CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS 4.1. A solid cylindrical aluminum conductor 25 km long has an area of 336,400 circular mils. Obtain the conductor resistance at (a) 20°C and (b) 50°C. The tesis- tivity of aluminum at 20°C is 2.8 x 10-® Q-m, @ = 350400 = 580 mil = (580)(10-*)(2.54) = 1.4732 em () 42. A transmission-line cable consists of 12 identical strands of aluminum, each 3 mm in diameter. The resistivity of aluminum strand at 20°C is 2.8 « 1075 Quam, Find the 50°C AC resistance per Km of the cable. Assume a skin-effect correction factor of 1.02 t 60 He =CONTENTS. $3 Rac = (1.02)(0.37) = 0.37740 4.3. A three-phase transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5-MVA. at 220- KV aver a distance of 63 Km. The total transmission line loss is not to exceed 2.5 percent of the rated line MVA. If the resistivity of the conductor material is 2.81 = 107° Cm, determine the required conductor diameter and the conductor size in circular mils. “The total transmission line loss is 25 "1 Ph = Tip (1005) = 4.7625 MW (2.84 x 10-4)(63 x 108) 10-4 a? 35 2.81764 x 107 ‘Therefore4.4. A single-phase transmission line 35 Km long consists of two solid round con ductors, each having a diameter of 0.9 em, The conductor spacing is 2.5 m, Caleu- late the equivalent diameter ofa fictitious hollow, thin-walled conductor having the ‘same equivalent inductance as the original line. What is the value of the inductance per conductor? scetpnet (% Feetenet (2) 038 om or d=0.7em, L=02In 1311 mH/Km, 25 035% 102 ‘The inductance per conductor is CL = (85)(1.314) = 46 mH. 45. Find the geomeutic mean radius of a conductor in terms of the radius r of an individual strand for (@) Three equal strands as shown in Figure 34(a) (b) Four equal strands as showa in Figure 34(b) — CamCs FIGURE 4 (Cross section ofthe stranded conductor for Problem 45. © cur ivacme Ve x Op x Or = 1.46r ® GMR = ‘fe 5 2r xr x V2} = Vertsvi rt = 1.7237CONTENTS. $5 4.6. One circuit of a single-phase transmission line is composed of three solid 0.5- em radius wires. The return circuit is composed of two solid 2.5-cm radius wites. ‘The arrangement of conductors is as shown in Figure 35. Applying the concept of the GMD and GAFR, find the inductance of the complete line in millihenry per kilometer. Q-sm-Q+sm-Q— 10m —@- sn) Conductor X Conductor FIGURE 35 Conductor layout fr Problem 4.6 Dr = {f(20)(25)(15)(20)(10)(15) = 16.802 m % 0.005 ¥ 5 x 10) Dey = (et = 0005 5)" = 0.812 m ‘Therefore Ly =0.2In 0888 mH/Km and 16.802 . Ly = 0.2ln TO = 0.70725 mi/Km ‘The loop inductance is Lm Ly + Ly = 0.6888 4 0.79725 = 1.48605 mH/Km 4.7. A three-phase, 60-Hz transposed transmission line has a flat horizontal con- figuration as shown in Figure 36. The line reactance is 0.486 © pet kilometer. The conductor geometric mean radius is 2.0 em. Determine the phase spacing D in meter.b » & » © (Conductor layout for Problem 47. (0.486) 10" (0.880)10" 1 ogy mivKm (25160) Therefore, we have aso = 020 eM ge GD =126 m 102 12.6 = {{(D\D)2D) or D=10m 48. A three-phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 159,000 emil, $4/19 Lapwing conduetor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 8 meters as shown in Figure 37. The GM R of each conductor is 1.515 em, (a) Determine the inductance per phase per kilometer of the line. (b) This line is to be replaced by a two-conductor bundle with 8-m spacing mea- sured from the center of the bundles as shown in Figure 38. The spacing between the conductors in the bundle is 40 em. If the line inductance per phase is to be 77 percent of the inductance in part (a), what would he the GIR of each new conductor in the bundle? G+ dua sm da =sm—O Dis = 16 m- FIGURE 37 (Conductor layout For Problems 48 (4). @ 0.0794 m GMD = G05) =CONTENTS. 87 @ ’ ¢ 210 10+ Dy =Sm 1 +s = 16 m+ FIGURE 38 Conductor layout fr Problem 4.8 (. © Ly = (1.3)(0.77) = 10 mH/Km 5 0.0679 m J/Dsi therefore © Dg = 1.15 em 4.9. A three-phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 1,431,000 emil, 47/7 Bobolink conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 11 meters as showa in Figure 39. The conductors have a diameter of 3.625 em and a GMR of 1439 ‘em. The line isto be replaced by a three-conduetor bundle of ACSR 477,000 emil, 26/7 Hawk conductors having the same cross-sectional area of alumiaum as the single-conductor line. The conductors have a diameter of 2.1793 cm and aGMR (of 0.8839 em. The new line will also have a fiat horizontal configuration, but itis to bbe operated at a higher voltage and therefore the phase spacing is increased to 14 ‘m as measured from the center of the bundles as showa in Figure 40. The spacing between the conductors in the bundle is 45 cm. Determine (a) The percentage change in the inductance. (b) The percentage change in the capacitance. a p Q.-n w= 1m—©) nn = 22m» ——_- FIGURE 39 Conductor layout foe Problem 4.9a b e oO 3 ° 10 10 O10 be 1 ' Dia = Mm Dy = Mm t fi Dy = 28 m+ FIGURE 40 (Conductor layout For Prien 49.) For the one conductor per phase configuration , we have GMD = {{(4) (1/22) = 13.859 m 1.374 mH/Km 008374 iF/Km For the three-conductor bundle per phase configuration , we have GMD = {/Q)(A)RS) = 17.6380 m GM, = {/(45)(0.8839) = 12.1416 cm GM Re = {{(45)22.1798/2) = 13.01879 em L 00057 wll c= B08 — = oom pena (@) The percentage reduction in the inductance is 1.374 — 0.9957, a En) = 27.53%CONTENTS. 89 (b) The percentage increase in the capacitance is 0.001 0.008374, 0.008374 4.10. A single-circuit three-phase transmission transposed line is composed of four ACSR 1,272,000 emil conductor per phase with horizontal configuration as showa in Figure 41. The bundle spacing is 45 em. The conductor code name is pheasant. In MATLAB, use command aesr to find the conductor diameter and its GAR. Determine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line. Use function [6MD, GMRL, GMRC] =gmad, (4.58) and (4.92) in MATLAB to verify your results. (100) = 35.25% a b e oOo oo a0 a10 b+ sm — Da 1 . py FIGURE 4 Conductor layout fr Problem 4.10 Using the command aes, result in Enter ACSR code nee within single quotes -> ‘pheasant’ Al Area Strand Diameter GYR — Resistance Ohn/Km Ampacity CMILS AL/St_ cm cz 60Hz,25C 60HZ,50C Ampere 1272000 54/19 3.5103 1.4173 0.04586 0.05290 1200 From (4.79) GAD = ¢/G)G4)28) = 17.53889 m and From (4.53) and (4.90), we have GM Rz, = 1.09 /(1.4173)(45)3 = 20.66 em 1.09 §/(8.5103/2)(45)? = 21.8 em and from (4.58) and (4.92), we get GMRc =and 0.0556 C= jar = 5 ware ‘The function gmid is used to verify the results. The following commands [ouD, GMRL, GRC] - goa L = 0.2+10g(GHD/GHEL);——Yal/Ka. © = 0.0556/1og(GMD/G¥RC); YnicroF/Ka resultin GHD = 17.63889 GYRL = 0.20673 n GMRC = 0.21808 n Le 0.6893 c= 0.0127 4.11. A douibe citcuit three-phase transposed transmission ine is composed of two ACSR 2,167,000 eal, 72/7 Kiwi conductor per phase with vertical configuration ‘as shown in Figure 42. The conductors have a diameter of 4.4069 em and 2 GM of 1.7374 em. The bundle spacing i 45 em. The circuit arrangement is a )y¢1, ‘eghyag. Find the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line Find these values when the circuit arrangement is as/ye1, dabaea. Use funetion [GMD, GMRL, GMRC] =gmd, (4.58) and (4.92) in MATLAB to verify your re- sults, For the aby¢4,¢zaa2 configuration, the following distances are computed in a e oes say = 16 moO om lo Sua 17m 0-0 a a FIGURE? (Conductor layout ror Probiem 411.CONTENTS. 61 mater, Darby = 10.7703 Dauiy = 22.3607 Dash 2.3886 Dasha = 9.6566 From (4.54), weave Day = §/(0-7708)(22-3607)(22.3886)(9.6566) = 15.1057 Dac = {/(616566)(22.5007)(22,5880)(00.7 703) = 15.1057 esa = {/(4910065)(16.0000)27.0000)(19.0065) = 17.0740 ‘The equivalent geometric mean distance is Gar = 4/(45.1057)(15.1057)(17.7049) = 15 $267 From (451) and (4.65), we have Di = VD, xd = V(oni7s74) (0.45) = 0.08842 tha vEwd= \[(ooi069/ (0.5) = 0.09057 ‘From (4.56) and (4.93), we have Dsa = VODA) B.AGH) = 1.4916 Dey = V(OOSSDVELOOD) = 1.4567 Dao = V(0.08812)(25.1614) = 1.4916 and 1g = (ODUCT = 1.5820 rp = (TOTTI AT DIY = 1.5458 Ye = VOUIDSTII-TET) = 1.5820 EMR, = {/AAMG)(L.AGET)LA016) = 1.4799 GM Re = 4(1.5829)(1.5458)(1.5829) = 1.5705 ‘Therefore, the inductance and capacitance per phase are euD 15,9207 1 =021n S00 = 02in ZERT <0.4752 mivKm and 0.0556 pa eae ‘The function gmd is used to verify the results. The following commands62 coNTeNts [oMD, GNRL, GRC] = gma L = 0.28108 (GHD/GMRL) ; a/Ka. C = 0.0856/1og(GMD/GHRC); YnicroF/Km resultin ter. Circuit Arrangements () abe-c'biat (2) abe-(a‘) (0) (6") Eater (1 or 2) > 1 Enter spacing unit vithin quotes ’m’ or 'ft?—> ‘a! Enter row vector [Si1, $22, 833] = [16 24 17] Enter row vector [Hi2, H23] = [10 9] Cond. size, bundle spacing unit: Enter *cn’ or 'in?-> ’cn’ Gonductor diameter in cm = 4.4069 Geometric Mean Radius in cm = 1.7374 Wo. of bundled cond. (enter 1 for single cond.) = 2 Bundle spacing ia ca ~ 45 CMD = 15.92670 2 GMRL = 1.47993 n GYRC = 1.87052 n Le 0.4752 c- 0.0240 For the ayb:¢1,022¢ configuration, the following distances are computed in me~ Dagbs Dowex Dae, 25,1644 Dass, Dagez = 16.0000 Dy,p; = 24.0000 Deeg = 17-0000 From (4.54), we have Das = {/(10.7703)(22.8607)(22.3607)(10.7708) = 15.5187 Doc = ¥/(9.6566)(22.3886)(22. 3886) (9.6566) = 14.7035 Dea = ¥(19.0065)(25.1644)(25.1644) (19.0065) = 21.8698 ‘The equivalent geometric mean distance is GMD = ¥/(45.5187)(14.7086) (21.8608) = 17.0887CONTENTS. 63 From (4.51) and (4.66), we have Di = VD, xd = \(oni7s74)(0.45) = 0.08842 1° = Vex d= \/(0.044069/2)(0.45) = 0.09957 From (4.56) and (4.93), we have Dsa = VODA) = 1.1894 Ds = [OORT (ALO) = 1.4567 Ds (0.03842)(17) = 1.2200 and a= VODDITYIC) = 1.2622 rp = /(VVOVTIALOOV) = 1.5458 re = V(O.00957 (17) = 1.3010 GM Ry = {/(1-1804)(1-4567)(1.2260) = 1.2855, GM Re = {/(0.2622)(1.5458)(1.3010 = 1.3641 ‘Therefore, the inductance and capacitance per phase are ‘The function gmd is used in the same way as before to verify the results 4.12, The conductors of a double-circuit three-phase transmission line are placed con the corner of a hexagon as shown in Figure 43. The two circuits are in paral- Jel and are sharing the balanced load equally. The conductors of the circuits are identical, each having a radius r. Assume that the line is symmetrically transposed. Using the method of GAFR, determine an expression for the capacitance per phase per meter ofthe line. Da. Discs = Dhics = Dats = Daas = VED Dea = {[DearnDosbsDes, Dears = Paris Parte = Date Dan = DecFIGURE 43 (Conductor layout For Prob 4.12. GMD =3?D Dea = Dep = Deo = (rx 2D) 4.13. A 60-Hz, single-phase powerline and a telephone line are parallel to cach other as shown in Figure 44. The telephone line is symmetrically positioned di- rectly below phase b. The power line carries an rms current of 26 A. Assume ze10 current flows in the ungrounded telephone wites. Find the magnitude of the voltage per Km induced in the telephone line. oH 3m le G-tnO (Conductor layout for Probiem 4.13.CONTENTS. 65 Dac = VA? + BF = 5.0000 m Das = VO? + (3)? = 6.7082 m (225) m 22082 = 43 Year, = (0.2)(226) In 2 28 Whim on in 31622 edi, = 0.2% In FOE = 0 ‘The total ux linkage is Deg = 19.28 mWb/Kin ‘The voltage induced in the telephone line per Km is V = Aud = 2700(15.28)10-" = 5 ViKm 4.14. A three-phase, 60-Flz, untransposed transmission line runs in parallel with a telephone lin for 20 km, The power line carries balanced three-phase rms current of Ja = 32020" A, [,=820L-120° A. and I= 320-240 A ‘The line configuration is as shown in Figure 45. Assume zero current lows in the ungrounded telephone wires. Find the magnitude of the voltage induced in the telephone line. G—1m Stim 4 i cL. Grn ‘Conductor layout for Problem 4.14 Dea = OP + (GF = 8.0023 m Dac = (OP + (6 = 10.2956 m Dei = V3? + (5? = 5.8309 m Di = (OF (5F = 7.0711 m‘The total flux linkage is Ate = (0.03594)32020? + (0.08856)3202—120° = 11.9432—63.48° mWb/Km_ ‘The voltage induced in the 20 Km telephone line is V = jiwAae = J2160( 11.9432 -63.48°)(10-)(20) = 90426.52° V 4.15. Since carth is an equipotential plane, the electric flux lines ate forced to cut the surface of the carth orthogonally. The earth effect can be represented by placing ‘an oppositely charged conductor a depth HY below the surface of the cath as shown in Figure 4-13(a). This configuration without the preseace of the earth will produce the same field as a single charge and the earth surface. This imaginary conductor is called the image conductor. Figure 4-13(b) shows a single-phase line with its image conductors. 4 = ~ ~% (@) Earth plane replaced (by Single-phase line nd its image by image conductor FIGURE 46 (Conductor layout For Probie 4.15. Find the potential difference Vand show that the equivalent capacitance to neutralCONTENTS. 67 is given by tala 22 + gin — goin 2] an Van ay [tem ? To results in va- le (Pa)] Substituting for gp “Therefore, the equivalent capacitance to neutral is 2ne Can = Con oT)