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Topic: Political ideologies

Hypothesis: The political ideologies of people are influences by colonial history and current
environment
Rationale: The reason why we chose the topic political ideologies is for us to understand the
different aspects that lead them in choosing a particular political thinking.

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when Imperial
Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.
The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the attack on
Pearl Harbor. As at Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial
Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to
Java on 12 December 1941. General Douglas MacArthur was ordered out, leaving his men at
Corregidor on the night of 11 March 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving
and sick American and Filipino defenders on Bataan surrendered on 9 April 1942, and were
forced to endure the infamous Bataan Death March on which 7,000–10,000 died or were
murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on 6 May.
Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan. A highly
effective guerilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces-controlled sixty percent of the
islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine, and sent
reinforcements and officers

1. POLITICAL
JAPAN
Emperor
The Emperor is the symbol of Japan and of the unity of the people, performs the
following acts in matters of state, with the advice and approval of the Cabinet, such
as the promulgation of amendments of the Constitution, laws, cabinet orders and
treaties, the convocation of the Diet, the dissolution of the House of Representatives,
the proclamation of general election of members of the Diet, the attestation of the
appointment and dismissal of Ministers of State and other officials as provided by
laws, and of full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers, the awarding
of honors, the attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic
documents as provided by laws, receiving foreign Ambassadors and Ministers and
the performance of ceremonial functions, while he has no powers related to
government.
He also appoints the Prime Minister and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as
designated by the Diet and the Cabinet respectively.
In this respect, the position of the Emperor in postwar Japan differs from that in
prewar days when the Emperor was the source of sovereign power.
The Imperial Throne is dynastic and succeeded from father to son.

Diet
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The National Diet, composed of two houses - the House of Representatives and the
House of Councilors, is the highest organ of state power and the sole law-making
organ of the State.
The House of Representatives is composed of 480 members, of whom 300 are
elected from the single-seat constituencies and 180 by the proportional
representation system in which the nation is divided into 11 electoral blocs which
according to size return between 6 and 30 members. Their term of office is 4 years,
but shall be terminated, before the full term is up, if the House is dissolved.
The total membership of the House of Councilors is 242, of whom 96 are elected by
the proportional representation system from a single nationwide electoral district
and 146 from 47 prefectural constituencies, each returning 2 to 8 members. Their
term of office is 6 years, and a half of the members being elected every 3 years.
Both Houses have the same power with some exceptional cases in which the decision
of the House of Representatives precedes that of the House of Councilors.
The Diet begins its 150 day ordinary session from January each year, which may be
extended only once by the Diet. The Cabinet may determine to convoke
extraordinary sessions whenever necessary.

Cabinet
Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, which consists of the Prime Minister and
not more than 17 Ministers of State (including Ministers without portfolio and the
Chief Cabinet Secretary) and is collectively responsible to the Diet. The Cabinet has to
resign en masse when the post of Prime Minister becomes vacant or when the first
session of the Diet is convoked after a general election of members of the House of
Representatives. If the House of Representatives passes a non-confidence resolution
or rejects a confidence resolution the Cabinet shall resign en masse, unless the
House of Representatives is dissolved within ten days.
Prime Minister, who is designated from among the members of the Diet by a
resolution of the Diet and appointed by the Emperor, must be a civilian.
Prime Minister appoints the Ministers of States and may dismiss them as he chooses.
The Prime Minister, representing the Cabinet, submits bills to the Diet, reports to the
Diet on general national affairs and foreign relations, and exercises control and
supervision over various administrative branches.
The Cabinet has the Cabinet Office and 11 Ministries, which are established by the
respective Establishment Laws and are enumerated in the National Government
Organization Law, as well as the Cabinet Secretariat, Cabinet Legislation Bureau,
National Personnel Authority, Security Council of Japan, and other Cabinet organs.
There is the Board of Audit which is a constitutionally independent organization to
audit the final accounts of the State and other public corporations and agencies.

Judiciary
The whole judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts
as High Courts, District Courts, Family Courts and Summary Courts.
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No extraordinary court can be established, nor can any organ of the Executive have
final judicial power.
The Justices of the Supreme Court, except the Chief Justice who is appointed by the
Emperor, are appointed by the Cabinet. The Judges of inferior courts are also
appointed by the Cabinet but only from a list of persons nominated by the Supreme
Court.

PHILIPPINES
Executive Branch: The current structure of the Philippine national government is the
result of the 1986 People Power Revolution that removed the longtime Philippine
dictator, Ferdinand Marcos. The resulting 1987 Constitution created a democratic
republic modeled after the U.S. national system. The executive branch is headed by the
Philippine president, who is directly elected by the Philippine people and serves one
six-year term in office. Philippine presidents cannot run for re-election. Legislative
Branch: The Philippine legislative branch is comprised of two chambers, the House of
Representatives and the Senate. Members of the House of Representatives are elected
either through the district method or the party list method. Currently, the Philippines is
divided into 234 legislative districts. Each legislative district elects one individual to
represent the district in the House of Representatives. Thus, the Philippine House of
Representatives has 234 members selected using the single member district (SMD)
method. However, the 1987 Philippine Constitution also allows an additional 20
percent of the House membership to be selected using the party list method. When
Filipinos cast their votes they cast two votes for the House of Representatives, one for
a district representative and one for a political party. Political parties receiving at least
2 percent of the national vote will earn a seat in the House. No political party can earn
more than 3 seats through the party list voting process. The party list voting method is
a form of proportional representation and is intended to provide third parties and
underrepresented groups representation in the legislature. There are currently 57
party list representatives. Each representative serves a three year term and can serve
not more than three consecutive terms. The Philippine Senate consists of 24 members
elected from at-large from the entire Philippines. Senators serve six-year terms and
can serve no more than two consecutive terms. Judicial Branch: The Philippines has an
independent judicial branch headed by the Philippine Supreme Court. The Supreme
Court is comprised of 15 justices. Supreme Court justices are appointed by the
Philippine President from a list of candidates prepared by the Philippine Judicial and
Bar Council. The Judicial and Bar Council is the body created by the 1987 Constitution
to help ensure the selection of qualified personnel for judicial positions. Below the
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Supreme Court is the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals is comprised of one
presiding justice and 68 associate justices. These justices are also appointed by the
Philippine President upon recommendation by the Judicial and Bar Council. Also just
below the Supreme Court is the Sandiganbayan Court. The Sandiganbayan Court is the
Philippine anti-graft and corruption court. Its purpose is to hold high ranking
government and military personnel accountable and to address the culture of
corruption in the Philippines. The Sandiganbayan Court consists of 15 justices
appointed by the President upon recommendation by the Judicial and Bar Council.
Below these two courts are the regional and municipal courts. The Philippines also has
a parallel system of Shari’a Courts for the nation’s Muslim population. Cases involving
the Code of Muslim Personal Laws can be filed within the

2. ECONOMIC
JAPAN
The economy of Japan is a highly developed and market-oriented economy. It
is the third-largest in the world by nominal GDPand the fourth-largest by purchasing
power parity (PPP). and is the world's second largest developed economy. Japan is a
member of the G7. According to the International Monetary Fund, the country's per
capita GDP (PPP) was at $38,937(2016). Due to a volatile currency exchange rate,
Japan's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply. Accounting for these
fluctuations through use of the Atlas method, Japan is estimated to have a GDP per
capita of around $38,490. The Japanese economy is forecast by the Quarterly Tankan
survey of business sentiment conducted by the Bank of Japan. The Nikkei 225 presents
the monthly report of top Blue chip (stock market) equities on Japan Exchange Group.
Japan is the world's third largest automobile manufacturing country, has the largest
electronics goods industry, and is often ranked among the world's most innovative
countries leading several measures of global patent filings. Facing increasing
competition from China and South Korea, manufacturing in Japan today now focuses
primarily on high-tech and precision goods, such as optical instruments, hybrid
vehicles, and robotics. Besides the Kantō region, the Kansai region is one of the leading
industrial clusters and manufacturing centers for the Japanese economy.] The size and
industrial structure of cities in Japan have maintained tight regularities despite
substantial churning of population and industries across cities overtime. Japan is the
world's largest creditor nation. Japan generally runs an annual trade surplus and has a
considerable net international investment surplus. As of 2010, Japan possesses 13.7%
of the world's private financial assets(the third largest in the world) at an estimated
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$13.5 trillion. As of 2017, 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in
Japan, down from 62 in 2013.
Japan has the highest ratio of public debt to GDP of any developed nation, with
national debt at 236% relative to GDP as of 2017. This debt is predominantly owned by
Japanese nationals. The Japanese economy faces considerable challenges posed by
a declining population, which peaked at 128 million in 2010 and has fallen to 126.5
million as of 2019 Projections suggest the population will continue to fall to potentially
lower than 100 million by the middle of the 21st century.

PHILIPPINES
he economy of the Philippines is the world's 34th largest economy by nominal
GDP according to the 2017 estimate of the International Monetary Fund's statistics, it
is the 13th largest economy in Asia, and the 3rd largest economy in
the ASEAN after Indonesia and Thailand. The Philippines is one of the emerging
markets and is the sixth richest in Southeast Asia by GDP per capita values, after the
regional countries of Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
The Philippines is primarily considered a newly industrialized country, which has an
economy in transition from one based on agriculture to one based more on services
and manufacturing. As of 2017, GDP by purchasing power parity was estimated to be
at $1.980 trillion.
Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport
equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits.
Major trading partners include Japan, China, the United States, Singapore, South
Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan and Thailand. The Philippines
has been named as one of the Tiger Cub Economiestogether with Indonesia,
and Thailand. It is currently one of Asia's fastest growing economies. However, major
problems remain, mainly having to do with alleviating the wide income and growth
disparities between the country's different regions and socioeconomic classes,
reducing corruption, and investing in the infrastructure necessary to ensure future
growth.
The Philippine economy is projected to be the 5th largest in Asia and 16th biggest in
the world by 2050. According to the PricewaterhouseCoopers, it estimates that it will
be the 12th to 14th richest economy in the world by 2060. While this opposes other
reports from HSBC Holdings PLC, that by the year 2050, the Philippines will have been
stated to surpass the economy of Indonesia due to its yearly higher GDP growth rate of
6.5% (Second, after China). However, the economic statistics may still vary depending
on the performance of the government every year.
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3. CULTURAL
JAPAN
The culture of Japan has changed greatly over the millennia, from the country's
prehistoric Jōmon period, to its contemporary modern culture, which absorbs
influences from Asia, Europe, and North America.
Strong 9,000 year old ancient Han Chinese cultural influences, including the 8,000 year
old ancient Han Chinese writing script, are still evident in traditional Japanese culture as
China had historically been a global superpower, which has resulted in Japan absorbing
many elements of ancient Han Chinese culture first through what as then the Imperial
Chinese tributary vassal stateof Korea, then later through direct cultural exchanges
during China's Sui and Tang dynasties.
The inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the
outside worldduring the Tokugawa shogunate after Japanese missions to Imperial
China, until the arrival of the "Black Ships" and the Meiji period. Today, the culture of
Japan stands as one of the leading and most prominent cultures around the world,
mainly due to the global reach of its popular culture

PHILIPPINES
The culture of the Philippines is a combination of cultures of the East and West.
Filipino identity was created primarily as a result of pre-colonial cultures, colonial
influences and foreign traders intermixing and gradually evolving together. In pre-
colonial times, the Philippines was a divided set of nations, islands and tribes being
ruled by their own kings, chieftains, lakans, rajahs, datus and sultans. Every nation has
its own identity and some are even part of a larger empire outside of what is now the
Philippines. Manila, for example, was once part of the Islamic Sultanate of Brunei, and
the Sulu Archipelago was also part of the Hindu Majapahit. The advent of colonial rule
in the islands marked the beginning of the Philippines as an entity, a collection of
Southeast Asian countries united under Spanish East Indies.
Chinese influence has been felt throughout Southeast Asia through trade, specifically
by the Ming dynasty and other earlier dynasties from as early as the 9th century. The
blending of indigenous, colonial and external influence is very evident in the historic
arts and traditions of the country.
The Philippine archipelago was first settled by Negritos; today, although few in
numbers, they preserve a very traditional way of life and culture. After them,
the Austronesians arrived on the archipelago. The Austronesian culture is strongly
evident in the ethnicities, languages, cuisine, music, dance and almost every aspect of
the culture. These Austronesians engaged in trading with other Austronesians,
particularly in the neighbouring nations in Maritime Southeast Asia. They also traded
with the Mainland Southeast Asia, as well as Japan, China, the Indian
subcontinent and Arabia. As a result, some of these cultures marked their influences on
Filipino culture. This gradually evolved with indigenous belief systems and developed
into Anitism, which became the dominant religion for more than a millennium.