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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIA.2019.2928254, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications
Comprehensive Controller Implementation for
Wind-PV-Diesel Based Standalone Microgrid
Miloud Rezkallah, Member, IEEE, Sanjeev Singh, Senior Member, IEEE, Ambrish Chandra, Fellow, IEEE,
Bhim Singh, Fellow, IEEE, Marco Tremblay, Maarof Saad, Senior Member, IEEE, and Hua Geng, Senior Member, IEEE
 integrating various RES and to form a local electrical network
Abstract— In this paper, a comprehensive controller of a
standalone microgrid is implemented, which has three dispersed
generation units based on a wind, solar photovoltaic array and a
diesel generator. The power ratio variable step perturb and
observe method is applied to achieve maximum power point
tacking of a solar photovoltaic array and a variable speed wind
turbine coupled a permanent magnet brushless DC generator
without rotor/wind speed sensors. Moreover, to ensure perfect
synchronization of a diesel generator to the point of common
coupling (PCC), a control algorithm is developed, which is based
on in-phase and quadrature units. An active power control based
on proportional-integral controller with anti-windup, is used for
voltage and frequency regulation. The LCL filter based on
virtual resistor, is used for power quality improvement at PCC.
Simulation and test results are presented for the validation of
proposed system using a prototype of 2 kW in the laboratory.
Index Terms— Standalone microgrid, solar photovoltaic array,
wind turbine, diesel generator, active damping, LCL filter based
virtual resistor, PCC voltage regulation, power quality
improvement and PI controller with anti-windup.
I. INTRODUCTION
M remote areas still use a diesel engine based electric
ANY
generator commonly known as a diesel generator (DG)
[1] for their electrical energy needs, despite the fact that DG is
costly, noisy and pollutant [2]. The remote areas usually have
vast availability of renewable energy sources (RES) such as
solar, wind, biomass, as well as hydro. Advancements in
power electronics and electrical machines, have made it
possible to decrease the cost of energy provided by these RES,
and to reduce dependence on DG in remote areas by
Manuscript received February 26, 2018; revised June 14, 2018; accepted
July 26, 2018. This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Research Partnership
Grants) and SUEZ - Water Technologies & Solutions.
Miloud Rezkallah, Ambrish Chandra, and Maarof Saad are with the
Electrical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100
Notre Dame Montréal, Québec H3C1K3 Canada (e-mail:
miloud.rezkallah.1@ens.etsmtl.ca, miloud.rezkallah@itmi.ca
ambrish.chandra@etsmtl.ca, and maarouf.saad@etsmtl.ca).
Sanjeev Singh is with Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering
Department, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Longowal, Sangrur Punjab-148106, India. (e-mail:sschauhan@sliet.ac.in)
Bhim.Singh is with the Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India. (e-
mail:bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in).
Marco.Tremblay is with Suez Canada, Suez treatment solutions, 5490 Bd
Thimens, Saint-Laurent, QC H4R 2K9, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, (e-mail:
Marco.Tremblay@suez-na.com).
Hua Geng is with Department of Automation, Tsinghua University,
Beijing 100084, China, (e-mail:genghua@tsinghua.edu.cn).
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called as a standalone microgrid (SMG). This electric system
is a self-sustainable and off-the-grid network with energy
generated from locally available sources. Owing to the
stochastic nature of various RES, the electricity generation
needs a backup support such as DG, because SMG is not
connected to any conventional grid. However, such
combination has AC as well as DC generation making the
control complex and costly [3]. Therefore, research efforts for
simplified control, cost reduction and improved performance
of SMG, are reported in the literature [4-15]. In [4], the
authors have presented a wind turbine (WT) and a solar
photovoltaic (PV) based SMG for reduction of cost and
complexity while eliminating one power converter. In [5], the
control is simplified by eliminating the dump load, however,
this technique cannot be generalized for all applications. In [6-
7], two different configurations are presented to ensure
uninterrupted power in remote and isolated areas by operating
DGs continuously. This solution is costly, pollutant and leads
to poor efficiency at light loads. To enhance the performance
of DGs, a battery energy storage (BES), WT and DGs based
SMG, is presented in [8], where DG is used as an emergency
energy source [9]. In this mode, the supply to the load and the
battery charging, is achieved simultaneously.
Many research efforts [10-12] have been made for an
improvement in performance of SMG, such as increased
efficiency, improved power quality, regulation of voltage and
frequency at point of common coupling (PCC). Various
control approaches are also presented in [13-15] for improved
performance of WT and PV array. The commonly used
method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is the
perturb and observe (P&O) method due to its easiness.
However, this method is sensitive to certain weather
conditions and it results in oscillations near a maximum power
point (MPP) [16]. Many solutions are proposed in the
literature to solve the drawbacks of P&O method of PV array
such as variable step size P&O method [17] and hybrid MPPT
[18] or enhanced P&O method based on sliding mode control
[19]. However, their implementation in real time, becomes a
challenge.
Regarding MPPT of WT, P&O method and power signal
feedback methods, are mostly used due to their simplicity [20-
21]. It uses either wind speed or rotational speed sensors to
estimate the optimal torque.
To maintain the system stability and load sharing between
various generators in SMG, virtual impedance, frequency
droop and angle droop control, have been reported in the
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Transactions on Industry Applications
Fig.1 SMG configuration under study
literature [11, 22-23]. However, these methods suffer during
malfunction of one or more generators. Moreover, this
technique is based on complex multi-loop feedback control
[24]. Generally, the power quality in SMG is dependent on
dispersed generation units, local grid characteristics, controls
and connected loads [25-28]. For harmonics mitigation,
passive and active filters are required. Regarding, the active
filtering, many techniques such as, instantaneous power
theory, synchronous reference frame technique, adaptive
control etc., are proposed in [25], [36-38]. In these control
strategies presented in [25], classical proportional-integral (PI)
controller is used to track the set points in inner and outer
control loops, where the saturation phenomenon is not taken
on consideration when the system reaches limits of operation.
This issue is solved in [31] and [34] by reinforcing the PI
controller using anti-windup feedback. The obtained results
show satisfactory performance when the system reaches its
limit of operation. The new structure of PI controller with anti-
windup proposed in [33], is effective, however, it requires
mathematical model to obtain optimal time constants of the
anti-windup feedback.
Regarding, the attenuation of switching frequency harmonics,
an output filter is required. According to [28, 29], the LCL
filter is cost-effective filter, however, it should be properly
designed to achieve high level performance. The damping
resistor connected in series with a capacitor of the LCL-filter,
increases the encumbrance in implementation and the losses.
This issue is solved in [29] by integrating an observer in the
control of VSC (Voltage Source Converter). This technique is
effective but complex. In [35], the complexity of
implementation is solved by additional filter capacitor current
sensing, but at the increased cost.
In this work, a SMG configuration based on three
dispersed generation units, is presented for ensuring
continuous supply to a remote water treatment station in north
of Canada. A control scheme for WT-PV-DG based SMG is
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designed to achieve uninterrupted round-the-clock power with
maximum RES participation under varying weather and load
conditions. The significant contributions in this work, are as
follows.
▪ A SMG configuration is derived with reduced power
converters based on WT, PV array and DG.
▪ A new active power control strategy is based on a PI
controller with anti-windup controller (AWPI) and optimal
time constant for voltage and frequency regulation at PCC.
▪ The power ratio variable step-based P&O method is
implemented to attain high level performance from WT
without sensing the rotor or wind speed and for PV array
with less oscillations around maximum point under steady
state condition.
▪ A detailed mathematical model is presented to design
accurately the parameters of the anti-windup feedback.
▪ The estimation of a virtual resistor term, is made by
multiplying a constant with estimated filter capacitor current
instead of sensed current as it has been proposed in [35].
▪ The DG is used only as backup energy source.
▪ A simple synchronization control of DG at PCC based on
in-phase and quadrature unites templates, is used.
▪ A cost effective LCL-filter based on virtual resistor, is used
for harmonics mitigation without losses.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION MODES
The proposed SMG configuration [30], which involves a
permanent magnet brushless DC generator driven by WT and
a diesel engine driven synchronous generator (SG), is shown
in Fig.1. The WT is operated at variable speeds, whereas, the
synchronous generator is operated at a fixed speed. For simple
integration of different dispersed generating units with easy
synchronization, the power from WT is rectified using a diode
bridge rectifier and fed to the DC-link using a boost converter
2. The PV array is connected to the same DC-link through a
boost converter 1. The combined DC power is fed to the PCC
through a three-phase VSC. A controlled switch is used to
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Transactions on Industry Applications
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connect DG at PCC. The SMG configuration is reinforced by

a battery bank as BES and a DC dump load to prevent the BES
overcharging. For harmonics mitigation at PCC, the LCL filter
based virtual resistor, is used. To guarantee a galvanic
isolation between PCC and rest of the system, a delta-star
transformer, is used.
In Table I, all operating modes of the system, are
presented. Based on the state of charge of battery (SOC), the Fig. 2. Control scheme for MPPT from WT
generated power from WT and PV array, as well as the load
power demand, the decision is taken. If the SOC is greater The WT instantaneous power at (n-1)th instant, is obtained as,
than 50% and the generated power from WT and PV array, is
PWT ( n -1)  VWT ( n -1)iWT ( n -1) (2)
greater than the load demand, BES is in charging mode. For
the same SOC but with less power generated from WT and where PWT(n), PWT(n-1), VWT(n), VWT(n-1) and iWT(n), iWT(n-1) denote
PV, BES starts discharging i.e. feeding power to the load in the instantaneous power generated from WT, the measured
order to balance the power in the system. DG is turned off as it output voltage and current at out of a three-phase diode bridge,
is mentioned in a operating mode 5, only if the SOC is less and their previous values.
than 50%, and the generated power from WT and PV array, is The variation of instantaneous power at nth instant is as,
less than load power demand. In this operating mode DG runs
at its full capacity, to charge BES and supply the load, PWT ( n )  PWT ( n ) - PWT ( n-1) (3)
simultaneously. The DC dump load operates in mode 4, only
if BES is fully charged, and the generated power from WT and where ΔPWT (n) denotes the change in instantaneous generated
PV array, is greater than the load demand. power from WT at nth instant.
The variable power ratio is calculated as,

SWT ( n )   PWT max - PWT ( n )  / PWT ( n )

TABLE I (4)
OPERATING MODES OF SYSTEM
Mode Conditions Energy source State of BES
where SWT(n), PWTmax represent the variable power ratio and the
Mode1 SOC >50% PV, WT, BES BES is charging maximum power generated from WT.
Ppv +PWT>PL
Mode2 SOC >50% PV, WT, BES BES is The perturbation for the next step (KΔdWT(n)) is obtained as,
Ppv +PWT<PL discharging
Mode3 SOC <50% PV, WT, BES BES is charging K dWT ( n )  SWT ( n ) * TWT (5)
Ppv +PWT>PL
Mode4 SOC =100% PV, WT , DC dump charging stopped where ΔTWT is a step size and K denotes a gain, which is to,
Ppv +PWT>PL load is turned ON
Mode5 SOC <50% PV, WT, BES, DG is BES is charging  K  1 if PWT ( n ) 1
 (6)
Ppv+PWT <PL turned ON 
 K  -1 if PWT ( n ) 1

III. CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR SMG
The control signal (dWT(n)), is expressed as,
The proposed SMG uses various controllers for obtaining
desired performance namely MPPT, DC dump load control, dWT ( n )  dWT ( n )  K dWT ( n ) (7)
DG control, voltage control and power quality improvement.
In this section, the design of control algorithms, are discussed. The control signal is fed to pulse-with modulation (PWM)
block to gate the IGBT switch (SWT) of a boost converter 2.
A. Control strategy for Wind turbine
Fig.2 presents the proposed control algorithm for MPPT of B. Control Strategy for Solar Photovoltaic Array
WT. The stator of permanent magnet brushless DC generator To move towards MPP without oscillations around MPP,
is connected to the DC bus through a three-phase diode-bridge variable step power ratio P&O methods is used. As illustrated
and boost converter 2 to obtain DC voltage from trapezoidal in Fig.3, the instantaneous power generated from PV array is
AC voltage. This avoids the rotor or wind speed sensors. The obtained from its sensed output voltage and current as,
DC link also has BES and observes variations in DC link
voltage with the change in wind speed i.e. speed of WT. PPV ( n )  VPV ( n )iPV ( n ) (8)
Therefore, DC current (iWT) and voltage (VWT), both are
where PPV(n), VPV(n), and iPV(n) denote the instantaneous power of
requisite to achieve MPPT. Accordingly, a power ratio with
PV, and output voltage and current at nth instant.
variable step size-based P&O method, is used to realize MPPT
The pervious instantaneous power of PV array is as,
from WT. As presented in Fig.2, the instantaneous power
generated from WT at nth instant, is calculated using the PPV ( n -1)  VPV ( n -1) iPV ( n -1) (9)
sensed (iWT) and the output voltage (vWT) at the three-phase
diode-bridge output as, where PPV(n-1), VPV(n-1), and iPV(n-1) denote instantaneous power
of PV array, and output voltage and current at (n-1)th instant.
PWT ( n )  VWT ( n )iWT ( n ) (1)
The change in instantaneous power, is obtained as,

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PPV ( n )  PPV ( n ) - PPV ( n-1) (10) where dmax τc, τi, and k denote the maximum duty ratio, time
constants and controller gain, respectively.
where ΔPPV (n) is a change in instantaneous generated power. 1) Design of Time Constants of Anti-Windup Feedback
The perturbation for the next step is obtained as, As already indicated that anti-windup PI controller (AWPI) is
used to achieve the desired performance without saturation
K d PV ( n )  S PV ( n ) TPV (11) during transients, as well as, in steady state conditions. This
structure of controller is used to regulate BES voltage as
Where ΔdPV(n), ΔTPV, SPV(n), and K are the perturbation for the detailed in Fig.4, and to regulate the PCC voltage and the
next step, step size, power ratio, and gain, respectively. output filter current in outer and inner control loops for three-
The gain depends on the instantaneous power variation as, phase VSC. However, to achieve improved performance
 during transition without saturation issue, optimal gains (τc,
 K  1 if PPV ( n ) 1 (12)
 τi,), are required. To select these optimal gains, precise
 K  -1 if PPV ( n ) 1
 mathematical model for AWPI controller is developed here.
The steady-state output, dd is used to select the optimal value
The power ratio is calculated as, of gains. Considering dd > ddmax, following relationships are
S PV ( n )   PPV max - PPV ( n )  / PPV ( n ) (13) derived to get the steady-state and dynamic behaviours of the
AWPI controller when saturation occurs.
where PPVmax is maximum power generated from PV array. If the output of integrator is x, then;
The control signal (dPV(n)) is expressed as, dx \ dt  (k \ i )e   d d  d d max  (k \ C )
 (16)
d PV ( n )  d PV ( n )  K d PV ( n ) (14)  d d  ke  x

The control signal is fed to pulse-with modulation (PWM) Resulting as,

block to gate the IGBT switch (SPV) of a boost converter 1. ( dx \ dt )  ( k \  i )e   ke  x  d d max  ( k \  c ) (17)
which gives
(dx \ dt )  (k \  i )e  (k 2e \  c )  (k \  c ) x  d max (k \  c ) (18)
It is represented as,
(dx \ dt )  ( k \  c ) x  ( k \  i )e  ( k 2e \  c )  d d max (k \  c ) (19)

This relation (19) is first order differential equation.

Therefore, for the dynamic behaviour (equating the variation
Fig. 3. Control scheme for MPPT from PV to zero), the solution is obtained as,
C. Control of DC Dump Load (dx \ dt )  ( k \  c ) x  0  ( dx \ dt )  ( k \  c ) xdt (20)
As shown in Fig.1, standalone microgrid is reinforced by a
In addition, the functional form of the naturel solution is as,
DC dump load connected to the DC-link to protect BES from
overcharging and to prevent deterioration of the power quality xn  t   Ae  ( k \ c ) t (21)
at PCC. The control scheme for DC dump load, is presented in
Fig.4. It activates only if BES is fully charged as detailed in Moreover, for a steady state, the error e is considered as E
Table 1 (operating mode 4). The control uses DC link voltage (Error in steady state), resulting in the obtained solution as,
sensed as the battery voltage (vdc) and its reference value i.e.
(k \  c ) x p  (k \  i ) E  ( k 2 \  c ) E  ( k \  c ) d d max (22)
the limit of charging of battery (Vbat*) to get the voltage error
(e). This voltage error (e) is passed through an AWPI And
controller and the output is the duty ratio (dd) [31], as,
d d   k C  i s  1 /  i  C s  1  e  1 /  C s  1  d max (15)


 
 x p   k /  i  E   k 2 /  c  E   k /  c  d d max  c / k 
 x p   c /  i  E  kE  d d max
 (23)
For general solution, the obtained expression is presented as,
x  t   xn  t   x p
(24)
And
x  t   Ae  ( k \ c )t   c /  i  E  kE  d d max (25)
The use of initial condition (t=0, x=X0) results,
 X 0  A   c /  i  E  kE  d d max
 A  X   /   E  kE  d
 0 c i d max
(26)
Fig. 4. DC dump load control algorithm based on AWPI Substituting (25) in (24), it gives,

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 Dd
 Dd The phase-locked loop (PLL) used to calculate the phase angle
        of terminal voltage of synchronous generator and PCC, is
x  t    X 0    c   k  E  d d max  Ae  c     c   k  E  d d max
 k / t

 based on in-phase and quadrature unit templates, given as,

  i     i  
 
  (27)  vDGa v v
uDGap  , uDGbp  DGb , uDGcp  DGc (31)
The output for the steady state operation is given as,  VDGP VDGP VDGP
Dd   ( c \  i )  k  (28) And
Therefore, to avoid the saturation, Dd must be negative if the
error is positive and positive if the error is negative. It means, 
 
 uDGaq  1 \ 3  uDGbp  uDGcp 

îf E  0,  c /  i   k 0   c /  i   k

 
 îf E 0,  c /  i   k  0   c /  i  k
 (29)
To ovoid saturation issue and achieve high performance at any
time, the time constants and controller gain, τc1, τc2, τi, and k
are selected equal to 3, 0.5, 10 and 2, respectively.
D. Control of DG Synchronizer Switch
Fig.5 illustrates the control scheme for DG synchronizer
switch. Its model includes a speed regulator, actuator, and an
engine as mechanical parts and the synchronous generator,
exciter and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) as electrical
parts. Additional information on this mathematical model may
be obtained from [24]. As mentioned in Table I in operating
mode 5 that DG in this system behaves as an emergency
energy source and it operates only if the generated power from
WT and PV array, is less than load power demand and the
SOC of BES is less than 50%. To operate DG efficiently,
charging BES and supplying the load is done simultaneously.
Regarding, the synchronization of DG to PCC, following
conditions should be satisfied.
 SOC %50%
 P  P P
 PV WT L

  DG   L

VDGP  VLP
where, SOC%, PL, PPV, PWT, θDG, θL, VDGP, and VLP denote the
SOC of BES, load demand, generated power from PV array
and WT, phase angle of terminal voltage of synchronous
generator and PCC, as well as, their voltage amplitudes,
respectively.
Fig. 5. Control scheme for DG synchronizer switch

  
 u DGbq  3 \ 2 uDGap  1 \ 2 3  uDGbp  uDGcp   (32)
u
 DGcq   
  3 \ 2 uDGap  1 \ 2 3  uDGbp  uDGcp  
where uDGap, uDGbp, uDGcp, and uDGaq, uDGaq, uDGaq denote the in-
phase and quadrature unit templates. VDGP is the amplitude of
voltage of synchronous generator, which is calculated as,
2
VDGP     vDGa  vDGb  vDGc  (33)
3
Using (32) and (33), cosθDG and sinθDG are estimated as,
cos DG  uDGaq (34)

 sin DG  uDGap
This method is applied to estimate cosθL and sinθL at PCC.
If conditions given in (30), are satisfied, the reference rotor
speed (ꞷref) is multiplied by 1 and compared with measured
rotor speed (ꞷr). The obtained error signal is fed to PI
controller, and the output of PI controller is fed to actuator.
The output of actuator represents the fuel flow, which is
transformed into mechanical torque. DG injects power into
PCC only if conditions of synchronization, are satisfied,
(30)
VP  VLP  VDGP  0
 (35)
   L  DG  0
where ΔVP and Δθ denote the change in amplitude of voltages
and phase angle of the synchronous generator and PCC.
E. Control of Three-Phase VSC
As shown in Fig.6, the developed active power based on
AWPI controller with virtual resistor based active-damping, is
used to regulate the voltage and frequency, as well as to
improve the power quality at PCC. This control strategy
consists of outer and inner control loops in dq-frame. To
achieve high level performance under different conditions
without saturation issue, AWPI controllers are used in both the
control loops. To reduce the complexity and to increase the
system efficiency, the passive resistor of the output LCL filter
is removed and replaced by a virtual resistor. As presented in
Fig.6, voltages at PCC, load currents and output filter currents
are used to generate reference voltages at the input of the LCL
filter. The desired voltages at PCC, are obtained using the
transfer function of LCL filter in dq-frame.
The mathematical model of the LCL filter uses dq-reference
frame as expressed in (36-38) [29], where the voltages and
currents, sensed at PCC, VSC output, and filter capacitor, are

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6

converted from stationary reference frame to rotating Accordingly, the transfer function of LCL filter shown in
reference frame using Park transformation as, Fig.7 (b) where damping is achieved by passive resistor is as,
 u Ld
VC' ( S ) LL 1  SC f RD 
 diLd G4 ( S )   (43)
 LL  RL iLd  vLd  vCfd  jLL iLq V f ( S ) LL L f C f S  1  SC f RD  L f  LL 
2

 dt
 u Lq (36) where RD and Kr denote the passive resistor and constant,

 diLq which is obtained using (42) and (43) as,
 LL  RL iLq  vLq  vCfq  jLL iLd
 dt LL  L f
K r  RD (44)
where LL, RL, ω, iLdq, vLdq, and vCfdq denote the inductor and LL
resistor at PCC, frequency at PCC, load voltages/currents in To prevent a large VSC voltage decrease, the constant Kr
dq-frame, and voltage across filter capacitor in dq-frame. should not be too high. It should vary between 9 and 27, as
 u fd determined in [33]. In this case, Kr is selected as 12.
 di fd The control strategy in Fig.6, consists of outer and inner
Lf  R f i fd  v fd  vCfd  jL f i fq control loops in dq-frame. In the outer loop, the output VSC
 dt currents in dq-frame (ifdq*) are obtained by adding the output
 u fq
(37)
 of the AWPI controllers, which represents the filter capacitor
 di fq currents (iC qd *) with the sensed load currents (iLdq). The terms
 Lf  R f i fq  v fq  vCfq  jL f i fd
 dt (-ωCfvCfq and ωCfvCfd ) are used to decouple the dq-frame.
where Lf, Rf, ω, ifdq, vfdq and vCfdq represent the inductor and The VSC current errors (Δifdq), which are inputs of the inner
resistor at output of VSC, frequency at PCC, VSC voltage and control loops in dq-frame, are fed to AWPI controllers and its
current in dq-frame, and voltage across the filter capacitor in output is subtracted from the terms (icdq*kr) to ensure system
dq-frame, respectively. stability without increasing the losses. These terms represent
the active damping, which are obtained by multiplying the
 dvCfd
Cf  i fd  iLd  jC f vCfq estimated filter capacitor current (iCdq*) with constant Kr given
 dt in (44). Furthermore, in inner control loops, terms (ωLfifq and -
 (38)
 C dvCfq  i  i  jC v ωLfifd) are added to decouple d-q axes dynamics. The outputs


f
dt
fq Lq f Cfd
of inner control loops are output VSC voltages. However,
where Cf denotes the capacitor of LCL filter. The supply reference PCC voltages in dq-frame (vLdqref) are obtained using
frequency at PCC is fixed as 60 Hz. (42). These three phase PCC voltages using inverse Park
The resonance frequency of LCL filter [29,32] is calculated as, transformation are fed to pulse-with modulation (PWM) block
to gate the IGBTs switches (S1- S6) of VSC.
res  L f  LL  /  C f LL L f  (39)
IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Fig. 7 shows the LCL filter with and without passive damping To demonstrate effectiveness of control approach,
resistor. The transfer function of it shown in Fig.7 (a) is as, simulated results of proposed SMG obtained using Matlab, are
presented in Figs.8-9. These results are also validated on a
prototype developed in the laboratory as shown in Fig.10.
In Fig.8 (a), simulated results of PCC voltage (v L) and current
(iL), DG output current (iDG), WT output voltage (vWT) and
current (iWT), output PV current (iPV), DC link voltage (vdc),
and SOC%, are presented. Performance of active power
Fig. 6. LCL filter: (a) with virtual resistor, (b) with passive damping resistor control based on AWPI controllers with virtual resistor based
active damping technique, is tested for changes in the load and
VC ( S ) LL (40)
G1 ( S )   weather conditions. The performance is shown for load
V f ( S ) L f LLC f S 2  LL  L f perturbation as load disconnection between t = 0 s to t = 0.05
The transfer function between the capacitor current and s, rapid increase and decrease of load at t= 0.05 s, and t=0.3s,
voltage of the LCL filter is as, respectively; phase ‘a’ load disconnection at t=0.5s and
i (S ) connection of nonlinear load between t=0.7s to t=1s. The wind
G2 ( S )  C  SC f (41)
speed variation is depicted as an increase in the output current
VC ( S )
of WT at t=0.7s, with an increase at t=0.85s. The variation of
The transfer function when the virtual resistor based active solar irradiation is demonstrated as variable output of PV
damping is introduced in the AWPI controller is as, array. It increases at t=0.4s with an increase at t=0.7s, one
observes that the PCC voltage is regulated with sinusoidal
VC ( S ) LL
G3 ( S )   (42) waveform under these conditions. The output current of DG is
V f ( S ) LL L f C f S  C f K r LL S  L f  LL
2
zero because SOC of BES is more than 50%.

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Fig. 7. Control algorithm for voltage regulation based on AWPI with active damping technique

In Fig.8 (b), zoomed responses of Fig.8 (a) between t=0.35 In Fig.8, it is observed that the PCC voltage is sinusoidal,
s and t=0.6 s, are illustrated. confirming the robustness of proposed control. It is
demonstrated that proposed power ratio variable step-based
P&O method performs well to get MPPT from WT and PV
array during sudden changes in weather condition.
In Fig.9, dynamic performance of the system when SOC
becomes less than 50%, is presented. These scenarios as
detailed in Table I, represent the operating mode 5. It is
observed that when conditions given in (30) and (35), are
satisfied, selector switch is turned ON and DG starts
operating. To improve the efficiency of DG, the supply to load
and BES charging, are achieved simultaneously. The VSC
current is in phase opposition with the generator current,
confirming that the DG is charging BES.

Fig.9 Dynamic performance when SOC% is less than 50%

Fig.10 shows a prototype developed in the laboratory. It

Fig.8 a) Simulation results for load and weather variation when the SOC is
sperior to 50%, and b) zoomed responses of (a) between t = 0.35s and t=0.6s
consists of: (1) a diesel engine emulator (ABB drive with
asynchronous motor) driven fixed speed synchronous
generator, (2) a WT emulator (LabVolt drive with
asynchronous motor) coupled to variable speed permanent
magnet brushless DC generator, (3) a lead acid battery bank,

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(4) loads (Linear and Nonlinear Loads), (5) VSC, (6) DSP-
dSPACE with protection cards, (7) voltage and current
sensors, (8) a transformer, (9) LCL filter and PV emulator.
Fig.11 (a) demonstrates the steady state performance of the
developed prototype in terms of synchronous generator stator
phase voltage (vDGa) and their currents (iDGa, iDGb, and iDGc). In
Fig.11 (b), the stator phase volatges and DC excitation current
required (iexc) for synchronous generator, are presented. It is
observed that the phase voltage and currents are sinusoudal at
60 Hz frequency. The DC excitation current of rotor winding
is constant.
Fig. 12 (a) presents experimental waveforms of synchronous
generator stator phase voltage (vDGa) and PCC phase voltage
(vLa) of phase ‘a’, SG currents (iDGa1) and (iDGa2) measured at
the output of synchronizer switch of developed laboratory
prototype. Fig.11 Experimental performance of Synhcronous generator (output voltages
and currents)
In Fig. 12 (b), the zoomed responses of Fig.12 (a) between
0.2s and 0.55s, are demonstrated. One may observe that the Responses at load perturbation, are validated on a
synchronizer switch is turned ON at t=0.42s when the prototype and shown as Figs.14 (a)-(b). It is demonstrated that
conditions given in (30) and (35), are satisfied. PCC voltages are regulated at load perturbation. Zoomed
results in Fig.14 (b), demonstrate zero steady state error in
PCC voltage, as desired. This confirms that the developed
active power control based AWPI controller with virtual
resistor for voltage regulation performs well at load variation.
.

Fig.10 Developed laborary prototype of proposed SMG

To demonstrate constant voltage and frequency operation

during steady state, experimental results recorded in terms of
PCC line voltage (vLab, vLbc) and load currents (iLa, iLb) at linear
load, are shown in Fig.13.

Fig.12 Experimental Performance of synchronous generator during

synchronization with PCC

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The PCC voltage is regulated to its nominal value. The PCC

voltages are observed balanced and sinusoidal in Fig.16 (b).

Fig.13 Experimental Performance waveforms at load terminals

Fig.15 Experimental results under sudden removed of complete load

Fig.14 Experimental performance under: a)sudden increasing and decreasing

of load, and b) the zoomed waveforms of (a)

Fig.15 presents test results at load application and

disconnection. It is demonstrated that at this severe condition,
PCC voltage and frequency, are controlled at constant values. Fig.16 Experimental results under switched off phase (a)

In Figs.16 (a)-(b), the dynamic performance at switching off To demonstrate that the battery maintains stable operation of
a phase ‘a’ load, and its zoomed waveforms, are presented. SMG, test results under fixed solar irradiation and load

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variation, are presented in Fig.17. Fig.17 (a) shows responses

of PCC voltage (vLab), load current (iLa), output PV current
(iPV), and battery current (ibat). The zoomed waveforms of
Fig.17 (a), are shown in Fig.17 (b). One can see clearly that
BES instantaneously compensates the variation of load
demand when the load is increased and balances the power in
the system by charging the battery when the load is decreased.
In Figs.18 (a)-(b), test results of stator voltage (vWTa) and
current (iWTa) of WT phase ‘a’, the input DC voltage (vWT),
and current at boost converter-2 input for WT side during
wind speed change, are presented. It is demonstrated that the
generator current varies with the variation of wind speed while
having minor variation in the input voltage of the WT side
boost converter-2. This confirms that the variable step power
ratio P&O method tracks the maximum power from WT at
wind speed variation without wind or rotor speed sensing.
Figs.19 (a)-(b) present stator voltage (vWTa) and current
(iWTa) of phase ‘a’ of WT, DC current (vWT), and voltage (vWT)
at WT side at wind speed decrease. It is observed that the
power ratio variable step P&O method performs well for
MPPT during wind speed decrease. The output current of the
generator varies with wind speed variation

Fig.18 Dymanic performance under increasing wind speed

Fig.17 Dymanic performance under fixed solar irradiation and load change

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Fig.19 Dymanic performance under decreasing wind speed
V. CONCLUSION
The proposed microgrid for an isolated water treatment
station based on three dispersed generation units; fixed speed
DG, variable speed wind turbine and solar photovoltaic array,
has been found to operate safely at sever conditions while
supplying the load demand continuously at regulated voltage.
The power ratio variable step P&O method for MPPT, has
easily been implemented in a prototype to achieve high level
of performance from wind turbine and solar photovoltaic array
without any wind/speed sensors and without oscillations
around MPP. The developed active power control based on
AWPI controller with virtual resistor based active-damping for
voltage regulation at PCC, has been implemented effectively
and obtained results have demonstrated desired performance
without saturation issue during transitions. The BES is
protected from overcharging with utilization of excess power
for space heating system as a DC dump load. DG has been
used only as a backup energy source and its synchronization
with PCC has been achieved safely without destabilizing the
system operation. Switching harmonics are perfectly
attenuated without losses using LCL filter based virtual
resistor. Therefore, it is concluded that the comprehensive
control proposed in this work for wind-solar diesel based
standalone microgrid, is expected to be an effective alternative
for uninterrupted supply in remote and isolated areas.
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Miloud Rezkallah (S’11–M’14) received the B.
Tech. degree in electrical machines and drive from
the University of Science and Technology USTO,
Oran, Algeria, and the M. Tech. and Ph.D. degrees
in power electronics and system control from École
de Technologie Supérieure, Université, Montréal,
Canada., in 2010 and 2016, respectively. He is
working as a postdoctoral fellow in Electrical
Engineering Department at École de Technologie
Supérieure and as researcher at the research center
on smart grids and energy systems at spet-iles in
Quebec. His research interests include control and design of microgrid, active
filters, renewable energy generations and applications, and energy storage
systems.
Sanjeev Singh (S’09, M’11, SM’13), Associate
Professor, Electrical and Instrumentation
Engineering Department, Sant Longowal Institute
of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab
received the B.E. (electrical) degree from APSU
Rewa, India (1993), the M.Tech degree from
DAVV Indore, India (1997), and the Ph.D. degree
from IIT Delhi (2010). He was with NITCON
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12
Chandigarh (Apr. 1997- Dec. 1999), as Project Officer (energy) and with
École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montréal, Canada (Dec. 2016 - Jun.
2017) as post-doctoral researcher (Electrical Engineering). His areas of
interest include power electronics and drives, energy management, power
quality, microgrids and renewable energy integration.
Ambrish Chandra (SM’99–F’14) received the
Electrical engineering degree from Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, India, in 1977 the
M.Tech. degree in power apparatus and systems
from the IIT, in1980, and the Ph.D. degree from the
University of Calgary, Canada, in 1987. From 2012
to 2015, he was the Director of the graduate
program on “renewable energy and energy
efficiency” at the École de Technologie Supérieure
(ÉTS), Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada,
where since 1994, he has been a Professor with the
Department of Electrical Engineering. His research interests include power
quality, active filters, static reactive power compensation, FACTS, and control
and integration of renewable energy resources.
Bhim Singh (SM’99, F’10) was born in Rahamapur,
Bijnor (UP), India, in 1956. He received his B.E.
(Electrical) from the University of Roorkee, India, in
1977 and his M.Tech. and Ph.D. from the IIT Delhi,
India, in 1979 and 1983, respectively. In 1983, he
joined the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Roorkee as a Lecturer. He became a
Reader there in 1988. In December 1990, he joined
the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi,
India, as an Assistant Professor, where he has
become a Professor in 1997. His areas of research
interest include power electronics, electrical machines and drives, renewable
energy, active filters, FACTS, HVDC, and power quality.
Marco Tremblay is the R&D Director at Suez
Water Technologies & Solutions in Montreal,
Canada, developing industrial power electronic and
control products. He is a licensed professional
engineer with a bachelor degree from McGill
University. He later obtained a Master degree from
École de Technologie Supérieure de Montréal where
he is presently a PhD candidate. His major
contribution has been the development of innovative
products used to purify drinking water for more than
fifty million people around the world and to
reduction industrial pollution. He is presently studying the use of neural
networks in equipment condition monitoring and diagnostics.
Maarouf Saad received a bachelor and master
degrees in electrical engineering from Ecole
Polytechnique of Montreal respectively in 1982
and 1984. In 1988, he received a Ph.D. from
McGill University in electrical engineering. He
joined Ecole de technologie superieure in 1987
where he is teaching control theory. His research is
mainly in nonlinear control and optimization
applied to robotics and power systems.
Hua Geng (S’07–M’10–SM’14) received the B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from the Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
China, in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree in control
theory and application from Tsinghua University,
Beijing, China, in 2008. From 2008 to 2010, he was
a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson
University, Toronto, ON, Canada. He joined the
Automation Department, Tsinghua University, in
June 2010, and is currently an Associate Professor.
His current research interests include advanced control on power electronics
and renewable energy conversion systems.