of southern Madhya Pradesh.
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EASTERN HIGHLANDS
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EASTERN HIGHLANDS
• Johads are small earthen check dams that capture
and conserve rainwater, improving percolation and
groundwater recharge.
• The Thar Desert covers an area of 44.6 million hectare (mha), of which 27.8 mha lie in
India and the rest in Pakistan.
• The desert is bounded by the Aravalli hills in the east, by the fertile Indus and the Nara
valleys of Pakistan and the salt marsh of the Rann of Kutch in the west, and by the
alluvial plains of Haryana and Punjab in the north.
• Area under Thar region: Western Rajasthan, part of Gujarat—whole of Kachchh and
parts of districts like Banaskantha, Patan, Surendranagar, Punjab- whole of Bhatinda
and Ferozepur districts and Haryana-- most of Hissar and parts of Mohindergarh
districts.
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THAR DESERT REGION
Baoris
• Baoris or bers are community wells, found in Rajasthan, that are used mainly for
drinking.
• Most of them are very old and were built by banjaras (mobile trading communities)
for their drinking water needs. They can hold water for a long time because of almost
negligible water evaporation. The baoris are not merely tanks, but also groundwater
recharge facilities.
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THAR DESERT REGION
Va
v
• Traditional step-wells are called vav or vavadi in Gujarat, or baolis or bavadis in
Rajasthan and northern India.
• Designed to bring the people and Gods together, these wells attempted to entice Gods
to leave their abodes for a cool drink of water - the elixir of life.
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THAR DESERT REGION
• The Western Coastal Plains stretch southward from the hot and near-arid Kathiawar
peninsula of Gujarat to the humid Malabar coast of Kerala. In the north, these plains are
bounded by the part of the Thar Desert lying in Gujarat. To the northeast, they are
bound by the Aravalli hills, Malwa Plateau, and Vindhya and Satpura ranges, and along
the eastern stretch by the western slopes of the Western Ghats all the way down from
Gujarat through Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka to Kerala.
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WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS
Virdas
• Virdas are shallow wells dug in low depressions called jheels (tanks). They are found all
over the Banni grasslands, a part of the Great Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. They are systems
built by the nomadic Maldharis, who used to roam these grasslands. Now settled, they
persist in using virdas .
• Essentially, the structures use a technology that helps the Maldharis separate potable
freshwater from unpotable salt water. After rainwater infiltrates the soil, it gets stored at a
level above the salty groundwater because of the difference in their density.
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WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS
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THE DECCAN PLATAU
• The Deccan Plateau constitutes the whole of the south Indian tableland - the elevated
region lying east of the Western Ghats. The plateau occupies large parts of Maharashtra
and Karnataka and a portion of Andhra Pradesh.
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THE DECCAN PLATAU
Phad Irrigation
• Phad irrigation is one of the traditional forms of irrigation practiced in the Khandesh
region of Maharastra.
• The system starts with a bandhara (check dam or diversion-weir) built across a rivers.
From the bandharas branch out kalvas (canals) to carry water into the fields.
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THE DECCAN PLATAU
• Charis (distributaries) are built for feeding water from the kalva to different areas of
the phad. Sarangs (field channels) carry water to individual fields. Sandams (escapes),
along with kalvas and charis , drain away excess water.
• In this way water reaches the kayam baghayat (agricultural command area), usually
divided into four phads (blocks). The size of a phad can vary from 10-200 ha, the
average being 100-125 ha.
• Every year, the village decides which phads to use and which to leave fallow. Only
one type of crop is allowed in one phad. Generally, sugarcane is grown in one or two
phads; seasonal crops are grown in the others. This ensures a healthy crop rotation
system that maintains soil fertility, and reduces the danger of waterlogging and
salinity.
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THE DECCAN PLATAU
• These are check dams or diversion weirs built
across rivers.
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SOUTH EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS
• The South Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide and long stretch of land that lies between
the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. The major rivers which pass through this
region have carved out broad valleys and deltas.
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SOUTH EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS
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SOUTH EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS
• The irregular topography of the region and the absence
of large open spaces facilitated the construction of only
small tanks unlike large ones seen in the flat districts of
the then Madras Presidency, now Tamil Nadu.
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WESTERN GHATS
• The Western Ghats constitute a narrow but long range of hills running from north to
south along the western coast of India.
• The Western Ghats extend from Gujarat to Kerala, traversing the states of
Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka.
• The ghats end as low hills in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, situated at the
southern tip of India. The eastern flanks of the Western Ghats extend into Tirunelveli,
Ramanathpuram and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu.
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SOUTH EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS
• Kasaragod district in the northern Malabar region of Kerala
is an area whose people cannot depend directly on surface
water. The terrain is such that there is high discharge in
rivers in the monsoon and low discharge in the dry months.
People here depend, therefore on groundwater, and on a
special water harvesting structure called surangam.
Surangam
• Usually several subsidiary surangams are excavated inside the main one. If the
surangam is very long, a number of vertical air shafts are provided to ensure
atmospheric pressure inside.
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CONCLUSIONS
Placing Water Sector in order is the key to Indian prosperity – all other corrections
would follow
Without addressing the entire agriculturable land, potential of land resources could
not be fully utilized and water sector can not be said to be in order
For India to make progress, address the basic issues of ignorant masses who do
not have access to safe drinking water, sanitation, food, education, home, etc. as
by ignoring the so-called ignorant, India has become and remained slave for
centuries and even today is not free in true sense
India preaches the values which include veneration of resources rather than
viewing them as a subject to consumption - if education system is made founded
on these values, modern society would become sensitive to environment and hence
would automatically opt for sustainable ways of development – for the world to be
better, the mankind must understand the significance of honoring the nature and its
gift in the form of five basic elements – earth, water, space, light and fire
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THANKS TO ALL
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