Nozzle Design

Nozzle
• Nozzles or opening are provided in pressure vessel to
facilitate input and output of material.
• Nozzles are provided to measure temperature, pressure
and level,
• It is also provided to facilitate cleaning as manholes,
hand holes or drains.
• Nozzles may be located on shell, head or on jacket.
• When holes are made on shell, head or jacket to connect
Nozzles, it creates stress concentration in the vicinity of
hole.
• In order to minimize these stresses it is preferred that
opening must be in circular shape or elliptical shape.
• Classification of Nozzles :
Based on forming and attachment Nozzles are classified as
A) Integral Nozzle:
Nozzle is integral part of the shell or head or jacket.
It is prepared by cutting and shaping of metal.
Generally nozzle thickness is < 6mm , so it is used in few cases.
B) Fabricated Nozzle:
It is prepared from piece of standard pipe and it is welded with
vessel wall. Flange are attached on the other end of the pipe.
It is used for low and medium pressure services.
C) Formed nozzle:
In this type weld-neck flange is an integral part of formed nozzle
and attached by welding. They are selected for high pressure
services
 Reinforcement Pad for Nozzle:
• Holes created in the vessel create discontinuity in the
vessel wall.
• Due to the pressure, stress concentration induced in the
vicinity of vessel hole.
• In case of circular hole, stress at the hole is about 2.5
times circumferential stress developed in the shell.
• Stress concentration near the hole can be reduce by
increasing the thickness of vessel wall, which is in the
vicinity of hole.
• The Dimension of Reinforcement pad required is finding
out by Area for area method
 Area for area method:
As per this method, useful cross sectional area which is
removed to make the hole in vessel wall, the same cross
sectional area must be provided as compensation within
specified boundary limit.
Area for which compensation is required is given by-
A= di ts'
Where, di = Inside diameter of nozzle pipe.
ts’ = Calculated thickness of shell, head or jacket or minimum
thickness required by shell, jacket or head on which
nozzle is to be provided.
If we provide reinforcement within boundary ABCD then
maximum reinforcement obtained with minimum material.