Operation Management of Power Grid System with
Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage
System Integrations
Abdulla Ahmed, Student Member, IEEE
State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System
with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric
Power University, Beijing, China
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
elamin2018@gmail.com
.
Abstract—Sudan is a large country because of the large
territory and the distance between communities are simply too
great, a full- scale power grid is almost impossible to realize.
As a result, the construction of small Island power grids in
remote areas has been developed. The country shows favorable
conditions for the generation of electricity by renewable energies
such as wind and solar. Nyala city has been chosen as a preferred
wind farm location because the power supply by the existing
diesel power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport
and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain
fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-
constrained unit commitment (SCUC) with diesel generation
and integration of wind power and solar photovoltaic with the
compressed air energy storage system (CAES) for Nyala city
power plant. The proposed system is formulated as a mixed-
integer programming, which is solved in CPLEX 12.7.0. and the
results show that the proposed model is suitable for renewable
integrations into the power grid system with energy storage
systems.
Index Terms—Compressed air energy storage, Diesel power
plant, Modeling and simulation, Solar photovoltaic, Unit com-
mitment, Wind power
I. I NTRODUCTION
Sudan has a great wealth of renewable energies, especially
solar and wind. The amount of solar radiation is as a result
of the geographical position of the country near the equator,
very high and could be used quite well at certain sites
with installed photovoltaic systems. Addition to that with
measured average wind speeds up to 8m/s per month, wind
conditions appear to be favorable for electricity generation as
well. But these energies do not use to compensate for the
increasing demand of electrical power in the country. Also,
the burden on the transmission network is increasing in an
unexpected manner so that the transmission network becomes
economically not suitable for use. Furthermore, the depletion
of fuels and the rampant increase in the price of fossil fuels
have resulted in increased interest to include renewable sources
978-1-5386-8549-5/18$31.00 2018 IEEE
Tong Jiang
Power University, Beijng, China
jiangtong1970@gmail.com
of energy for power production. As a result, some areas far
from the national electricity network there is a great need
for including renewable energy like wind and solar sources
as major contributors to the electrical power system. There
are smaller independent power grids that provide power to
remote areas like Nyala power plant, which have limited or
no access to public interconnected grids. Traditionally, small
stand-alone grids are electrified by diesel generators. These
generators operate a few hours the day, mainly in the evening.
Most of these generators are old and prone to mechanical fail-
ure. Additionally, transportation problems prevent sufficient
generator maintenance (e.g. spare parts etc.), and individual
communities also have a higher fuel cost. However, Hybrid
plants are outlined as an optimum approach for off-grid power
supply options for remote areas applications. Integration of
renewable with energy storage system into the power grid
system has been studied by many authors before but most
of them focused on different characteristics and issues of the
power system. Wind power influences several power system
characteristics from economic dispatch and unit commitment
to stability and quality issues. The optimization problem
includes the energy and the ancillary services that determine
the optimal combination of units to coordinate between the
output power of the generation units and the power demand
in order to forecasted power in a minimum production cost,
is known as security constrained unit commitment problem
(SCUC) [1], [2]. The same problem has been investigated
in [3], [4], the proposed problem including wind farm and
compressed air energy storage (CAES) and the results show
fuel saving when integration the wind power and more fuel
saving when the integration of (CAES) but in these models
only the thermal generation units are used. Another kind of
energy storage system used in the (SCUC) problem [5], this
system includes 8-bus system includes 6 thermal units, wind
farm and battery energy storage system divided into two zones,
all wind turbines are located in zone 1 and its far from the load
 TABLE I
center. Also, this author only applied the method to the thermal D IESEL GENERATORS OF N YALA POWER PLANT
power units. however, in Ref. [6], the problem is included gas
units instead of thermal units. Optimal sizing of battery energy group Generator Voltage Power Pmax Pmin
storage has been determined in [7], the proposed system is (V) (KVA) (KW) (KW)
microgrid including microturbine, wind power, photovoltaic one G8 11,000 1,500 1,200 480
system, fuel cell, and battery energy storage, the results shows G9 11,000 4,400 3,520 1,408
can decrease the production cost and increase the battery life- G10 11,000 4,400 3,520 1,408
time. For small businesses or stand-alone systems, renewable G11 11,000 2,300 1,840 552
energy is suitable because it is difficult to connect these areas G12 11,000 2,300 1,840 552
to the grid system and the optimal size of the hybrid system two G2 400 2,000 1,600 480
is obtained for 3 different scenarios and the genetic algorithm G3 400 2,000 1,600 480
is used to solve the problem but the size of the system is G4 400 2,345 1,876 562
very small [8]. In Ref. [9], authors present another technique three G5 400 2,345 1,876 562
for the proposed system to obtained the total number of solar G6 400 2,345 1,876 562
cells, number of battery storage units and wind turbines, this G7 11,000 1,500 1,200 480
technique is called fuzzy-adaptive particle swarm optimization four G13 2,000 3,300 2,640 792
(PSO). G14 2,000 3,300 2,640 792
According to Ref [10], the distributed network power system G15 2,000 3,300 2,640 792
including photovoltaic system,wind power and diesel genera-
tors with battery energy storage system has been investigated
in terms of control strategy of continuous and ON/OFF op- II. S YSTEM DESCRIPTION
eration of the hybrid system with two control strategies to The operation of the system is described as the renewable
minimize the fuel cost consumption and the flexibility to add energy sources has to be operated in wind/PV/diesel/CAES
long running time and the impact of several starts and stops mode until the city of Nyala is connected to the national grid.
indicators of the DG to investigate the difference between two due to the special characteristic of the hybrid system, the
control strategies. For South Sudan, Juba city, authors studied whole energy cannot be used for energy consumption.More
the visibility operation of diesel generator, solar photovoltaic details about the system components is illustrated in figure 1.
and wind power integration into battery energy storage and the
limitation of study only an assumption of some information of
renewable energy forecasting in Microgrid [11]. A manner for
including the ESS on UC problem is presented in [12]. The
proposed problem is consists of diesel power system and wind
power integrated with Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB)
to using the wind power during the low demand to charge the
ESS in order to discharge it during high demand periods.
A modeling and simulation of CAES integrated with the
wind power for investigating the thermodynamic analysis and
overall performance of the system on both the compression
and the expansion cycles during adiabatic and isothermal
processes is presented in the work [13]
The main contribution of the proposed system is to intro-
duce the renewable energy sources including the wind energy
and solar photovoltaic systems with compressed air energy
storage system integrated into a diesel power system will help
to minimize the electricity generation cost by fuel saving as
well as the integration of more wind energy and solar pho-
tovoltaic with large energy storage systems will reduce fossil
fuel emissions such as CO2 through substitution by renewable
energy sources and helpful in the power system designing and Fig. 1. A simple architecture of the hybrid system.
operation management. In general, in the proposed problem
is a hybrid wind/PV/diesel/CAES system is considered for
remote areas applications. The rest of the paper is organized as A. Diesel Power Plant
follows: the system description is dealt in section II. section III The total existing power demands of Nyala city is to about
is expressed the problem formulation; Section IV is illustrated 16 MW and the electrical energy is entirely provided by 14
the case study; Section V described the simulation results and Diesel Generators with a theoretical maximum capacity of 30
discussions, the conclusion is presented in section VI. MW. Peak load results in the evening between 19:00 h and
22:00 h while low load results in the night between 03:00
h and 05:00 h. The incidence of different application area
on the total power demands can be summarized as Domestic
area 17%, Commercial 3%, Agriculture: 12.5% and Industry
67.5%. The diesel generators are arranged in four different
groups. Every group is connected to a different busbar system
and the busbar systems are interconnected. More details of the
power plant generators are given in table I [14].
The fuel cost consumption of DG can be calculated by the
quadratic function as:
NG
T X
X consumed the electricity from wind farm or from the grid
2 system during the off-peak periods to compress air and stored
Cf (aPi,t + bPi,t + c) (1)
t=1 i=1
Where i and t indexes for the time period and diesel unit
respectively; a, b and c are the cost coefficients related to DGs
fuel consumption carve; Cf is the price of the diesel fuel; Pi,t
is the power output of DG unit (i) at the time interval (t); T
and NG are the total time horizon and the total number of the
DGs respectively.
B. Solar Photovoltaic
Solar photovoltaic power is electrical power that is produced
by a solar cell when converting the sunlight into electricity.
The solar cell is basically a p-n junction fabricate in a thin
wafer or layer of semiconductors. The radiations of solar
energy can be directly converted to electricity through the
photovoltaic effect.
The maximum power output is presented by:
Ps = ηAR(1 − 0.005(t − 25)) (2)
where η is the conversion efficiency of the solar cell array;
A is the array area (m2 ); R is the solar radiation (kW/m2 );
and t0 is the outside air temperature (◦ C).
C. Wind Power
The wind energy can be explained as the source of power
which can be used to generate the electricity by pushed the
wind speed against the turbine mounted on a tall tower to
convert it to mechanical power and then generate electricity.
Numerous wind turbines are located near each other to build
a wind farm of the desired power production capacity. The
power generated by the wind turbine can be expressed as:
1
Pw = Cp ρAV 3 (3)
2
where, Pw is the power in the wind (kW), A is the area swept
by the turbine blades (m2 ),ρ is the air density and it can
be taken as 1.225 (kg/m3 ), V is the wind speed (m/s) and
Cp is the turbine power coefficient which depends on the tip
speed ratio and the blades design. The coefficient of efficiency
of wind energy conversion to turning the wind energy into
energy which can be used, whether electrical or mechanical
is the maximum theoretical value for this constant is about
0.593 and known as (Betz limit). Thus, the maximum power
that can be realized from a wind system is 59.3% of the total
wind power [10].
D. Compressed air energy storage
The function of CAES is to store energy when the power
demand is low during off-peak periods and reused it again
when the power demand is high during the peak periods. There
are many applications of CAES in PGS such as load shifting,
mitigate the fluctuations of RES and make management and
regulations for the grid system. The main components of the
CAES include the compressor, cavern, and the expander as
shown in figure 2. CAES systems can operate in two modes,
the first one is the compression mode in which the compressor
it in the cavern and the second mode is the generation mode
which the air stored in the cavern is heated up by the gas
and then entered the turbine to generate electricity. The cost
of producing power (Pj,t ) MW of the electricity is equal to
the price of the gas multiply by heat rate value and it can be
represented by:
Pj,t = αjr vj,t
r
(4)
Pj,t = −αjinj vj,t
inj
(5)
where,αjr and αjinj are the efficiency factor for producing
power and the efficiency factor for injecting air respectively;
r inj
vj,t and vj,t are the amount of released air in MW at hour t
and the mount of injected air in MW at hour t respectively.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of D-CAES
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The mathematical model has formulated a cording to the
system parts. As mentioned, the main parts of the proposed
system include diesel power generation, wind farm, com-
pressed air energy storage and the load demand.
A. Objective function
The objective function is to minimize the total operation
cost consisting of two terms: the first term is diesel operating
cost including fuel, startup and shutdown costs and the second
term is the operating cost of CAES units throughout the whole
operational period. The operating costs of the wind generation C. Constraints for CAES
units are considered to be zero because the wind is free. The amount of injected air in MW at hour t and the
amount of released air in MW at hour t are limited by its
 
XT X NG NC
X 
min [Ci (Pi,t )Ii,t + STi,t + SDi,t ] + Cj (Pj,t ) maximum and minimum capacities are expressed in (11) and
t=1

i=1 j=1
 (12) respectively.
(6)
r r r
where,t,i and j are indexes of the time, diesel units and CAES vj,min ≤ vj,t ≤ vj,max (11)
units respectively; T , NG and NC are the numbers of operating
hours, number of the diesel units and number of CAES units; inj inj inj
vj,min ≤ vj,t ≤ vj,max (12)
Ci and Cj are production cost functions of diesel unit i and
CAES unit j; STi,t and SDi,t are startup and shutdown costs Where, r
vj,minand r
vj,max
are the minimum and the maxi-
of unit i at time t respectively;and Pi,t and PJ,t are output inj
mum amount of released air in MW while vj,min inj
and vj,max
powers from the diesel units and CAES units respectively. are the minimum and the maximum amount of injected air in
The unit status indicator Ii,t is an integer term can be 1 or MW respectively.
zero. In the compression mode, the amount of compressed air
is limited to the maximum capacity of the cavern minus
B. SCUC constraints the current inventory level as expressed in (13) and (14)
The objective function is subject to several constraints respectively.
including the unit constraints and network constraints. inj r
δj,t+1 = δj,t + vj,t − vj,t , ∀j, ∀t (13)
1) System real power balance constraints: The total real
power produced by the DG, CAES in addition to power
generated by the wind turbines is must be equal to system δmin (j) ≤ δj,t ≤ δmax (j), ∀j, ∀t (14)
load demand plus losses as expressed by:
where, δj,t and δj,t+1 are the inventory level at time t and
NG
X NC
X Nw
X Ns
X X inventory level at time t+1, while δmin (j) and δmax (j) are the
Pi,t + Pj,t + P wt = P st = P Dt + P Lt , minimum and the maximum capacity of the cavern in MWh
i=1 j=1 w=1 1=1 n∈i respectively.
(7)
where P wt , P st and P Dt are the wind generation, solar IV. C ASE STUDY
generation and system load demand at time (t) respectively. The case studies are performed using the data of Nyala
2) Required system spinning and operating reserves: The DPP and Nyala WF with the integration of CAES to obtain
spinning and operating reserves of the DGs should be large the operation scheduling of the system. For the WF, the total
enough to supply electricity to the system during the WP generation capacity is 20 MW produced by several turbine
variations as expressed in (8) and (9) respectively. units with rated power 1.500 MW and 1800 MW; cut-in and
NG
X NC
X cut-off wind speed are 4 m/s and 25 m/s respectively. The
rsi,t + rsj,t ≥ RS (t), ∀t (8) parameters of LD and WP forecasted for one day are shown
i=1 j=1 in table II. For the Nyala DPP, the electricity is generated by
14 DGs with the total capacity of 30 MW as listed in Table I.
where, rsi,t , rsj,t and RS (t) are the spinning reserve of diesel The capacity of the solar power station is 5 MW. The CAES
unit (i) at time (t), the spinning reserve of the storage unit and has a maximum and a minimum generation capacity of 15
system spinning reserve requirement at time (t) respectively. MW and 3 MW respectively.
NG NC
X X V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ori,t + orj,t ≥ OR (t), t = 1, .....T (9)
i=1 j=1 The simulation have been done for the three scenarios and
the results are listed in tables III and table IV and table V and
where, ori,t , orj,t and OR (t) are the operating reserve of the discussed.
diesel unit (i) at time (t), the operating reserve of storage
unit and system operating reserve requirement at time (t) A. scenario one: The load demand is only supplied by the
respectively. diesel power plant
3) Real power generation limits: The real power of each The operation planning is determined for the diesel units
unit is restricted by the lower and the upper limits as expressed when supplied the load without integration of renewable power
in (11). generation and CAES during the day-ahead operation period
Pi,min ≤ Pi,t ≤ Pi,max (10) and the simulation results are shown in Table III. The results
show that, during the operational period only the cheaper
where Pi,max is the upper limit of the real power generation generator units are committed to serving the load while the
of unit i. expensive units G3, G6, G9 and G12 cannot produce the
 TABLE II
F ORECASTED LOAD DEMAND AND WIND POWER

Time (Hour) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
wind (MW) 17 9 10 15 18 13 11 12 18 19 20 17 15 9 6 4 3 3 3 5 7 8 6 10
load (MW) 22 14 15 20 23 19 21 24 29 28 29 27 29 22 18 16 14 14 9 22 23 21 17 16

TABLE III
N YALA D IESEL P OWER P LANT ONLY

Hours
Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G3 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
G4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
G5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G7 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
G8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
G10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G12 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
G13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G14 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
G15 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

TABLE IV
N YALA DIESEL POWER PLANT WITH WIND POWER

Hours
Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
G5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
G8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
G10 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
G14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

TABLE V
N YALA DIESEL POWER PLANT WITH CAES

Hours
Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G4 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
G5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G7 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
G8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G9 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
G10 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G13 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
G14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
G15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
power during the first seven hours and then started to produce
electricity during the period 9:00-13:00 and then turn off again
during the period 14:00-24:00. The operation cost is very high
because the power generation only depending on the diesel and
the total operating costs are equal to $124750.
B. scenario two: The load demand is supplied by the diesel
power plant and renewable power generation
This case presents the impact of the wind power into the
diesel power plant to supply the load demand by the total
power generated from the wind farm and diesel power and
the results are shown in Table IV. From the results, all the
expensive diesel units G2, G3 G5, G8, G11, G12, G14 are
turned off during the whole operation period and the load
demand only supplied by the other cheapest diesel units. The
total operating costs is equal to $54576 and this cost is less
than the costs in the first case because the expensive diesel
units are replaced by the renewable power generation.
C. scenario three: The load demand is supplied by the diesel
power plant and renewable power generation with CAES
This case presents the operating schedule of the system
when CAES is charged by using the excessive power from the
wind during the off-peak period and then discharge it when
needed during the peak period and the simulation results are
shown in Table V. As shown in the results, the diesel units
G2, G5 and G11 are turned off during the whole operation
periods because they are expensive while the other diesel units
are committed to generated power except units G8 and G12
are only committed at the time 9:00 and 8:00 respectively.
The total operating costs is equal to $54686 and this cost
is relatively high compared to case 2 because the capacity of
energy storage is less than the capacity of the renewable power
generation.
VI. C ONCLUSION
Integration of hybrid PV-Wind/CAES into the diesel power
plant has been modeled and simulated to obtain the operational
planning of the proposed system. From the simulation, its
observed that the integration of the renewable power sources
into the diesel power plant is the best choice for minimizing
the use of fossil fuels as well as decreasing the greenhouse
emissions such as CO2 . The CAES plays an essential role
in the hybrid system to mitigate the variability nature of the
wind energy by storing the excessive wind energy during the
off-peak period and reused it during the peak period. Thus, the
proposed system is useful for helping in integrating renewable,
backup system and make management for the grid system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was financially supported by the Science
and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China
No.SGHE0000KXJS1700086.
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