Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Monitoring Guidelines
(Draft for comments)
[June 2014]
The Team
Concept
Dr. D. Saha CPCB
Technical Review
Sh. J. S. Kamyotra CPCB
Consultative
Coordination
Dr. D. Saha CPCB, Delhi
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Monitoring Protocol for Indoor Air Quality
Introduction
The causes of the complaints may be manifold that may include technical, chemical,
physical, medical, psychological, sociological and economic factors. Correspondingly, the
investigation strategies in ‘sick buildings’ must also be multi-interdisciplinary (Molhave,
1986). The successful investigation depends upon the efficient coordination between
various experts in such multi-factorial relations. In order to coordinate such co-operation a
protocol covering sampling, analyses, prediction and evaluation become an essential tool.
However, this protocol must also define the specific ‘goals’ and specify as to they are
achieved in such multi-factorial environment. The multi-factorial team may consists of
experts like, building managers, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
engineers, and those performing the sampling and analyses (e.g. analyst), and those
making predictions of IAQ (e.g. the IAQ modelers) and lastly those making the evaluation
of the building and taking decisions (e.g. the controlling authority). Besides, the protocol
must further ensure proper collection and recording of all information needed for the
specific goals.
Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the quality of the air inside buildings as represented by
concentrations of pollutants and thermal (temperature and relative humidity) conditions
that affect the health and performance of occupants. The growing proliferation of chemical
pollutants in consumer and commercial products, the tendency toward tighter building
envelopes and reduced ventilation to save energy, and pressures to defer maintenance and
other building services to reduce costs have fostered IAQ problems in most of the buildings.
As a result, occupant’s complaints of stale and stuffy air, and symptoms of illness or
discomfort breed undesirable conflicts among occupants/owners/tenants/building
managers. Therefore, it has become one of the most important issues of environment and
health worldwide considering the principle of human rights to health that everyone has the
right to breathe healthy indoor air.
To solve the problems related to IAQ, a steering committee of experts are required to
provide their opinions on the design, planning and implementation of IAQ measurement and
control programs. The experts need to identify the key parameters that should be
measured indoor in different types of buildings depending upon their use i.e. commercial,
residential or sensitive (the sensitive buildings are classified as hospitals, schools, and old
age homes etc. where sensitive receptors like women, children and old age people are
occupants).
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Causes of Indoor Air Pollution
IAQ is a too much relevant issue for health (e.g. respiratory diseases)
Indoor air tends to be more polluted than ambient air, but...
Despite having been tackled for long by public policies, outdoor ambient air keeps
being a basic pollution source for indoor air
Buildings as diodes between two environments must be addressed under a holistic
and lasting intervention/ perspective which should integrate the concerned aspects of
policies related to safety, health, energy efficiency and sustainability of buildings
Materials and products going inside buildings shall be such that they won’t become
relevant sources of air pollution whatsoever
Occupant’s activities and behaviour indoors to call upon public awareness and
responsible participation
Areas of Investigation
Environmental measurements
Building and ventilation characterization
Time activity assessment and Occupant’s health assessment.
Monitoring Objectives
Environmental Scientist
Epidemiologist (public health expert)
Building Design Engineer (Architect)
HVAC Engineer
Building Manager (management person)
Analyst
Strategies of implementation
Definition of minimum IAQ requirements and recommended IAQ values for: offices
and public buildings, schools, hospitals, residences, and transport means.
Ventilation standard setting
Inclusion of radon preventive measures in building codes
Definition of reference measurement methods for indoor air pollutants
Accreditation of private and public services for IAQ
Radon
Particulate matter
Gaseous Pollutants
Biological agents
Allergens
Construction and furnishing materials
Chemical commodities
Revision of existing norms on building hygiene, HVAC hygiene and building codes
Guidelines for building design, minimum ventilation requirements, and ventilation
testing
Norms on building commissioning
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Norms for building, HVAC and technical installation maintenance and institution of
the “maintenance recording book”
Accreditation of the building maintenance and IAQ consultant services
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The first step in the preparation of a protocol is the definition of the sampling objectives or
of the hypothesis to be tested. These objectives are generally problem oriented and so need
‘mapping’ or documentation of complaints in the building, control of compliance with
standard or exposure limits and identification of the sources. Other objectives are the
evaluation of the methods for measurements of pollutants, individual exposures of the
receptors within the building, the identification of the effects of the variations in ventilations
on IAQ. Each of these objectives call for different protocols and a detailed description of the
aim is essentially the first step in any planning of the protocol.
Once the sampling/monitoring objectives have been defined, the second step is to establish
a list of all relevant sampling/monitoring variables and their variation range as given below:
Emission controlling variables: Building site and type, materials, ventilation type,
outdoor pollution, emission rates, elimination rates
Co-variables for human reactions: Genetic factors, personal co-factors, building related co-
factors, social environment, work environment, exposure times
Human Reactions: Symptoms from eyes, nose and upper airways, throat, mouth, lower
airways, stomach, heart, ear, hyper-reactivity, skin reactions, heat balance, neurological
effects, psychological effects, changes in human activity patterns.
Non-human reactions: From animals and plants and effects of buildings and other
properties.
The variation range of each variable may be found in literature or by pilot study. The pilot
study may provide a data base of frequencies and variations as well as other basic
quantitative information. For each of the selected variables, a sampling/monitoring
specification is then established.
The comfort parameters (temperature, relative humidity and airflow) are important
dimensions of indoor air quality. Generally, independent measurements of temperature and
relative humidity will be sufficient. However, some instruments will integrate these and
other measurements and provide a read out of comfort consistent with ASHRAE Standard
55-1992. For temperature and humidity measurements, instruments can be a simple
thermometer and humidity gauge, a sling psychrometer, or an electronic thermo
hygrometer. Such meters integrate several comfort parameters and will provide a direct
indication as to whether comfort is in the acceptable range according to ASHRAE Standard
55-1992.
The environmental measurements include measuring Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and other
contaminants. CO2 measurements are done by using sorbent tubes, which are readily
available and are inexpensive. However they are with accuracy of only 25% and are not of
much value for indoor air quality diagnostics. Digital infrared spectrometry though more
expensive is mostly used with more accurate and appropriate measurements. Indoor CO2
should be measured at peak values. However, if measurements in the occupied space are
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ever above 1000 ppm, check for improperly vented combustion appliances, which could
also be producing carbon monoxide (CO). Check the CO2 levels outside; and calculate the
indoor-outdoor values and compare with the above mentioned thresholds for 15 and 20 cfm
per occupant. If neither of these conditions can explain why the CO2 levels are above 1000
PPM, it is a valid presumption that the outdoor air ventilation rate is too low. Real-time
measurements of CO2 with data-logging equipment can be also be used to see how CO2
values rise and fall in an occupied space during the day, reflecting the pattern of changing
occupancy, or changing outdoor air ventilation rates. This can provide clues as to what is
happening in the building and this information can help in the diagnostic process. Most of
the IAQ problems can be solved with investigation of CO2 and ventilation indoors without
measuring specific contaminants. However, their measurements are sometimes helpful to
clearly identify the sources and target contaminants to measure specific contaminants that
have no acute affects but which could cause serious long term illness. This would help in
taking mitigation measures to control the contaminant. When measurements are taken,
qualified, experienced persons should take them and adhere to protocols and quality
assurance procedures. Other essential parameters for IAQ measurement may include
respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM – PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0); volatile organic
carbons (VOC) including formaldehyde; Ozone (O3); carbon monoxide (CO).
Observational Data: (i) average number of people in the venue, (ii) activities in the venue
viz. burning activities, indoor exercises etc. (iii) age-group, socio-economic status, food &
smoking habit, (iv) interaction on the intrusion of neighbor-hood pollution, (v) building
orientation, height, exit (door) / windows details / ventilators, (vi) compliance of field
protocols (vii) health records / disease records etc. are very important towards correlation
of indoor air quality data.
The optimal sampling site depends on the sampling objectives. If the sampling is planned
for a specific environments (offices, residential dwellings etc.), the locations are preferred
inside these environments. However, if the sampling/monitoring are representative of a
given type of residences, commercial buildings, schools, hospitals, the investigators must
first ensure the representatively in his selected sampling sites. Least potential problem
control zone also needs to be considered, while identifying the sampling sites in specific
environments. After selecting proper sampling/monitoring sites, the sampling/monitoring
locations inside the environment or building must be considered. This is important as the air
inside the environment is not uniformly distributed. One strategy is to locate and
investigate the areas of highest concentrations of contaminants. Woods et al. (1985) and
Maldonado and Woods, (1983) have suggested a procedure for choosing the sampling
locations inside a residence using four concepts:
REI and VE methods use tracer gas technique for identifications of problem areas within the
building. Later, for mathematical analysis and predictions, each sampling/monitoring
location will represent a homogeneous microenvironment which means that variance of
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variables under consideration in each microenvironment will be smaller than variance
among the averages for different microenvironments (Moschandreas, 1981). Therefore
different microenvironments constitute together the entire non-homogeneous
sampling/monitoring microenvironments while each sampling/monitoring location is
representing a homogeneous microenvironment. Each of this microenvironment must be
decided prior to sampling/monitoring and separate sampling/monitoring protocol may be
fixed for each of them. The size of the microenvironment depends upon the variations in
space and time of the selected variable.
The contaminants concentrations indoors are related with cofactors such as humidity,
human activity and air temperature. The time of sampling/monitoring must then be chosen
accordingly so as to minimize the influence of the cofactors e.g. when the potential
cofactors are expected to be constant and at average level. Such choice of time may not be
acceptable or achievable all the time in relation to the overall aims of the investigations.
Hence the sampling/monitoring programme must always allow estimate of the range of
variations of relevant cofactors.
Note: Full day monitoring protocol is also proposed as and when required in some cases of
specific environment types
The sampling duration must represent ‘peak’ exposure and ‘average’ exposure indoors.
Both long term and short term sampling/monitoring may be required to reflect the desired
time resolution of the sampling/monitoring programme. The greatest time resolution
obtainable is the shortest sampling/monitoring duration and interval. In addition to the
sampling /monitoring efficiency together with the sensitivity of the analytical method also
determines the sampling/monitoring duration. For chemical characterization of pollutants /
species, long duration monitoring is specifically required. Short time sampling/monitoring
(< 15 min) is chosen for investigating acute effects; investigation of chronic effects are
evaluated by carrying out sampling/monitoring for longer duration of several hours or even
days.
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V. Number of samples/monitored data
VI. Instrumentation
VII. Calibration
Characterization of building parameters, i.e. type, size, age, location, building fabric, its
furnishing and equipment, its occupants and their activities need to incorporate in IAQ
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protocol. The elements of ventilation, i.e. airflow rate, air volume and air velocity from
openings in natural systems or from heating
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Table 1: Sampling and Measuring Procedure/Instrumentation for IAQ study
2. Ventilation For indoor CO2 IR based IAQ monitors Least count- 1ppm
parameters space
carrying
capacity
For Air Air flow rate Tracer gas technique/ Grid with sensitivity of 1.5 to
change airflow grids/ pitot tubes 30 min/sec as per BS1042
rate (ACH)
For Air Simulation CFD CFD Software
circulation
3. Comfort Temperature Thermometer, thermo Least count-1oC/Wet bulb
parameters hygrometer maximum- 64oF for winter &
68oF for summer as per
ASHRAE 55-1992
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Ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system are important to IAQ. Its information is
important to develop the protocols for the operating set points and schedules consistent
with good IAQ performance. Measurement instruments and techniques, which are generally
available to building personnel, can be extremely useful in assessing the performance of the
right ventilation system for both exhausting and diluting pollutants. Useful measuring tools
include: Smoke tube to measure airflow, Flow hood to measure air volume, Velocity meter
to measure air velocity, and measuring CO2 to estimate the percentage of outdoor air or to
generally evaluate outdoor air ventilation. It acts as surrogate index for analyzing the
ventilation and so the IAQ. Besides, air flow grids can also be used to measure differential
pressure and air flows in the buildings.
The sampling methods for biological effects are numerous. Therefore to simplify the
measurement protocol for biological effects of indoor pollutants, the ‘questionnaire’ tool is
generally used. The questionnaire will collect information on various factors, i.e. general
information on building (as mentioned in building characteristics), its environmental and
ventilation condition, occupants and their work responsibilities, SBS symptoms and
occupant’s perception on their health. However, there are ‘gaps’ in this tool such as, the
questionnaire is neither able to prove causality, nor document whether the complaints are
caused by ‘hypersensitivity’ or high level of indoor pollutants. In spite of these
shortcomings, the questionnaire tool is invariably used in analyzing the IAQ problems.
X. Sampling/monitoring administration
The protocol must include proper numbering of all samples/monitored data, data sheets for
each variable or co-variable. Strict storage norms and routine for the collected data must
be established to secure the validity of the samples/data. Active information plan must be
distributed to the occupants of the building before any study is started as the success of the
IAQ study depends upon the cooperation of the individual occupant, building manager, the
producer of the building material, the authorities, the resident welfare associations etc. The
information activities should not be biased to any individual stakeholder of the site being
investigated.
Predictions of IAQ for different types of buildings are essential in order to avoid repeated
IAQ monitoring which involves money and manpower. Various modeling techniques are
used to develop the IAQ models that includes the most used and simple technique based on
mass balance approach. For many studies in IAQ, wind tunnel simulations can also be used
which may provide coefficients controlling the air change rate (ACH), re-suspension and/or
re-entrainment of the settled particulates etc. Such studies would help in eliminating
uncertainties affecting the predictive efficiency of the IAQ models.
Summary
This report on the IAQ protocol is a check list for establishing a IAQ study protocol that
includes sampling, monitoring, and analysis and prediction. After formulation of the
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hypothesis or aim of the IAQ investigation all relevant variables and co-variables should be
identified. The list of items to consider for each protocol and may act as list of contents for
a standard sampling/monitoring protocol. These standard items which are to be considered
during establishing the IAQ protocol can be summarized as below:
Sampling/monitoring site identifications: Site, type of building, age of building, floor level,
location in the room, recent renovation activity.
Co-variables: Ventilation system, time and status during sampling/monitoring and before
sampling/monitoring; temperature and humidity; meteorological conditions; presence of
biological sources like occupants and pets and plants; consumer products; smoking;
appliances.
IAQ modelling: Model type identification and formulation; calibration and validation.
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Figure 1: An Integrated IAQ protocol
Indoor Air
Quality
Urban Rural
Localities
Localities
Natural +
HVAC Naturally
Mechanically
buildings Ventilated
Ventilated Buildings
Buildings
Air circulation indoors +
measurement of ventilation
Identification of
contaminants/
their sources
Monitoring of contaminants/
ventilation/comfort parameters at
various locations (at least 3 locations
in each building type)
Carpet Area
Home age
Height of Home
Roofing material
Tile / Thatched / Concrete / Corrugate Iron / Others (Specify)
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Chimney/Exhaust Fan? (Yes/No)
Cooking devices
Gas Stove / Electric / Kerosene Stove / Mud Stove / Others (Specify)
Fuel type
Firewood / Sawdust / Tree residue / Straw / Rice husk / Jute Sticks /
Bagasse / Briquette / Animal residue / Charcoal / Kerosene / Piped natural
gas / LPG / Bio gas / Electricity / Others (specify)
Cooking Oil
Mustard Oil / Refined Oil / Olive Oil / Ghee / Others
Pets? (Yes/No)
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OUTSIDE CONTAMINANT SOURCES
HEALTH ISSUES
References
Maldonado E.A.B. and Woods J.E. (1983) A method to select Locations for
indoor air quality sampling. Building Envir. 18, 171-180.
Woods J.E., Krafthefer B.C.and Janssen J.E. (1985) solutions to indoor air
quality problems in light housing, presented at Energy ’85, Washington DC,
March 1985.
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Kindly send your comments/suggestions to:
mukeshk@civil.iitd.ac.in mailcpcb@gmail.com
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