MIS

Introduction to MIS:

Management information system helps in holistic report of the processed information based on upon
management can take effective actions. It helps is providing relevant and timely information. It is
highly used across all verticals and in all domains like Inventory analysis, Risk analysis, Market analysis,
Behaviour analysis etc. It simply ensures the availability of right data to the right person in the correct
form at times of need. It is highly important to have an analytical approach to problem solving in this
VUKA world. MIS helps in managing and effectively utilising the massive amounts of data that is
generated in every organisation. While the servers and tools used has evolved from Mainframes to
cloud computing, the indispensability of MIS remains the same.

IT & IS

Information technology , a subset of Information systems is the technology involved in these systems.
This encompasses hardware, software, network and data. It is a general-purpose technology that has
multiple work structures including governing, processing, storage of data, new workflows.

Information system is an umbrella that includes people, systems, process and IT. It merges business
with technology. It helps in the application of technology to solve business problems of customers.

Categories of IT
Function IT: Standalone tasks. Helps in capacity precision. Ex: Word

Network IT: It consists of channels and platforms for communication. Ex: Email, blogs

Enterprise IT: Helps in processes at an organization level. Ex: SAP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM.
Highly efficient in standardization of work across company. Also helps in analysis of collected
structured data.

Managing tasks in IT:

IT Selection:

This is the task in which the manager must decide if the IT capabilities are being desired by the
organization. Typically, it is understanding what exactly we want the IT capability to do for our
concern. The basic requirements are charted out and the different technologies existing are evaluated.
The effort involved in the whole process is estimated. This task answers the question what we want
the IT to do for us. Instead of developing tool and finding its use cases, organizations must first focus
on is the immediate need and develop a capability on the same (Inside out)

IT Adoption:

In this task, it is important to deploy the technology used for some productive purpose. Work
structures are created to effectively use the technology. While FITs and NITs are relatively easier to
be adapted to, EIT requires some extensive intervention from the leaders of the organization.

IT Exploitation

How to make the most of the available IT technologies. It is important to leverage the already
standardized data and workflows.
Technology Acceptance Model

Most accepted theories are the Technology acceptance model. It was developed by Davis in 1987.
According to Technology Acceptance Model, the use of an information technology is influenced by
the behavioural intention, which is determined by the person’s attitude towards the use of the system
and by his perception of its utility. It is widely validated and explains up to 40% of usage intentions
and 30% of systems usage.

Determinants of Ease of Use

Technology adoption life cycle:

It was introduced by Everett Rogers in 1962. Depending on the demographic and psychological
characteristics of the adopter groups, the adoption or acceptance of any new technology or product
or innovation changes. This gives an idea how society at large reacts to innovations. It divides possible
adopters into five major segments, based on the degree to which a person is ready to adopt innovative
products or services. The process of adoption is considered a normal distribution. This cycle will
estimate when/ in which cycle and the potential people to use the innovation and therefore can
market accordingly.
Innovators: They are the first people to adopt a product or service. For technology innovations like
new hardware or software, this consists of younger people, who are proficient IT users, with a higher
social class and higher income and are willing to spend on new technology. It is about 2.5% of society.
Often recommend to others, if the innovation is good. They are risk takers

Visionaries: They have a positive attitude towards new technology if they find the impact of usage of
it. Ready to accept the technology and put in the resource and effort to better understand the
technology and make it work.

Pragmatists: Likely to follow the lead. They rely on performance data. After some time, they tend to
buy the new technology if its proven good. Else, they prefer sticking to market leader.

Conservatives: Not very confident about technology. Highly price sensitive. Adapts only when most
people have already adapted to the new technology. They need to be confident that the technology
is good and most of them are using it.

Laggards: Very critical about new technology and hard to accept once. Prefers the older technology
despite inconveniences.

68% Pragmatists and Conservatives, 16% Innovators and Visionaries and 16% are still laggards

Valley of death:

The chasm represents the gulf between two distinct marketplaces - early market dominated by early
adopters (Visionaries) and the conservative mainstream market where the financial returns can be
delivered (Pragmatists)

The duration depends on how radical the innovation is. This occurs due to incomplete value chains.
This is the phase from most items like pager, MP3 player died.
Technology innovation:

Incremental Innovation: With the same technology and market, increasing the value for customer.
This includes enhanced UI experience with clear options and better font.

Architectural Innovation: Using the existing technology from one market in new market for enhanced
customer satisfaction. Ex: Internet search for newspapers

Radical innovation: Completely new technology based of different scientific and engineering principles
in new market. Often leads to creation of new markets. Ex : biotechnology from pharmaceutical
industry.

Disruptive innovation: Also known as stealth innovation. It is the application of new technology in the
existing market. This is more expensive and harder to use in its initial stages. Might also lead to
cannibalism of the original product in market. Ex : Netflix ( Video on demand for DVD rental).

NETFLIX CASE:

Completely over took blockbuster

Steaming video service – Disruptive

Video on demand

High rental costs issues of Blockbuster fixed

Continuously innovating. Recently got into movie production house (Netflix original)
Clayton Christensen Disruptive framework

Why technologies fail?

Overhype

Maximum appeal to major audience approach

Focus on early majority – failure to launch