Pumps

 Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps

 Positive-Displacement pumps
 Group introduction
Abid Hussain
PG-M10-20
M. Yaqoob
CE-M10-32
Abdul Sattar
PG-M10-13
Adnan Ali
CE-M10-40
Table of Contents:
• Introduction
• Types
• Positive displacement Pumps
• Reciprocating/Rotary
• Construction & Working
• Selection
• Pumps terminologies
• Power & Efficiency
• Operational Problems
• Limitations
Introduction:
• Pump is used to transform mechanical work
into fluid energy.
• It is a mechanical device which is used to:

i. Move liquids from lower elevation to higher elevation

ii. Move liquids from lower pressure areas to areas of higher pressure

iii. Increase the flow rate of a liquid

Types:
• Dynamic • Positive-displacement
(Centrifugal Pumps) a) Reciprocating:
(piston, plunger and diaphragm)
b) Rotary:
(gear, lobe, screw, vane)
Centrifugal Pump
• The centrifugal pump is the
most used pump type in the
world. The principle is
simple, well-described and
thoroughly tested, and the
pump is robust, effective
and relatively inexpensive to
produce. There is a wide
range of variations based on
the principle of the
centrifugal pump and
consisting of the same basic
hydraulic parts.
Types of P.D Pumps
(Reciprocating)
• Plunger pumps -
a reciprocating
plunger pushes
the fluid through
one or two open
valves, closed by
suction on the
way back.
Diaphragm Pump
• Diaphragm pumps
• similar to plunger pumps,
where the plunger
pressurizes hydraulic oil
which is used to flex a
diaphragm in the pumping
cylinder.
• Diaphragm valves are used
to pump hazardous and
toxic fluids.
Piston Pump
• Piston
• Displacement pumps
• usually simple
devices for pumping
small amounts of
liquid or gel
manually.
• The common hand
soap dispenser is
such a pump.
 Rotary Pumps
Gear pump
• This is the simplest of rotary
positive displacement pumps
• It consists of two meshed gears
that rotate in a closely fitted
casing
• The tooth spaces trap fluid and
force it around the outer
periphery
• The fluid does not travel back on
the meshed part, because the
teeth mesh closely in the center
• Gear pumps see wide use in car
engine oil pumps and in
various hydraulic power packs
Screw Pump
• The screws are mounted on
parallel shafts
• That have gears that mesh
so the shafts turn together
and everything stays in place.
• One screw turns clockwise
and the other
counterclockwise.
• The screws turn on the shafts
and drive fluid through the
pump.
Lobe Pump
• This lobe pump displaces the
liquid trapped between two long
helical rotors
• Each fitted into the other when
perpendicular at 90°, rotating
inside a triangular shaped sealing
line configuration
• This design produces a continuous
flow with equal volume and no
vortex
• It can work at low pulsation rates,
and offers gentle performance
that some applications require
Vane pump
• A rotary vane pump is a positive-
displacement pump that consists of
vanes mounted to a rotor that
rotates inside of a cavity.
• In some cases these vanes can be
variable length and/or tensioned to
maintain contact with the walls as
the pump rotates.
Working Principle:
Centrifugal Pumps
• Liquid is forced into an impeller either by
atmospheric pressure
• In case of a jet pump by artificial pressure
• The vanes of impeller pass kinetic energy
to the liquid, thereby causing the liquid to
rotate
• The liquid leaves the impeller at high
velocity
• The impeller is surrounded by a volute
casing or in case of a turbine pump a
stationary diffuser ring
• The volute or stationary diffuser ring
converts the kinetic energy into pressure
energy
Positive-Displacement Pumps
• liquid is taken from one end and positively
discharged at the other end for every
revolution
• P.D pumps are widely used for pumping
fluids other than water, mostly viscous
fluids
• a fixed quantity of liquid is pumped after
each revolution
• If the delivery pipe is blocked, the
pressure rises to a very high value, which
can damage the pump
Construction of Centrifugal Pumps
A. Packing
B. Stuffing Box
C. Shaft
D. Shaft Sleeve
E. Vane
F. Casing
G. Eye of Impeller
H. Impeller
I. Casing Wear Ring
K. Discharge Nozzle
Construction of P.D Pumps
A. Compact cast-iron power frame
B. Taper roller bearings
C. Spur timing gears
D. Heavy-duty duplex stainless steel shaft
E. Oil lubrication of bearings and timing gears
F. Timing gears and shaft assemblies
G. rotor-face and back-face clearance
 Selection Criteria:
Centrifugal Pumps
• Flow Rate and Pressure Head
• has varying flow depending on the system
pressure or head
• Capacity and Viscosity
• The flow is reduced when the viscosity is
increased
• Inefficient at even modest viscosity
• Mechanical Efficiency
• Changing the system pressure or head has
a dramatic effect on the flow rate
• Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH
• function of flow determined by pressure
Positive-Displacement Pumps
• Flow Rate and Pressure Head
• has more or less a constant flow
regardless of the system pressure or head
• Generally gives more pressure than
Centrifugal Pump's
• Capacity and Viscosity
• The flow is increased when viscosity is
increased
• higher volumetric efficiency and a P.D
Pump is better suited for high viscosity
applications
• Mechanical Efficiency
• Changing the system pressure or head has
little or no effect on the flow rate
• Net Positive Suction Head – NPSH
• function of flow determined by speed
Pump Head
• Head is the height of liquid
• The static head corresponding to any specific
pressure is dependent upon the weight of the liquid
according to the following formula

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑋 2.31

Head in feet =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
Suction lift
• Suction Lift Atmospheric pressure

It exists when the source of

supply is below the center line
of the pump.

• Static Suction Lift

It is the vertical distance in feet
from the centerline of the pump
to the free level of the liquid to
be pumped.
Suction Head

• Suction head
It exists when the source of supply is
above the centerline of the pump.

• Static suction head

It is the vertical distance in feet A
from the centerline of the pump
to the free level of the liquid to
be pumped
Discharge Head
• Static discharge head
It is the vertical distance in feet between
the pump centerline and the point of
free discharge or the surface of the liquid
in the discharge tank.
• Total static head
It is the vertical distance in feet between
the free level of the source of supply and
the point of free discharge or the free
surface of the discharge liquid.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
NPSH Available:
Absolute pressure at the pump suction, changed into head minus the vapour
pressure of the liquid being pumped, changed to head.
NPSH Required:

Minimum head needed at the suction to get the liquid into the impeller without
vaporizing
NPSHa must always be greater than

Absolute pressure at Pump suction − Vapor pressure at pump temp

NPSH =
Specific Gravity x 0.433
How to increase NPSH?

• Raise the suction tank (or level in the tank).

• Lower the pump.

• Increase the pressure in the suction tank.

• Cool the liquid to reduce vapor pressure.

• Modify the suction piping. - Increase pipe diameter -

• reduce the length - change fittings - modify valve type - reduce

number.
Power & Efficiency

• Brake horsepower (bhp)

• Actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft
• Hydraulic horsepower (whp)
• The liquid horsepower delivered by the pump
Operational Problems
• Cavitation:
• A reduction in pump capacity
• A reduction in the head of the pump
• The formation of bubbles in a low pressure area of the pump
• A noise that can be heard when the pump is running
• Damaged that can be seen on the pump impeller and volute
• cavitation is an abnormal condition that can
result in loss of production, equipment
damage and worst of all, personnel injury
Limitations
Centrifugal Positive-Displacement
• Single stage will not develop • dynamic problems with
high pressure check valves when
applicable
• Low efficiency
• higher maintenance costs
• Priming
• construction is in general
• NRV more complex
• Can not handle viscous • need for safety relieve valve
liquid efficiently to protect the piping
• Poor sucking power against exceeding the
design pressure of the
system