Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Zircon
John M. Hanchar & Paul W.O. Hoskin, editors
(revised 08/18/2004)

In the two decades since "Orthosilicates" (Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 5), much has been learned about
the internal textures, trace-element and isotope geochemistry (both radiogenic and stable) and chemical
and mechanical stability of zircon. The application of this knowledge and the use of zircon in geologic
studies have become widespread. Today, the study of zircon exists as the pseudo-discipline of
"zirconology" that involves materials scientists and geoscientists from across a range of sub-disciplines
including stable and radiogenic isotopes, sedimentology, petrology, trace elements and experimental
mineralogy. Zirconology has become an important field of research, so much so that coverage of the
mineral zircon in a review volume that included zircon as one of many accessory minerals would not
meet the needs or interests of the zirconology community in terms of depth or breadth of coverage.

The sixteen chapters in this volume cover the most important aspects of zircon-related research over the
past twenty-years and highlight possible future research avenues. Finch and Hanchar (Chapter 1) review
the structure of zircon and other mineral (and synthetic) phases with the zircon structure. In most rock
types where zircon occurs it is a significant host of the rare-earth elements, Th and U. The abundances of
these elements and the form of chondrite-normalized rare-earth element patterns may provide significant
information on the processes that generate igneous and metamorphic rocks. The minor and trace element
compositions of igneous, metamorphic and hydrothermal zircons are reviewed by Hoskin and
Schaltegger in Chapter 2. The investigation of melt inclusions in zircon is an exciting line of new
research. Trapped melt inclusions can provide direct information of the trace element and isotopic
composition of the melt from which the crystal formed as a function of time throughout the growth of the
crystal. Thomas et al. (Chapter 3) review the study of melt inclusions in zircon. Hanchar and Watson
(Chapter 4) review experimental and natural studies of zircon saturation and the use of zircon saturation
thermometry for natural rocks. Cation diffusion and oxygen diffusion in zircon is discussed by Cherniak
and Watson (Chapter 5). Diffusion studies are essential for providing constraints on the quality of trace
element and isotope data and for providing estimates of temperature exposure in geological
environments.

Zircon remains the most widely utilized accessory mineral for U-Th-Pb isotope geochronology.
Significant instrumental and analytical developments over the past thirty years mean that zircon has an
essential role in early Achaean studies, magma genesis, and astrobiology. Four chapters are devoted to
different aspects of zircon geochronology. The first of these four, Chapter 6 by Davis et al., reviews the
historical development of zircon geochronology from the mid-1950s to the present; the following three
chapters focus on particular techniques for zircon geochronology, namely ID-TIMS (Parrish and Noble,
Chapter 7), SIMS (Ireland and Williams, Chapter 8) and ICP-MS (Kosler and Sylvester, Chapter 9). The
application of zircon chronology in constraining sediment provenance and the calibration of the geologic
time-scale are reviewed by Fedo et al. (Chapter 10) and Bowring and Schmitz (Chapter 11), respectively.

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Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Other isotopic systematics are reviewed for zircon by Kinny and Maas (Chapter 12), who discuss the
application of Nd-Sm and Lu-Hf isotopes in zircon to petrogenetic studies, and by Valley (Chapter 13),
who discusses the importance of oxygen isotopic studies in traditional and emerging fields of geologic
study.

As a host of U and Th, zircon is subject to radiation damage. Radiation damage is likely responsible for
isotopic disturbance and promotes mechanical instability. There is increasing interest in both the effect
of radiation damage on the zircon crystal structure and mechanisms of damage and recrystallization, as
well as the structure of the damaged phase. These studies contribute to an overall understanding of how
zircon may behave as a waste-form for safe disposal of radioactive waste and are discussed by Ewing et
al. (Chapter 14). The spectroscopy of zircon, both crystalline and metamict is reviewed by Nadsala et al.
(Chapter 15).

The final chapter, by Corfu et al. (Chapter 16), is an atlas of internal textures of zircon. The imaging of
internal textures in zircon is essential for directing the acquisition of geochemical data and to the
integrity of conclusions reached once data has been collected and interpreted. This chapter—for the first
time—brings into one place textural images that represent common and notso- common textures reported
in the literature, along with brief interpretations of their significance. There is presently no comparable
atlas. It is intended that this chapter will become a reference point for future workers to compare and
contrast their own images against.

i-xvii and 500 pp. ISBN 093995065-0.

Contents of Volume 53

● Structure and chemistry of zircon and zircon-group minerals

R.J. Finch and J.M. Hanchar
● The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis
P.W.O. Hoskin and U. Schaltegger
● Melt inclusions in zircon
J.B. Thomas, R.J. Bodnar, N. Shimizu, and C.A. Chesner
● Zircon saturation thermometry
J.M. Hanchar and E.B. Watson
● Diffusion in zircon
D.J. Cherniak and E.B. Watson
● Historical development of zircon geochronology
D.W. Davis, I.S. Williams, and T.E. Krogh
● Zircon U-Th-Pb geochronology by isotope dilution—thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-
TIMS)
R.R. Parrish and S.R. Noble
● Considerations in zircon geochronology by SIMS

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Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

T.R. Ireland and I.S. Williams

● Present trends and the future of zircon in geochronology: laser ablation ICPMS
J. Kosler and P.J. Sylvester
● Detrital zircon analysis of the sedimentary record
C.M. Fedo, K.N. Sircombe, and R.H. Rainbird
● High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology and the stratigraphic record
S.A. Bowring and M.D. Schmitz
● Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope systems in zircon
P.D. Kinny and R. Maas
● Oxygen isotopes in zircon
J.W. Valley
● Radiation effects in zircon
R.C. Ewing, A. Meldrum, L. Wang, W.J. Weber, and L.R. Corrales
● Spectroscopic methods applied to zircon
L. Nasdala, M. Zhang, U. Kempe, G. Panczer, M. Gaft, M. Andrut, and M. Plotze
● Atlas of zircon textures
F. Corfu, J.M. Hanchar, P.W.O. Hoskin, and P. Kinny

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