FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● John Locke was an English philosopher and

physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to form character
(mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as
Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; Notable
ideas - "Tabula rasa"
● Francis Bacon was an English philosopher,
statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author.
"Father of scientific method" "Father of empiricism"
● Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone
Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of the
18th century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral,
intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child
centered learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On
Education; Human Development
● Edgar Dale was an American educator who
developed the "Cone of Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"
● Erik Erikson was a German-born American
developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst
known for his theory on "psychosocial development"
of human beings.
● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a swiss
pedagogue and educational reformer who
exemplified Romanticism in his approach. "Social
regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-
sphere concept of life" his motto was " Learning by
head, hand and heart"
● Friedrich Frobel was a German pedagogue a
student of Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of
modern education" based on the recognition that
children have unique needs and capabilities. "Father
of kindergarten"
● Johann Herbart was a German philosopher,
psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an
academic discipline. ;
● Edward Lee Thorndike was an American
psychologist ; " Father of Modern educational
psychology; connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize
the fullest satisfaction of human wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist
except in the mind of a man/ what we want the
world to be
● REALISM Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius;
Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
(experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/
by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man
shapes his being as he lives"
Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William
James; John Dewey - learn from experiences
through interaction to the environment
Emphasizes the needs and interests of the
children
● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins
focuses on unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching the
basic/essential knowledge
Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process
of development)
focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of
individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget
Focused on how humans make meaning in
relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and
their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an
epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George
Counts - recognized that education was the means
of preparing people for creating his new social
order
highlights social reform as the aim of education
ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the
passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through
interaction and reading.
ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's
custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation
to the next generation
Convergent questions - are those that typically
have one correct answer.
Divergent questions - also called open-ended
questions are used to encourage many answers and
generate greater participation of students. Higher
order thinking skills; to think more creatively.
90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING &
MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund
Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of
Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory
of Development
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev
Semanovich Vygotsky
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John
Dewey; Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers;
Louis Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov;
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning &
reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment;
modelling; self eficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/
Inquiry method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's -
Information Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life
space
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of
Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and
potential development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
● William James - wrote the "Principles of
psychology"/ consciousness
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs;
"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security;
love & belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualizat
ion
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an
American psychologist who established the
psychological school of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/
c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He
is a wet blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the
words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that is not
human is given human-like qualities, this is known
as personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold
October afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous
way to make a particular point is known as
hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high
ice cream cones we we're having for dessert"
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by
imitating the sound associated with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is
disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a
particular group of people with a meaning that is
only known through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech
using a word/words that are a part to represent a
whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a
synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a
phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech
where one thing is replaced w/a word that is
closely associated with it such as using
"Washington" to refer to the United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA 7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionaliza
tion Act of 1994
● RA 7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution
(Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this is
the very fundamental legal basis of education in thr
philippines.
● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232,
Sept 11,1982) an Act providing for the
Establishment & Maintenance of an Integrated
System of Education
● RA 4670 - Magna Carta for Public School
Teachers (June 18,1966)
● RA 6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical
Standards For Public Officials and Employees
● RA 7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of
1995
● RA 9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of
Shared Governance in Basic Education
● RA 7784 - Establishment of Center of
Excellence
● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education
Curriculum
● RA 90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information
Teachnology into the Public Elementary & Secondary
Curricula & Appropriating funds
● RA 10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO
office of Civil defense May 2010
LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally
transmitted literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed
down from generation to generation by word of
mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-
dramatic literary work
● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition
such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath
the surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a
great hero who reveals his country's aspirations;
narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings
w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who
reveals his thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought
home a wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy
Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living
in morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his
Peculiar nose
● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose
plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles
against agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then
beauty is its own excuse for being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh &
discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence
of characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity of
style.
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of
horror and detective stories
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his
collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern
American poets.
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English
Literature
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story
VOCABULARY
Emulate imitate
Vouchsafe grant
Abeyance suspended
Denigrate malign
Furtive sneaky
Remonstrate protest
Corroborate confirm
Gullible easily deceived
Germane relevant
Plebeian common
Vulpine cunning
Spendthrift spender
Impolitic unwise
Terse concise
Parsimonious stingy
Stupefy make numb
Pariah outcast
Wizened shrivelled
Dubious doubtful
Incriminates accuse
Frivolous worthless
Susceptible inclined
Impertinent irrelevant
Ostracized excluded
Conglomeration diffusion
Cacophonous loud and unpleasant
Carnal worldly
Aplomb composure
Candor honesty
Contemptuous scornful
Feeble weak
Inevitable certain
FILIPINO
● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may
kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga
kastila"
● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan
ng bayan
● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva
unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas
● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional
Filipino"
● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang
sariling wika
● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit
ni Marcelo del Pilar
● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng
kasaysayan
● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na
"Ang Bayan Ko"
● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog
FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM
Do not change your answers. UNLESS you are
very uncertain about your first answer. Kung sure na
sure kayo na nabasa nyo o nareview tlga ung
tanong na un why not baguhin nyo pero sabi ng
nagbriefing sa amin "YOUR FIRST ANSWER CHOICE"
USUALLY TAMA.
Make the most intelligent guess you can kung
di nyo tlga alam ung tanong.
Find KEY WORDS or phrases in the question
that will help you choose the correct answer.
Make sure you understand what the question is
asking.
Watch out for these words: (first,primary,
initial,early,best,most/least,most important,prior
ity,except)
LONG TIME PREPARATION - need po
paghandaan ang board exam, malayo pa magreview
na or magbasa basa ng notebooks or mga xerox
noong college, kung super bc yung simpleng
pagbasa ng 1-2 pages sa isang araw makakatulong
un
REVIEW CENTERS(RECOMMENDED) - kung kaya
nmn ng budget nyo maghanap kayo ng reviewcenter
sa lugar nyo kasi iba din po ung weekly may
nagtuturo, at merong handouts silang bnibigay na
makakatulong sa pagrereview ninyo. Meron rn
libreng mga reviewcenter na pinapatupad ng
gobyerno sa ibang lugar tulad dto samin maging
resourceful po kayo. Kung di kaya ng budget ok
lang naman mag self review
BE RESOURCEFUL(WAG MAHIHIYANG
MAGHANAP) - maghanap kayo ng maraming
reviewers , books, or mga xerox copies sa mga
kakilala wag mahihiyang maghanap Mas
maraming mababasa, mas marami matututunan nyo
malaki pa chance mo makapasa kasi mrami ka
alam.
PRAY (WAG MASASAWANG MAGDASAL)
Wag kalimutan magdasal dahil lagi nanjan ang
Diyos para satin, wag sabihin sakanya na sana
makapasa kayo , but instead " Bigyan nyo po ako
ng linaw ng pag iisip upang maunawaan ko lahat
ng tanong sa exam upang makuha ko ang tamang
sagot at matapos ko ito sa takdang oras"
THINK POSITIVE/POSITIVE MINDSET
wag kayo mawalan ng pag asa lalo na sa repeaters
tandaan nyo lang po to
" WINNERS NEVER QUIT, AND QUITTERS NEVER
WIN" kailangan lakasan nyo loob nyo mahal tayo ng
Diyos hndi nya tayo papabayaan
GOOD LIFESTYLE (BE HEALTHY & SMART)
wag pabayaan ang sarili, kung hndi kakain sa
tamang oras, balewala ung pag aaral ninyo, kumain
muna bago mag aral at matulog ng maaga, Kumain
lagi ng maraming prutas at gulay esp nuts and dark
chocolate recommended ko yan pampatalas ng
isip.
PS: IWASAN ang junk foods nakakatuyo po ng utak
yun hndi kayo makakafocus mag aral
MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW -
wag po susuko, may awa ang Diyos basta mag
effort lang tayo, "PAG GUSTO LAGING MAY
PARAAN PAG AYAW LAGING MAY DAHILAN."
" PAG MAY TYAGA MAY NILAGA" Pag desidido at
matyaga kayo, makakaya nyo yan, lahat naman ng
bagay dinadaan sa TIYAGA , right po? Para hndi
maistress, relax lang chill lang ienjoy nyo lang ang
pagrereview,
IT TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT, PERSEVERANCE and
TIME. Lagi natin isipin na kaya natin.