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  • Electron donating and withdrawing groups in aromatic substitution

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    Somu Yashawant Chaudhari
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    Electron donating groups such as amino, alkoxy, and hydroxyl substituents release electron density into aromatic rings and strongly activate the rings for electrophilic aromatic substitution. Electron withdrawing groups like halides, carbonyl, and nitro groups withdraw electron density from aromatic rings and deactivate the rings, making electrophilic substitution more difficult. The strength of activating or deactivating effects depends on the specific substituent.

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    Chapter18EAS-Groups.pdf

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    Electron donating groups such as amino, alkoxy, and hydroxyl substituents release electron density into aromatic rings and strongly activate the rings for electrophilic aromatic substitution. Electron withdrawing groups like halides, carbonyl, and nitro groups withdraw electron density from aromatic rings and deactivate the rings, making electrophilic substitution more difficult. The strength of activating or deactivating effects depends on the specific substituent.

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    12 views1 page

    Electron donating and withdrawing groups in aromatic substitution

    Uploaded by

    Somu Yashawant Chaudhari
    Electron donating groups such as amino, alkoxy, and hydroxyl substituents release electron density into aromatic rings and strongly activate the rings for electrophilic aromatic substitution. Electron withdrawing groups like halides, carbonyl, and nitro groups withdraw electron density from aromatic rings and deactivate the rings, making electrophilic substitution more difficult. The strength of activating or deactivating effects depends on the specific substituent.

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    Substituent effects

    Electron Donating Groups


    Most Electron Donating

    These substituents release NR'2


    electron density into the ring and strong
    thereby activate aromatic rings for OH
    electrophilic aromatic substitution
    OR
    O
    NHCR
    moderate
    O
    OCR
    R ortho/para directing
    Ph weak
    C CR'2
    H

    Standard for Comparison H

    Electron Withdrawing Groups

    I
    Br
    weak
    Cl
    F
    O
    CH
    These substituents withdraw O
    electron density into the ring and
    thereby deactivate aromatic rings CR
    toward electrophilic aromatic moderate
    O
    substitution
    COR'
    meta directing
    O
    CCl
    C N
    O
    SO3R' SOR'
    O strong

    NR'3
    NO2

    Most Electron Withdrawing

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