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Anchorage Zone Reinforcement of Prestressed Elements - Finite Element

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Chapter · January 2011

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 SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

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12th – 13th September 2011

Austria Trend Hotel Bratislava
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Proceedings of Workshop
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2011

SECOND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

AND BRIDGES USING EUROCODES

Proceedings of Workshop

12th – 13th September 2011, Bratislava, Slovakia

Department of Concrete Structures and Bridges

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
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 SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
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CONTENT

Improvements of the Strut-and-Tie Method in EN 1992-1-1

Tony E. Jones 9
Development of Concrete Structures Design – Eurocode 2
Jaroslav Procházka 15
Session 1 - Background, Future and Proposal of Major Changes:
Necessary Amendments to the Rules for Punching Design according to EN 1992-1-1
Jürgen Feix - Frank Häusler - Rupert Walkner 21
A Probabilistic Approach to the Environmental Evaluation of Concrete Structures
Petr ŠtČpánek – Ivana Laníková – Petr ŠimĤnek 29
Reliability Basis of Partial Factors for Concrete Structures
Milan Holicky 37
Strut and Tie Models – Some Notes on Compression Fields and Extended Models for Corbels
Frank Fingerloos 45
Load Bearing Capacity of Unreinforced Walls
Bo Westerberg 53
Concrete Shear Joints – Suggestion for Optimised Design of Concrete to Concrete Bond
Peter Lenz - Konrad Zilch 61
Need for Adjustment of EN 1992 Shear Design for Existing Prestressed Concrete Members
Daniel Dunkelberg - Konrad Zilch 65
The Influence of Concrete Composition on the Time-Development of Shrinkage
Ján Jerga 73
Session 2 - Eurocodes vs. National Standards and National Annexes:
Implementation, Harmonization and Further Development of the Eurocodes – a Case
Study on Eurocode 2
Artur V. Pinto - Adamantia Athanasopoulou - Martin Poljanšek - Bora Acun 83
Interaction Charts Based on Gross and Net Section
Klaus Holschemacher - Torsten Mueller - F. Lobisch 91
Traffic Load on Bridges
Josef Viþan - Peter Koteš - Marián Sýkora 101
The Use of Eurocode 2 for the Construction of Buildings and Bridges in Austria
Walter Potucek 109
Selected Problems Connected with the Application of Eurocode EN 1991-1-3 to the
Structural Design and Reliability Assessment
Vít KĜivý - Pavlína Mateþková 113
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New Code for Verification of Concrete Structures of Existing Panel Buildings

Ivan Harvan 117
Session 3 - Design according to EC2:
Punching Research at Universidade Nova de Lisboa
António Ramos - Válter Lúcio - Duarte Faria - Micael Inácio 125
Biaxial Bending of Slender Columns
Ludovit Fillo - Vladimir Benko 135
Ultimate Resistance of RC Cross-Section Subjected to the Compression Force
Vladimir Benko - Ludovit Fillo 141
Experience with Eurocode 2 and Innovative Building Products
Jan BujĖák - Taru Leinonen 147
Design Methods of Reinforced Concrete Columns, the General Nonlinear Design Method
Zoltán Bocskai - László Polgár 155
Questions about Existing Reinforced Concrete Structures Assessment
Radim ýajka - Kamil Burkoviþ - Pavlína Mateþková - Marie Stará 163
Flat Slabs - Moments Distribution and Design of Reinforcement
Andrej Bartók 169
Experiences with Fire Design of Concrete Structures according to EN 1992-1-2
Radek Štefan - Michal Beneš - Jaroslav Procházka - Josef Sura 173
Automatic Generation of Reinforcement Layout of Structural Concrete
Karel Semrád - Radek Štefan 181
Anchorage Zone Reinforcement of Prestressed Elements – Finite Element Method Analysis
Agnieszka Golubinska - Michaá Knauff - Piotr Knyziak 189
Continues Composite Concrete Girder
Viktor Borzoviþ - Daniel KóĖa – Jaroslav Halvonik 197
Session 4 - Experiences with Bridges Design:
Nonlinear Analysis of a Skew Concrete Slab Bridge in Eastern Austria
Michael Wirnsberger - Norbert Randl - Heinz Wimmer 205
Design of Extradosed Structures according to EN1992
Roman ŠafáĜ - Lenka Mayerová - Milan PetĜtN-DQ0XåtN 213
Design of a Concrete Bridge without Reinforcing Steel using Eurocode 2
Johannes Berger - Sebastian Zoran Bruschetini-Ambro - Johann Kollegger 221
Some Experiences of the New Precast Bridge Girder Design using Eurocodes
Martin Moravcik 227
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Verification of Prestressed Bridges for Brittle Failure Avoidance

Jaroslav Halvoník - Juraj Dolnák 233
Bridge Progressively Cast Span-by-Span using Stationary or Movable Scaffolding
Radim Necas - Jan Kolacek - Jiri Strasky 243
Experimental Study of Temperature Load of Concrete Slab Bridge
Anssi Laaksonen 251
Bridge Approach Slabs Design for Motorway and Highway in Slovakia according to EN1992-2
Viktor Borzoviþ - Ján Laco 259
Bow-String Arch Bridge with Network System of Hangers
Pavel Jursík - Roman ŠafáĜ 267
Research on the Slab-Column Structure, Reinforced with EPSTAL High Ductility
Steel, in a Failure Stage
R. JasiĔski - R. Kupczyk - M. Wieczorek - M. Lisowska - H. Popko 275
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
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(1(1
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 SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
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2011
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KEYNOTES

Chairmen and Reviewers:

Dr. Tony E. Jones
Prof. Ludovit Fillo
 SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
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ANCHORAGE ZONE REINFORCEMENT OF

PRESTRESSED ELEMENTS - FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
ANALYSIS
A. Golubinska1, M. Knauff2, P. Knyziak3

Abstract
In the paper authors analyze anchorage zones in the simply supported prestressed
beams in order to find the most sufficient tensile reinforcement. Using Struts and Ties (ST)
and Finite Element Method (FEM) models of pre-tensioned and post-tensioned beams
authors examine how the arrangement of tendons in the cross section influence the value of
tearing force in the anchorage zones. Two dimensional and three dimensional models are
performed and results from different computer programs (Autodesk Robot Structural
Analysis Professional 2011 and ABAQUS) are compared. Practical hints for designers are
pointed.

Keywords: Pre-tensioned and post-tensioned reinforced concrete elements, anchorage

zone, Finite Element Method

1 Introduction
In paper [3] authors presented theory concerning shear and transfer of prestress force
in anchorage zones of the pre-tensioned RC beams. The rules used so far in Poland and
rules given in Eurocode were presented and compared. Authors proposed to divide length
of the beam into three zones: A (anchorage), U (uncracked) and C (cracked). Calculations
of transmission length and anchorage length of pre-tensioned tendons were presented.
In this paper authors focus on the anchorage zones (zone A in [3]) of pre-tensioned
and post-tensioned beams and examine stresses (compression in concrete and tension in
stirrups) and tearing forces near the face of the beams. The aim is to find some simple rules
for designers, which could help engineers to decide how to arrange tendons in order to
receive good result (e.g. to avoid big or unexpected tearing force) and how to calculate (in
an easy way) the stirrups in the anchorage zone.
First authors explain, how to build (step by step) the Finite Element Method model of
2D Plane Stress Structure. Later results of several simulations are presented and analyzed,
finally some practical hints are given.

1
Eng. PhD., Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland, a.golubinska@il.pw.edu.pl
2
Prof. Eng. PhD., Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland, m.knauff @il.pw.edu.pl
3
Eng. PhD., Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland, p.knyziak@il.pw.edu.pl

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2 The Strut-and-Tie model of prestressed beam

The Strut-and-Tie (ST) model provides a rational solution by presenting a complex
structural member with an appropriate simplified truss models. One of the basic
advantages of this approach is that it is unified and considers simultaneously all internal
forces (M, N, V, T).
There are many rules, tips and techniques for prepare appropriate model. There are
more than one ST model suitable for most structural elements. ST method requires the
good understanding of the problem and sometimes the iterative process may be necessary
to find the well matching model.
In classical methodology real structural member is transformed to truss models
consisted of two type regions-members (B - based on Bernoulli Hypothesis, D - based on
St. Venant’s Principle) and some types of available nodes. Compression parts of members
are modelled as concrete struts; reinforcement represent tension members (ties) – tie or
stirrup; connections are represented by the various types of concrete nodes. The prepared
model assumed requires the comparison with results of experimental tests, especially with
regard to on the cracking pattern.
In [1] ST model is suggested only for post-tension elements. There are no rules for
pre-tensioned elements.

190
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Fig. 1 Stress trajectories and strut and tie model

3 Analysis
Authors examined the set of real cross sections, used in the elements produced in
Poland for years. Nine different rectangular cross section (9 for pre-tensioned and 9 for
post-tensioned beams) and 64 different double-T cross section beams were analyzed.
Rectangular cross sections were of width 240-590mm and height 400-700mm with strands
1/2” and 3/8” (fpk =1860MPa). Double-T cross section beams were of height 440-900mm,
with web width 80mm, flanges width 200-340mm and 2I2,5mm, 7I2,5mm and 7I5mm
strands (fpk =1900MPa). Concrete class assumed in the analysis was C50/60 (for all
elements).

3.1 FEM model

In order to find a solution, means how many stirrups are needed and how close to the
face of the beam they should be placed, the simple 2D Plane Stress model was assumed. It
is explained on the example of double-T cross section shown on the Fig. 2. On the left
hand side of the drawing there is a the real cross section with tendons. On the right hand
side simplified model taken for calculation is shown. Input data: strength of the concrete at
the moment of release of the tendons (it influences only on the transmission length) and
value of the prestressed force at the moment of release, means after immediate losses. It
was assumed, that at the moment of release fctm(t) is equal 75% of the its final strength, so
for class C50/60 fctm(t) = 75%×fctm = 0,75×4,1 = 3,1 MPa. Maximum stress level in
prestressed steel is 0,8×fpk, so P0 = Ap× 0,8 × fpk. In this example Ap = 34,36 mm2, fpk =
1900MPa, so for one tendon we receive P0 = 34,36×0,8×1900 = 52,2kN. Another
assumption is that Pm0 (value of the prestressed force after immediate losses) is equal
Pm0 = 0,95×P0 = 0,95×52,2 = 49,6kN. According to [1] force taken for calculations of
anchorage zones is equal Panchor = 1,2×Pm0 = 1,2×49,6 = 59,5kN (for one tendons; for 28
wires we receive 28×59,5 = 1667 kN).

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Fig. 2 Example of the analyzed cross section

Anchorage length depends on: way of release (for sudden release Į1 = 1,25; for
gradual release Į1 = 1,00), types of tendons (for 3- and 7-wires strands Į2 = 0,19; for
tendons with circular cross section Į2 = 0,25), nominal diameter of tendon (for 7I2,5mm
I=7,5mm), level of stress in tendons just after release – according to [1] maximum value is
Vmp0 = 0,8×fpk and bond stress fbpt. Bond stress depends on: types of tendons (for 3- and 7-
wires strands Kp1 = 3,2; for indented wires Kp1 = 2,7) and bond conditions (K1 = 1,0 for
good bond conditions; K1 = 0,7 for poor bond conditions). The design value of tensile
value of strength at the time of release is received from formulae below:
0,7 ˜ D ct ˜ f ctm (t )
0,7 ˜ 1 ˜ 3,1
Jc
f ctd (t ) 1,4 MPa
1,5

f bpt K p1 ˜ K1 ˜ f ctd (t ) 3,2 ˜ 0,7 ˜ 1,4 3,2 MPa

for top tendons (poor bond conditions)

V mp 0 0,8 ˜ 1900
l pt D1 ˜ D 2 ˜ I ˜ 1,00 ˜ 0,19 ˜ 7,5 ˜ 640mm o l pt 600 mm
f bpt 3,2

f bpt K p1 ˜ K1 ˜ f ctd (t ) 3,2 ˜ 1,0 ˜ 1,4 4,6MPa

for bottom tendons (good bond conditions)

V mp 0 0,8 ˜ 1900
l pt D1 ˜ D 2 ˜ I ˜ 1,00 ˜ 0,19 ˜ 7,5 ˜ 448mm o l pt 400mm
f bpt 4,6

As mentioned before, in the model used for 2D Plane Stress Analysis thicknesses
were equal: width of the flange (240mm) and width of the web (80mm). Length of the
model should be not less than three times of the height of the beam, but one needs to take
under consideration the anchorage length of tendons (for example short beam with thick

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perpendicular to longitudinal axis of the element. In our case this direction is y, stresses Vy.
tendons at the top). This length is needed to receive the nearly zero stresses in direction

Dimension of FEM elements need to fit the distance between tendons in the
anchorage zone at the distance of anchorage length. Outside this zone FEM elements can
be about 50×50mm.
In order to model the increment of the force along anchorage length (for pre-
tensioned elements) this length was divided in about 50 mm segments. The appropriate
value of the force was placed at each point. For example for top tendons 600mm/5mm = 13
points (nodes) with force 119,1/13 = 9,16kN; for bottom tendons 400mm/50mm = 9 nodes
with force 119,1/9 = 13,23kN were assumed. Example of the model is shown on the Fig. 3
For post-tensioned elements the whole value of the force (in each group of tendons)
is applied in one node at the end of the beam.

Fig. 3 2D FEM model

3.2 Examples of results

Additionally in Fig. 4 (top) the cross section of Vy stress along the length of the beam is
The results of the calculations are usually presented as the maps of stresses.

shown. It can be seen that suggested length of the beam in the model is proper.
The area of the diagram of tensile stresses in the Fig. 4 (bottom) is proportional to the
tearing force. One should find the horizontal line for which this area is the largest. Finally
the maximum tearing force is equal to the product of this area and the web thickness.

193
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On the drawing: h = 370mm, x = 200mm, F = 0,67×80 = 53,6kN which means, that

the tearing force is equal 3,22% of the Panchor = 1667kN.

Fig. 4 Stresses in the anchorage zone of the prestressed beam

In previous paragraph it was explained step by step how to obtain a simple but
sufficient model for analyze. Authors examined also 3D models and compared results from
ARSA Pro 2011 and from ABAQUS. Results were identical, so finally authors focused on
the simplest model – 2D model and the most used and available software (i.e. ARSA Pro
2011).
Some results are presented below. Fig. 5 shows the comparison, how amount of
tendons influence the value of tearing force. It can be observed, that the less tendons are in
the cross section (horizontal axis of the diagram), the greatest is the relative percentage of
the tearing force (relative tearing force equals the tearing force divided by the prestressing
force Panchor) - vertical axis of the diagram.

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Fig. 5 Relationship “relative tearing force - the amount of tendons” - double T beams
with 2I2,5mm tendons (left) and with 7I2,5mm tendons (right)

The influence of the tendons arrangement is presented in Fig. 6

Fig. 6 Influence of the situation of groups of tendons on the tensile stress at the face of the
beam

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In the table below extreme values of the relative tearing forces are gathered.

Tab. 1 Relative tearing force (tearing force divided by the prestressing force P anchor or Fpk)
Height of the 2-T beam/rectangular 440 500 650 800 900 Rectangular
post-tensioned pre-tensioned

% Fpk min 0,9% 0,9% 2,7% 2,9% 5,5% 3,1% 0,9%

max 10,7% 4,0% 9,3% 10,5% 10,7% 8,7% 5,1%
% Panchor min 0,9% 1,0% 2,9% 3,2% 6,1% 3,4% 0,9%
max 11,7% 4,4% 10,3% 11,6% 11,7% 9,5% 5,6%
% Fpk min 2,1% 2,1% 4,0% 3,8% 5,9% 3,4% 4,0%
max 11,0% 6,0% 10,2% 11,0% 11,0% 9,7% 9,4%
% Panchor min 2,3% 2,3% 4,4% 4,2% 6,5% 3,7% 4,3%
max 12,1% 6,5% 11,2% 12,1% 12,0% 10,6% 10,3%

4 Conclusions
The relative tearing force varies from 1% to 12% of the anchorage force Panchor for
pre-stressed elements (1-11% of Fpk) and from 2% to 11% for post-tensioned elements
(2-12% of Fpk). Authors never receive more than the level of 20% of the force Fpk, which is
suggested in [2] (in cases when exact calculation were not performed).
The relative tearing force increases for elements with small amount of tendons and
decreases when element is equipped with a lot of tendons. This tendency was presented on
diagrams.
As it is well known, designers should avoid arranging tendons in separated groups,
because the level of stresses increases very much between the separated groups of tendons.

References
[1] PN-EN 1992-1-1: 2004 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings
[2] PN-B-03264: 2002: Konstrukcje betonowe, Īelbetowe i sprĊĪone – Obliczenia
statyczne i projektowanie
[3] KNAUFF, M. – GOLUBINSKA, A. – KNYZIAK, P.: Shear resistance and
anchorage zone in pre-tensioned beams according to Eurocode 2. Design of concrete
structures using EN-1992-1-1, Conference Prague 16-17.09.2010

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