BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI - KK BIRLA

GOA CAMPUS
FIRST SEMESTER 2019-2020

MATHEMATICS - III
Tutorial–4

Remark: For the equation y 00 + P (x)y 0 + Q(x)y = 0

I y = x is a solution if P + xQ = 0.
I y = ex is a solution if 1 + P + q = 0.
I y = e−x is a solution if 1 − P + Q = 0.
I y = emx is a solution if m2 + mP + Q = 0.
I y = xm is a solution if m(m − 1) + mxP + x2 Q = 0.

1. By inspection (may use above remark), find one solution of the given differential equation
and hence, find the general solution

(a) xy 00 − (x + n)y 0 + ny = 0, where n is a positive integer.

(b) y 00 − f (x)y 0 + (f (x) − 1)y = 0.
(c) (x − 2)y 00 − (4x − 7)y 0 + (4x − 6)y = 0.
(d) x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 0.

2. Find the general solution of the following differential equations, when one of the solution
y1 (x) is known
00 0
(i) x2 y + xy − 4y = 0, y1 (x) = x2 .
00 0
(ii) x2 y + xy + (x2 − 1/4)y = 0, y1 (x) = x−1/2 sin x.
00 0
(iii) x2 y − x(x + 2)y + (x + 2)y = 0, y1 (x) = x.
00 0
(iv) xy − (2x + 1)y + (x + 1)y = 0, y1 (x) = ex .
(v) (1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 0, y1 (x) = x.

3. Find the general solution of the following differential equations

00 0 00 0
(i) y + y − 6y = 0, (ii) y − 9y + 20y = 0,
00 0 00 0
(iii) y + y = 0, (iv) y + 8y − 9y = 0,
000 00 0
(v) y iv − y = 0, (vi) y − 3y + 4y − 2y = 0.

1
 4. Find the general solution of the following initial value problem
√
(i) y 00 + 4y 0 + 2y = 0, y(0) − 1, y 0 (0) = 2 + 3 2.
(ii) y 00 + 8y 0 − 9y = 0, y(1) = 2, y 0 (1) = 0.

5. Find the general solution of the following equations by reducing them to constant coeffi-
cient equation
00 0
(i) x2 y + pxy + qy = 0, p and q are constants, x > 0.
00 0
(ii) x2 y + 2xy − 12y = 0, x > 0.
00 0
(iii) x2 y − 3xy + 4y = 0, x > 0.
(iv) (3x + 2)2 y 00 + 3(3x + 2)y 0 − 36y = 0, x > −2/3.

6. Show that the general solution of y 00 +py 0 +qy = 0, where p and q are constants, approaches
0 as x → ∞ if and only if p and q are both positive.
7. Consider the general homogeneous equation

y 00 + P (x)y 0 + Q(x)y = 0 (1)

and change the independent variable from x to z = z(x), where z(x) is an unspecified
function of x. Show that equation (1) can be transformed in this way into an equation
0
Q + 2P Q
with constant coefficients if and only if is constant.
Q3/2
8. Using result from Question 7, solve the following differential equation

xy 00 + (x2 − 1)y 0 + x3 y = 0.

9. Use Method of Undetermined Coefficients to find the particular solution of the following
differential equations
00 0 00 0
(i) y − 2y + 2y = ex sin x, (ii) y − 3y + 2y = 2xex + 3 sin x,
00 000 00 0
(iii) y + y = sin3 x, (iv) y (4) − 2y + 2y − 2y + y = sin x,
(v) y 00 − 2y 0 − 3y = 4x − 5 + 6xe2x , (vi) 4y 00 + 16y 0 + 17y = e−2x sin(x/2) + 6x cos(x/2).

10. If y1 (x) and y2 (x) are solutions of y 00 +P (x)y 0 +Q(x)y = R1 (x) and y 00 +P (x)y 0 +Q(x)y =
R2 (x) respectively. Then show that y(x) = y1 (x) + y2 (x) is a solution of

y 00 + P (x)y 0 + Q(x)y = R1 (x) + R2 (x).

Use this to find the general solution of

y 00 + 4y = 4 cos 2x + 6 cos x + 8x2 − 4.