EDAD 202/ FVE 202

Statistics in Education

Slides Prepared by:

Ronel A. Baluntang

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What is STATISTICS?
 In plural sense, it can mean the data
itself or some numerical computations
derived from the data set.
What is STATISTICS?
In singular sense, it is a scientific body of
knowledge that deals with the collection,
organization or presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
Basic Steps in Research
1. Collection
2. Organization/Presentation
3. Analysis
4. Interpretation of data
History of Statistics
 German, “Statistik” and Latin, “Status”,
which means state
 Developed from government records
 In Egypt, government prepared
registration list of all heads of the
families.
 In ancient Judea and Rome, used in
census of the population
History of Statistics
 In middle ages, taxes, military service
and custom duties were also recorded
 Die Tabellen Statistik, statistical
handbook published in 16th century
 In modern times, it used draw
inferences about the population
Major Areas of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
Deals largely with summary calculations,
graphical and tabular displays and
describing important features of a set of
data.

2. Inferential Statistics (Inductive)

Concerned with making generalizations for
a bigger group of observations based on
information gathered from a small group of
observations.
Descriptive or Inferential?
1. The average age of the students in your
math class is 15 years.
2. The enrollment of the third year high
school this year shows 54% are male.
3. Teaching Trigonometry through computer
method is more effective than teaching it
through lecture method.
4. By 2040 at least 3.5 billion people will run
short of water (World Future Society).
Terminologies to Remember
Population is the Sample is a part or a
collection of all portion of the
elements in a study. population selected
for study.
Terminologies to Remember
 Parameter is any numerical or nominal
characteristic of a population. It is the value
obtained from a population.

 Statistic is an estimate of the parameter. It

is any value or measurement obtained from
a sample.
Parameter or Statistic?
1. A sample of students is selected, and the
average age is 15.7 years.
2. After checking the computer records for
every commercial movie made last year, the
longest running time was found to be 187
minutes.
3. Among the mayors who were surveyed, 30
of them were found to be members of the
National Party.
Terminologies to Remember
 Census is the collection of data from every
element in a population.

 Unit is an individual object or person in the

population.

 N denotes the size of the population.

 n denotes the size of the sample.

Terminologies to Remember
 Variable is a characteristic or property of a
population or sample which makes the
members different from each other.
◦ Examples:
Gender, Age, Eye color, Religion
 Data (datum) are facts, or sets of
information or observations under study.
◦ Examples:
Gender – Male,Age – 28 years old
Terminologies to Remember
 Independent Variable is one which
affects or influences the dependent
variable.

 Dependent Variable is a variable

which is affected or influenced by
another variable.
Terminologies to Remember
 An intervening variable is an attribute or
characteristic that “stands between” the
independent and dependent variables and
exercises an influence on the dependent
variable apart from the independent variable.
Terminologies to Remember

 What outcomes in my study am I trying

to explain? (the dependent variables)

 Whatvariables or factors influence the

outcomes? (the independent variables)
Terminologies to Remember
 What variables do I need to also measure
so that I can make sure that my major
factors influence outcomes and not other
factors? (the control variables and the
mediating variables)
 What variables might influence the
outcomes but cannot or will not be
measured? (the confounding variables)
Terminologies to Remember
Types of Data (Variable)

 Qualitative data are data which can

assume values that manifest the concept or
attributes.

 Quantitative data are data which are

numerical in nature. These are data obtained
through counting and measuring.
Qualitative or Quantitative?
1.The telephone numbers in a directory.
2. Daily temperatures in June.
3. Percentage scores of a class in an
exam.
4. Religious affiliation.
5. Player numbers in baseball team.
6. Unit of cellphone.
Terminologies to Remember
Types of Quantitative Data (Variable)

 Discrete data is one that can assume a

finite number of values. Values are obtained
through the process of counting.

 Continuous data is one that can assume

infinite values within a specified interval. The
values are obtained through measuring.
Discrete or Continuous?
1. A statistic teacher counts 3 students
are absent.
2. The weight of newborn babies at a local
hospital.
3. A science teacher found out that on
the first, the first paper was submitted
in 39.627 minutes after the test
started.
 Kinds of Measurement Scale
Scale Summary
Nominal Categories only. Data can’t be arranged in an
ordering scheme.
Ordinal Categories are ordered, but differences can’t
be determined or they are meaningless.
Interval Differences between values are meaningful, but
there is no natural starting point. Ratios are
meaningless.
Ratio Like interval scale, but there is a natural zero
starting point. Ratios are meaningful.
Kinds of Measurement Scale
Scale Examples
Nominal Telephone Numbers, Blood Type,
Name of Students
Ordinal Military ranks, Letter Grades, Sizes
of Shirts
Interval Temperature, Time, Year, Individual’s
standing relation to class average
Ratio Weights, Heights, Distance travelled
Determine the measurement scale
1. Religion classification
2. Rank in the family
3. Gender
4. Scores in the Statistics Quiz
5. Monthly telephone bills
6. Racial Origin
7. Family Income
8. Year level
Sampling Techniques
 To obtain samples that are unbiased,
statisticians use methods of sampling.

1. Simple Random Sampling

Random samples are selected by using
chance methods. It is a strategy for
selecting study participants in which
each and every person has an equal and
independent chance of being selected.
Sampling Techniques
2. Systematic Sampling
Samples are obtained by numbering each value
in the population and then selecting the kth value.

3. Stratified Sampling
Samples are selected by dividing the population
into groups (strata) according to some
characteristic and then taking samples from each
group.
Sampling Techniques
4. Proportionate Sampling
◦ Is a variation of stratified random sampling.
Use this technique when our subgroups vary
dramatically in size in our population
5. Cluster Sampling
◦ Samples are selected by dividing the
population into groups and then taking
samples of the groups.
6. Multistage Sampling
◦ Most sophisticated sampling strategy and it
is often used in large epidemiological
studies.
Sampling Techniques
Sampling Techniques
Sampling Techniques
Nonprobability Sampling
 Are used when it is practically impossible
to use probability sampling strategies.
 This typically occurs because of time and
expense constraints and the lack of an
adequate sampling frame.
 Is also used when the frequency of the
behavior or characteristic of interest is so
low in the population that a more targeted
strategy is needed to find sufficient
numbers of participants for the research
Nonprobability Sampling

Purposive Sampling/Judgment Sampling

 Targets a particular group of people.
 Selects particular elements from the
population that are representative or may
provide information about a certain topic

Convenience Sampling
 Researcher decides on the respondents of the
study on the basis of convenience.
Nonprobability Sampling

Snowball Sampling/Network Sampling

 Samples are taken thru referrals

Quota Sampling
 Like stratified sampling but without
randomization.
Importance of Statistics
Students study statistics for several reasons:
1. Like professional people, you must be able
to read and understand the various
statistical studies performed in your fields.
2. You may be called on to conduct research
in your field, since statistical procedures are
basic to research.
3. You can also use the knowledge gained
from studying statistics to become better
consumers and citizens.
Importance of Statistics
Students study statistics for several reasons:
1. Like professional people, you must be able
to read and understand the various
statistical studies performed in your fields.
2. You may be called on to conduct research
in your field, since statistical procedures are
basic to research.
3. You can also use the knowledge gained
from studying statistics to become better
consumers and citizens.