Gastric secretion

 The glands of the stomach typically secrete ~2 L/day of a fluid that is

approximately isotonic with blood plasma.
 Consequence of the heterogeneity of gastric mucosal function, early
investigators recognized that gastric secretion consists of two distinct
components:
1. Parietal cell- stimulated component that represents secretion that is
rich in H+
2. Non-parietal has Na+ -rich basal secretion
 This model helps to explain the inverse relationship between the luminal
concentrations of H+ and Na+ as a function of the rate of gastric secretion
 At high rates of gastric secretion—for example, when gastrin or histamine
stimulates parietal cells—intraluminal [H+ ] is high, whereas intraluminal
[Na+ ] is relatively low.
 At low rates of secretion or in clinical situations in which maximal acid
secretion is reduced (e.g., pernicious anemia) intraluminal [H+ ] is low but
intraluminal [Na+ ] is high.
 The proximal portion of the stomach secretes acid, pepsinogens, intrinsic
factor, bicarbonate
 the distal part releases gastrin and somatostatin
 The body of the stomach contains oxyntic glands that empty their secretory
products, via ducts, into the lumen of the stomach
 The openings of the ducts on the gastric mucosa are called pits, which are
lined with epithelial cells.
 Deeper in the gland are mucous neck cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells, and chief
(peptic) cells.
 The parietal cells have two secretory products, HCl and intrinsic factor.
 The chief cells secrete pepsinogen.
 The antrum of the stomach contains the pyloric glands
 The pyloric glands contain two cell types: the mucous cells and the
endocrine cells include the so-called G cells and D cells
 The G cells secrete gastrin, not into the pyloric ducts but into the circulation.
 D cells secrete somatostatin
 The mucous neck cells secrete mucus, HCO3 and pepsinogen.
 Mucus and HCO3 have a protective, neutralizing effect on the gastric mucosa.
 An H-K pump is responsible for gastric acid secretion by parietal cells
 acetylcholine (ACh), gastrin, and histamine bind directly to membrane
receptors on the parietal cell and stimulate and potentiate acid secretion.
 ACh is released from endings of the vagus nerve
 Gastrin is released by both antral and duodenal G cell
 These G cells release gastrin in response to luminal peptides and amino acids,
as well as in response to gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) that is released by
vagal nerve endings
 Gastrin release is inhibited by somatostatin,
 Somatostatin is also made by the δ cells of the pancreatic islets and by
neurons in the hypothalamus
 Histamine is synthesized from histidine
 histamine is released by entero chromaffin-like cells in the corpus
 ACh and gastrin indirectly induce acid secretion as a result of their
stimulation of histamine release from ECL cells in the lamina propria
