1) When to use double pipe heat exchanger and shell and tube heat exchanger?

Double pipe heat exchangers are used when the heat transfer area is small say up to 14 m2. If we
connect them in series to increase the heat transfer area it will require much space as well the
pressure drop will be higher due to more fittings. Also we can’t increase no of passes for either
side fluids. The double pipe HE can’t be used for dirty fluids due to choking and cleaning is
tougher. The advantage is it is simple to construct and easy to operate.But in shell and tube HE,
we can pack a large heat transfer area within a small volume. As the numbers of tubes are more
in a shell and tube HE, we can expect a higher turbulence which will result in higher heat
transfer rates. Dirty fluids also can be handled owing to easy cleaning.
2) What is Biot No?
Biot No is a dimensionless No defined as Bi= hL/kb (No unit). h= convective heat transfer co
efficient (unit is W/m2 K)
L= characteristic length (Volume of the body/ surface area of the body” unit is metre)
kb= thermal conductivity of the body(W/mK)
It is the ratio between conductive heat transfer within a body to that of convective heat transfer
away from the body. If it is above one means convection is more and less than one means
conduction is more.
3) What should be the pressure to be taken for pipe and reactor before put in service?
For pipes the test pressure should be double the proposed application pressure and for reactors
test pressure should be 1.5 times the reaction pressure. It means if we wish to subject a pipe to 10
bar we have to do pressure testing at 20 bars whereas for the reactor it would be 15 bars.
4) Which liquid should be on shell side of a shell and tube HE and why?
Even though there are no strict conditions on this the following points are taken into
consideration normally. 1)The corrosive fluid shall pass through the tube side as the
replacement of tubes is easier and cheaper than shell side 2) The toxic, hazardous fluid shall
pass through tube side. Because in case of any leakage it won’t get exposed to atmosphere.
5) How we can find leakage in any tube in shell and tube HE?
We have to remove the bonnets of left and right side of the HE. We have to force a liquid thro’
the shell side with high pressure. It will penetrate the leaked tube and come out via the same
tube. Thus we can find the leakage.

6) What is the difference between vapor and gas?

A vapor is formed by heating any liquid and it can be condensed at atmospheric conditions either
by reducing temperature or be increasing pressure. But a gas has already above the critical
temperature and can’t be condensed by application of above methods. First it has to be brought
below critical temperature. Then only it can be condensed.
7) What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?
Evaporation happens at any temperature whereas boiling occurs only at a single temperature for
a single component like water. For example the water at sea surface evaporates everyday. It may
happen either at 300C or 350C, whereas water boils only at 1000C when the vapor pressure
becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.
8) Why the hot liquid in heat exchanger, reactor jacket should flow from bottom to top?
If we pass the liquid from top to bottom, it will flow fast by gravity itself. So it will have less
contact time with the heat exchanger/reactor surface which will result in poor heat transfer.
That’s why the hot fluid should be passed from bottom to top to maximize the contact time. The
same is applicable for cold fluid also in reactors
9) Why steam enters top side of jacket in reactor?
If we pass the steam from bottom side the condensate that is formed after losing the heat won’t
have a comfortable passage to get out of the system. In turn the entering steam will start to heat
the returning condensate rather than heating the reactor surface. That’s why we have to pass it
from the top.
10) When we need pumps in parallel and pumps in series?
If we need a higher discharge flow (Q) we have to go for pumps in parallel arrangement. If we
need a higher head (H) we need to go for pumps in series. For more details please read the below
article.
Pumps in parallel and series
11) When to use gear pumps?
When we need to handle high viscous liquids we need gear pumps as they deliver a higher
discharge pressure (even up to 200bars) than centrifugal pumps. They are used to pump paints,
resins, adhesives, pitch. diesel, crude oil etc. They are positive displacement pumps
12) Please give a comparison between orifice meter and venturi meter?
1) The orifice plate can easily be changed to accommodate widely different flow rates, whereas
the throat diameter of a venturi is fixed, so that its range of flow rates is circumscribed by the
practical limits of Dp.
2) The orifice meter has a large permanent loss of pressure because of the presence of eddies on
the downstream side of the orifice-plate; the shape of the venturi meter prevents the formation of
these eddies and greatly reduces the permanent loss.
3) The orifice is cheap and easy to install. The venturi meter is expensive, as it must be carefully
proportioned and fabricated. A home made orifice is often entirely satisfactory, whereas a
venturi meter is practically always purchased from an instrument dealer.
4) On the other hand, the head lost in the orifice for the same conditions as in the venturi is many
times greater. The power lost is proportionally greater, and, when an orifice is inserted in a line
carrying fluid continuously over long periods of time, the cost of the power may be out of all
proportion to the saving in first cost. Orifices are therefore best used for testing purposes or other
cases where the power lost is not a factor, as in steam lines.
5) However, in spite of considerations of power loss, orifices are widely used, partly because of
their greater flexibility, because installing a new orifice plate with a different opening is a
simpler matter. The venturi meter can not be so altered. Venturi meters are used only for
permanent installations.
6)It should be noted that for a given pipe diameter and a given diameter of orifice opening or
venturi throat, the reading of the venturi meter for a given velocity is to the reading of the orifice
as (0.61/0.98)2, or 1:2.58.(i.e. orifice meter will show higher manometer reading for a given
velocity than venturi meter).
(Courtesy:http://www.msubbu.in/ln/fm/Unit-III/VenturiOrifice.htm)
13) Why centrifugal pumps are widely used in process industries than positive displacement
pumps
Centrifugal pumps ate widely used in process industries. Because
1) They are simple to construct and operate 2) Installation and maintenance are easy
3) Casing can be made of up variety of materials 4) Noise free operation
5) No need of safety valve at discharge side in case of single stage centrifugal pumps
6) Can handle variety of liquids. The impeller MOC can be altered accordingly.
14) Give brief classification of handling pumps
Click on the image to Enlarge

15) What is surging in compressors and how it can be prevented?

In centrifugal and axial compressors when the suction volume falls below a certain limit
i.e. when the compressor is not getting enough volume of gas to compress, the gas from
discharge side will flow back to the compressor( which would reduce the speed of compressor
)and join together with the suction side to increase the volume input. Thereafter the speed of
compressor picks and it come to normal operation. But meanwhile such revere in flow will cross
huge pressure gradient across the compressor and vibration thus may damage the impeller. This
momentary reverse flow lapses for very short time
To prevent surging we need to install an anti surging system. The anti surging system shall have
a mechanism to measure the suction flow and discharge flow time to time along with a control
valve. When the suction volume falls below a certain set value a part of discharge gas will be
directed towards the suction to maintain the minimum suction volume. As normally compression
leads to increase in temperature the gas recycle sis taken after the “after cooler” to ensure the
discharge temperature is within control.
16) Differentiate compressors, fans and blowers?
Fans, blowers and compressors are differentiated based on the method used to move the air and
specific ratio (specific ratio= discharge pressure/suction pressure). As per the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the compression ration for fans is up to 1.11, blowers- 1.11 to
1.2 and for compressors above 1.2
17) What is the difference between HAZOP and HAZAN?
HAZOP(hazard and
HAZAN(hazard analysis)
operability studies)
Identifies hazards Assesses hazards
Preferred technique –used
Selective technique- use when others fails
on every project
Qualitative Quantitative
Done by a team Done by one or two people
Also calledRisk analysis,Risk assessmentProbabilistic risk
Also called “what if”
assessment(PRA)Quantitative risk assessment (QRA)
Courtesy: Hazop and Hazan By Trevor
A. Kletz

18) Why we use LMTD to calculate overall heat transfer co efficient in shell and tube than
arithmetic average?
In a heat exchanger the heat being lost by the hot fluid as well as the heat gained by the
cold fluid is not linear. So we need to use logarithmic average than arithmetic average to
calculate correct value of overall heat transfer co efficient.
19) What should be the packing size in packed columns?
The size of packing should be approximately 1/8th of the internal diameter of packed column for
optimum pressure drop
20) When to use absorption factor method to calculate no of plates?
If the operating data line and equilibrium line in the Mccabe thiele method runs parallel the no of
theoretical plates would be infinite. So it would be impossible to find the no of plates as the both
won’t touch at any point. So we need absorption factor method wherein no of theoretical plates
can be found by Fenske equation.
21) How to convert ppm in to percentage?
We have to divide by 104 to for the ppm to get converted to percentage. To convert percentage to
ppm we have to multiply by 104.
How to calculate?
ppm(parts per million) means out of million i.e. out of 106 Percentage means out of 100 ie out
of 102
Let us assume we have to convert X ppm into percentage
106 parts of substance is having x parts of a component 102 parts of the substance would have
(102 * X) / 106 = X/104
22) What is TLV (threshold limit value)?
The threshold limit value was set by American Conference of Governmental industrial
Hygienists, Inc (ACGIH) which is defined as the level of concentration of a chemical substance
in which a worker can work without an unreasonable risk of disease or injury. It can be
expressed in ppm or mg/m3.
For example the TLV of chlorine for an 8 hrs work day is 0.5ppm or 1.5 mg/m3. Which
indicates a worker can work without any unreasonable risk of disease or injury for 8 hours if and
only the chlorine concentration in his/her vicinity is within 0.5ppm.
23) What is critical insulation thickness for pipes?
We know that by adding more insulation to a wall always decreases heat transfer. The thicker the
insulation, the lower the heat transfer rate. This is expected, since the heat transfer area A is
constant, and adding insulation always increases the thermal resistance of the wall without
affecting the convection resistance.
Adding insulation to a cylindrical piece or a spherical shell, however, is a different matter. The
additional insulation increases the conduction resistance of the insulation layer but decreases the
convection resistance of the surface because of the increase in the outer surface area for
convection. The heat transfer from the pipe may increase or decrease, depending on which effect
dominates.
Consider a cylindrical pipe of outer radius r1 whose outer surface temperature T1 is maintained
constant. The pipe is now insulated with a material whose thermal conductivity is k and outer
radius is r2 .Heat is lost from the pipe to the surrounding medium at temperature T∞ with a
convection heat transfer coefficient h. The rate of heat transfer from the insulated pipe to the
surrounding air can be expressed as
The value of r2 at which heat transfer rate reaches maximum is determined from the requirement
that (zero slope). Performing the differentiation and solving for r2 yields the critical radius of
insulation for a cylindrical body to be
rcr,cylinder = k/h Note that the critical radius of insulation depends on the thermal conductivity of
the insulation k and the external convection heat transfer coefficient h.The rate of heat transfer
from the cylinder increases with the addition of insulation for r2< rcr, reaches a maximum when
r2= rcr, and starts to decrease for r2> rcr. Thus, insulating the pipe may actually increase the rate
of heat transfer from the pipe instead of decreasing it when r2< rcr.

24) What is priming in centrifugal pumps?

Priming is a technique used to drive away the air entrapped in the suction line of a centrifugal
pump. If the air present in the suction line are not removed the pump won’t be able to suck the
liquid from the reservoir as air is lighter medium whereas liquid is heavier medium. So the whole
suction line and the part of casing is filled with water and the air is removed via the air vent.
Also if air is allowed to enter to the impeller they will damage the impeller by flashing
(cavitation).
Normally cavitation won’t occur in pump which is continuously in service as there is a little
chance for the air to get into the suction line.
Another answer from “mcnallyinstitute” is as follows
Unlike a positive displacement pump that can pump a liquid to any head as long as the pump
body is strong enough, and there is enough horsepower available, the centrifugal pump can only
pump a liquid to its rated head. You’ll recall that this head was determined by, and limited to the
diameter of the impeller and the impeller speed (rpm.)
Since the weight of water is approximately 8000 times that of air (50 miles vs. 34 feet or 80 Km.
vs. 10 meters) the centrifugal pump can produce only 1/8000 of its rated liquid pressure. In other
words, for every one foot water has to be raised to prime the pump, the centrifugal pump must
produce a discharge head of approximately 8000 feet (each meter requires a head of 8000
meters) and that is impossible with conventional impeller diameters and speeds.
All of this means that if you intend to use a centrifugal pump you’re going to have to come up
with some sensible method of priming it. Your choices will include:
a) Install a foot valve in the suction piping to insure the liquid will not drain from the pump
casing and suction piping when the pump stops. Keep in mind that these valves have a nasty
habit of leaking.
b) Evacuate the air in the system with a positive displacement priming pump operating between
the pump and a closed discharge valve.
c) Fill the pump with liquid prior to starting it.
d) Convert the application to a self priming pump that maintains a reservoir of liquid at its
suction.
Courtesy: http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/06-html/6-06.html
Sub question: Is priming needed if the reservoir is located above the pump level?
No. because already the suction line would be filled with liquid.
25) Why PD pumps need safety valve at discharge side whereas a centrifugal pump doesn’t need
it?
Because the positive displacement pumps create a higher discharge pressure. (Even up to
200bars) In case by mistake the discharge valve is closed the higher delivery side pressure will
damage the discharge line and the pump itself. To avoid we need a safety valve which may
recycle a portion of liquid from delivery side to the reservoir.
26) Why steam ejectors are located above 10.33 meters only (or) What is Barometric leg ?
When steam ejectors are in operation a higher vacuum is created inside the system. If the system
comes in direct contact with atmosphere the atmospheric air would enter the system and break
the vacuum. So we use water as a seal. But water also will be sucked by the vacuum to a height
of 10.33 meters which is known as Barometric leg. If the steam ejector is kept below 10.33
meters the barometric leg would be unstable and water will enter the system. (10.33 Meters of
water = 760 mm of Hg)
N.B: The barometric line should be straight to ensure a perfect vacuum.

27) What is the size of nozzle in steam ejectors?

One to three millimeters diameters.
28) Why Steam ejectors are used in series?
If the system under which vacuum needed is large i.e. if we have to suck large volume of vapors
from the system a single ejector can’t handle the entire load. So we need more ejectors in series.
Sub question: Why an inter condenser is needed between two stages of ejectors?
In inter condenser the vapor from a particular stage is cooled and thus the load to the next stage
is reduced. Only the incondensable (the part of vapor that can’t be condensed) move to the next
stage which would leave the system along with next stage condensed vapor.
29) What is MSDS?
A MSDS (material safety data sheet) is a sheet which gives all information such as
physical, chemical properties of the chemical being handled, TLV, antidote, safety precautions,
fire extinguisher type to be used etc. Everyone who handles a chemical substance should be well
aware of the MSDS of that particular product.
30) What is the role of casing in centrifugal pumps?
The casing is designed in such manner its cross section area increases from the side of entry of
liquid i.e. the liquid enters in a small cross section and moves along higher cross section. Due to
that the part of its kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy.
31) What is the difference between PFD and PID?
The PFD (process flow diagram) gives us picture about stages of the process. But the PID
(process instrumentation diagram) shows us the location of valves, pumps, compressors, utilities
etc in the process.
32) What is the MOC of HE?
The material of construction of heat exchanger depends upon the properties of the liquid / vapor
being handled, pressure and temperature conditions etc. Normally used materials are carbon
steel, stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloys or other special alloys.
33) Why earthing done in reactors?
To ground the static electricity that may be produced in the reactor due to reaction.
34) Why SS are not corrosive?
The SS (stainless steel) contains some percentage of chromium. The chromium reacts with
oxygen (which is present in air) to form Cr2O which prevents further oxygen to react with Iron
(Fe) of SS to form rust.
35) When vacuum distillation is needed?
In case if the substance being distilled may degrade before it reaches its boiling point we have to
boil it a lower temperature than its boiling temperature. That’s why we need vacuum distillation.
36) What is the use of plate efficiency in distillation column?
Plate efficiency in plate column is used to convert the theoretical number of plates into actual
number plates. As any plate can’t perform ideal we have to multiply its efficiency with
theoretical no of plates to get actual plates required.
37) What would be impact if we increase and decrease the size of packing in packed column?
Increase in size of packing will give lower mass transfer rate and lower pressure drop. Decrease
in packing size will lead to higher pressure drop and high mass transfer rates.

38) Why tangential entry in cyclone separators?

If the dust laden gas enters straightly inside the cyclone separator it won’t acquire swirl motion.
Only tangential entry sets up such swirl motion(centrifugal force) due to which separation of
solid- gas is achieved.
39) When to use gate valve and globe, ball?
Gate valve – On off purpose
Globe valve – Throttling purpose
Ball valve – On off purpose with quicker action

40) When extended surface HE is required?

When the temperature difference between two fluids is less to achieve higher heat transfer rate
we may have to increase the external surface area. That’s why we need extended surface heat
exchangers.
41) How liquid nitrogen is saved in tanks?
Nitrogen is available in liquid form after compression. If it is exposed to atmosphere directly or
comes in contact with heat it would flash (evaporate). So we need to protect the nitrogen storage
from the outside temperature. The boiling point of nitrogen is -195.8oC. To achieve that it is
stored in an inside vessel with an outer vessel surrounding it. The annular space between the two
vessels is evacuated to ensure the outside temperature won’t enter inside as no medium is there.
This method is similar to what we see in a thermos flask
42) In which type of condensation (Film type, drop wise) heat transfer would be higher?
In drop wise condensation the drops formed will fall and the new steam that enters will find a
new surface to contact, and to transfer heat. But in film type condensation a film will be formed
on the tube wall which will prevent the fresh steam to contact the tube surface. So naturally drop
wise heat transfer will be higher.
43) What is the use of baffles in heat exchangers?
Baffles installed in a heat exchanger acts as an obstruction in the flow path of shell side liquid. It
reduces the effective cross section area through which the liquid travels. Due to this the velocity
and turbulence of liquid is increased thus resulting in high heat transfer.
44) Why baffles are used in reactors?
The purpose of baffles in reactors ia s same as that of heat exchangers. Here also
they increase turbulence thus causing higher rate of heat transfer, mixing thus ultimately reaction
rate.
45) Both the Nusselt number and the Biot number have the same form. What are the differences
between them in terms of the variables employed and their physical significance?
Both the Biot number and the Nusselt number are of the form (hL/k). However, for the Biot
number, the thermal conductivity k used is that for the solid; for calculating Nusselt number the
k value as that of the fluid. The Biot number is a measure of the ratio of the temperature drop in
the solid material and the temperature drop between the solid and the fluid. The Nusselt number
is a dimensionless version of the temperature gradient at the surface between the fluid and the
solid, and it thus provides a measure of the convection occurring from the surface.
Courtesy:http://research.me.udel.edu/advani/teaching/s98_me302_review.htm

46) What are the color codes for cylinders of Oxygen, Carbon di oxide, and Chlorine?
Oxygen – White
Carbon di oxide – Grey
Chlorine – Yellow
47) Please provide the color coding of pipe lines in process industries.
Please refer the following file
http://www.scribd.com/doc/40068469/Color-Codes-for-Pipe-Lines

48) What is the difference between fouling and scaling?

Fouling is caused by the collection of loose debris over pump-suction screens in sumps or
growth of algae in sunlit areas while scaling is depositing of dissolved minerals on equipment
surfaces (Source: wiki.answers)
49) What is dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature?
Dry bulb is the temperature of ambient air measured by thermometer. It is called “Dry bulb
temperature” because the temperature shown by thermometer is not affected by the moisture
content of the air.
The Wet Bulb temperature is the temperature of adiabatic saturation. This is the temperature
indicated by a moistened thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow.
Wet Bulb temperature can be measured by using a thermometer with the bulb wrapped in wet
muslin. The adiabatic evaporation of water from the thermometer and the cooling effect is
indicated by a “wet bulb temperature” lower than the “dry bulb temperature” in the air.
(Courtesy: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/dry-wet-bulb-dew-point-air-d_682.html)
50) What is dew point and why it is important in instrument air?
The Dew Point is the temperature at which water vapor starts to condense out of the air (the
temperature at which air becomes completely saturated). Above this temperature the moisture
will stay in the air.
Electronic instruments uses instrument air received from instrument compressors must be free of
any moisture. Because even a very small amount of moisture may condense and give enormous
deviation between actual value and displayed value which would result in many problems. So the
instrument air should be free of moisture. This is ensured by keeping the dew point below -400C
or below

General Chemical engineering

State Raoult's Law, Henry's law, Dalton's law?
What is Antoines law / How is vapor pressure related to temperature ? Write down the
Expression ?
Pumps
What is a pump? Draw the characteristic curve of the centrifugal pump?
Classification & uses of different types of pump?
How many types of pumps do you know / have heard of ? Do you know where are they applied
in real life ?
What is centrifugal pump?
What are Affinity laws ?
There is a pump of 100 m3 & head of 10m, similar pump of same discharge & head is on
standby, what will happen to discharge if both the pumps are started together? Increase or
Decrease ?
Different types of losses in pump?
Area of Rotameter from bottom to top ? Increases, Decreases, remains constant?
When is Bernoulli equation not applicable ?
Why is discharge line size usually one size smaller compared to suction line ?
Can the discharge line size be equal to or greater than suction line size ?
Why is velocity in suction line preferred to be low ?
There are 3 liquids, Viscosity of 3 > Viscosity of 2 > Viscosity of 1 (given). What will be the
relation between the power consumption of this 3 Liquids.?
NPSH
What is NPSH ? Why do we need to calculate NPSH ?
What is NPSHa & NPSHr ?
NPSHa should be greater than, less than, equal to NPSHr ?
Can NPSHa be negative ?
What steps would you take to increase NPSHA ?
Your pump is designed to pump water, now you have chocoloate to pump. What will be the
effect on head ? on NPSHA ? on Power ?
Heat Transfer
Explain Heat Exchanger Fouling, Correction Factor?
Different types of re-boiler other than kettle?
Different types of Shell & Tube Heat exchanger ?
LMTD & its significance ?
Mass Transfer
What is relative volatility?
What happens if vapor velocity is low in distillation column?
Minimum temperature upto which water can be cooled in cooling tower?
Process Control & Instruments
Which controller is used for temperature measurement ? remember temperature measurement is
a sluggish process ? P, PI, PID or none of these

Petroleum
For same octane number which of the following has higher octane number? Paraffin, Olefins,
Aromatics, all have same.
Hydrocracking takes place at ? Low temp-Low pressure, High temp. High pressure, Low T high
P, High T Low
Question 1. Define Heat Transfer?
Answer :Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one region to another
due to temperature difference.
Question 2. What Are The Modes Of Heat Transfer?
Answer :
Conduction
Convection
Radiation.
Question 3. What Is Conduction?
Answer :Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a
region of low temperature within a medium [solid, liquid or gases] or different medium in direct
physical contact.
Question 4. State Fourier’s Law Of Conduction?
Answer :The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction
of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction. Q α – A dT / dx Q = -kA dT /dx
Where, A – Area in m2 dT / dx – Temperature gradient, K/m k – Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
Project Management Tutorial
Question 5. Define Thermal Conductivity?
Answer :Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
Mechanical Interview Questions
Question 6. What Are The Factors Affecting The Thermal Conductivity?
Answer :
Moisture
Density of material
Pressure
Temperature e. Structure of material.
Question 7. What Is Meant By Free Or Natural Convection?
Answer :
It is fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature gradients, the
mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
AutoCAD Interview Questions
Question 8. Define Grashof Number [gr].?
Answer :
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of viscous
force.
Gr = Inertia force x Buoyancy force / [Viscous force]2
Question 9. Define Stanton Number [st].?
Answer :
It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number andPrandtl number.
St = Nu / Re x Pr.
Solid Edge Interview Questions
Question 10. What Is Meant By Newtonian And Non-newtonian Fluids?
Answer :
The fluids which obey the Newton’s law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids and those
which do not obey are called no-newtonian fluids.
Question 11. What Is Meant By Laminar Flow ?
Answer :
Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow, the fluid
moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid particles in
each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.
Mechanical Engineering Interview Questions
Question 12. What Are The Dimensionless Parameters Used In Forced Convection?
Answer :
Reynolds number [Re].
Nusselt number [Nu].
Prandtl number [Pr].
Project Management Interview Questions
Question 13. Define Reynolds Number [re]?
Answer :
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
Re = Inertia force / Viscous force
Question 14. State Newton’s Law Of Convection?
Answer :
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation.
Q = h A = [Tw – T∞]
This equation is referred to as Newton’s law of cooling.
Where h = Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K.
A = Surface area in m2
Tw = Surface [or] Wall temperature in K.
T∞ = Temperature of fluid in K.
Question 15. Mention Stefan Boltzmann Constant?
Answer : σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m² K4).
Solid Works Interview Questions
Question 16. What Is Meant By Absorptivity?
Answer : Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation.
Absorptivity, α = Radiation absorbed / Incident radiation.
Question 17. What Is Meant By Direct Heat Exchanger [or] Open Heat Exchanger?
Answer : In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot
and cold fluids.
Thermal Power Plant Interview Questions
Question 18. What Is Meant By Indirect Contact Heat Exchanger?
Answer :In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids could be carried
out by transmission through a wall which separates the two fluids.
Mechanical Interview Questions
Question 19. What Is Meant By Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger?
Answer :
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction.
Question 20. What Is Meant By Lmtd?
Answer :
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat exchanger
varies from point to point. In addition various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore
based on concept of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called logarithmic mean
temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as
Q = U A [∆T]m
Where, U=Overall heat transfer co-coefficient [W/m2K], A=Area, m2
[∆T]m = Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
Solar Thermal Interview Questions
Question 21. What Is Meant By Effectiveness?
Answer :
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum
possible heat transfer.
Effectiveness ε = Actual heat transfer / Maximum possible heat transfer = Q / Qmax
Question 22. What Is The Difference Between Air Conditioning And Refrigeration?
Answer :
Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining the temperature in space below
atmospheric temperature. Air conditioning is the process of supplying sufficient volume of clean
aircontaining a specific amount of water vapour and maintaining the predeterminedatmospheric
condition with in a selected enclosure.
Question 23. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Air Refrigeration System?
Answer : Advantages:
1. The refrigerant used namely air is cheap and easily available.
2. There is no danger of fire or toxic effects due to leakages.
3. The weight to tonne of refrigeration ratio is less as compared to other systems.
Disadvantages:
1. The quantity of refrigerant used per tonne of refrigeration is high as compared to other system.
2. The COP of the system is very low. Therefore running cost is high.
3. The danger of frosting at the expander valves is more as the air contains moisture content.
Question 24. What Is Net Refrigeration Effect Of The Refrigeration?
Answer : Refrigeration effect is the total heat removed from the refrigerant in the evaporator.
COP = Refrigeration effect / Work done.
Refrigeration effect = COP x Work done.
AutoCAD Interview Questions
Question 25. What Is Meant By Transmissivity?
Answer :
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident radiation.
Transmissivity, τ = Radiation transmitted / Incident radiation.
Why is a pressure cooker effective in cooking?
Why are the wet and dry bulb temperatures different? When will these be equal?
Apply Le Chatelier's principle to the reversible gas-phase reaction A+B → C, and explain how
the equilibrium conversion will vary with pressure?
What is a Newtonian fluid? How does it differ from a Bingham plastic fluid?
What is the velocity profile for flow of a Newtonian fluid in a cylindrical tube. What is it for a
Bingham plastic fluid?
Why does water freeze on a cold night even when the ambient temperature is not sub-zero?
If there are no constraints, how would you conduct a stage-wise distillation column so as to bring
its efficiency closer to unity?
Consider a sphere and a cube of the same volume and having the same initial temperature T0. If
both are exposed to the same external temperature Te ( > T0), which would gain heat faster?