1)What is the reheat factor ?

Ans: Reheat factor: It is defined as the ratio of cumulative heat drop to the adiabatic heat drop in all
stages of the turbine. The value of reheat factor depends on the type and efficiency of the turbine. The
value of the reheat factor is of the order of 1.1 to 1.5.
2)Why deaerative heating is done?
Ans: The main purpose of Deaeration is for removal of unwanted dissolved gases and dissolved oxygen
from the boiler feed water before entering into boiler.
3)Blowing down of boiler water is the process to control
Ans:The solid concentration in the boiler water by removing some of the concentrated saline water
4)Give an example of overfeed type stoker.
Ans: chain grate
spreader
travelling grate
5)What is the function of Economiser?
Ans: Economizers (US and Oxford spelling), or economisers (UK), are mechanical devices intended to
reduce energy consumption, or to perform useful function such as preheating a fluid.
6) The proper indication of incomplete combustion is High CO content in flue gases at exit
7) Write the differences between impulse turbine and reaction turbine. Draw T-S diagram and
explain after specifying four processes in Rankine cycle.
Ans: The most significant difference between an impulse turbine and a reaction turbine is that the impulse
turbine uses only kinetic energy of water to rotate its runner, while the reaction turbine uses both pressure
and kinetic energy of water to spin the turbine.
Rankine Cycle:

1. If water travels through the four components without irreversibilities or pressure drops, the
Rankine cycle is a perfect cycle.
2. According to the T-S diagram given below, the ideal Rankine cycle consists of four processes
1. Process 1-2:
1. Isentropic compression in a pump.
2. The working fluid is pushed from low to high pressure in this chamber.
2. Process 2-3:
1. Heat addition at constant pressure in the boiler.
2. The high-pressure liquid is introduced to the boiler and cooked at constant
pressure to become a dry saturated vapour in this process.
3. Process 3-4:
1. Isentropic expansion in a turbine.
2. Power is generated as the dry saturated vapour expands through the turbine.
4. Process 4-1:
1. Heat rejection under constant pressure in a condenser.
2. A saturated liquid is formed by condensing wet vapour at a steady pressure.
8)Mention some elements of a jet condenser.
Ans: Elements of the jet condenser are as follows:
Nozzles or distributors for the condensing water.

Steam inlet.

Mixing chambers: They may be (a) parallel flow type (b) counter flow type depending on whether the
steam and water move in the same direction before condensation or whether the flows are opposite.

Hot well.

In jet condensers the condensing water is called injection water.

9)What is steam condenser used in power plant engineering?

Ans:A surface condenser or steam condenser is a water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger used to
condensate the exhaust steam from the steam turbine in thermal power stations: the steam is converted
from gaseous to liquid state at a pressure level below atmospheric pressure.

10)Differentiate jet condenser from surface condenser.

Ans:
S.NO Surface Condenser Jet or Direct Contact Condenser

1 Steam and Cooling water are not Cooling water and steam are mixed up
mixed up.
2 More suitable for high capacity plants. Less suitable for high capacity plants.

3 Condensate is reused. Condensate is wasted

4 It requires large quantity of circulating It requires less quantity of circulating water

water.

5 The condensing plant is costly and Condensing plant is economical and simple
complicated.

6 Its maintenance cost is high. Its maintenance cost is low.

7 Less power is required for air pump. More power is required for air pump.

8 Less power is required for waste High power is required for water pumping
pumping

11 The proper indication of incomplete combustion is-High CO content in flue gases at exit
12)The efficiency of Rankine cycle can be improved by- decreasing exhaust pressure
13)What is the theoretical cycle on which steam turbine works?
Ans: Rankine cycle
14)A device used to heat water by utilizing the heat in the exhaust flue gases before leaving through
the chimney, is known as- economizer
15)Which type of coal has the most carbon content?
Ans: Anthracite
16)A single stage impulse turbine is also known as-De Laval Turbine
17)Write some names of water tube boiler?
Ans: Stirling boiler.
● Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
● Yarrow boiler.
● La mont boiler.
● Loeffler boiler.
● Velox boiler.
18)What is supercritical boiler?
Ans: Super Critical Boilers are the boilers which operate at steam pressure higher than critical point.
Critical point is 22.064 Mpa, 373.946 deg cen.
19)In a steam power plant, the value of the reheat factor is of the order of- 1.1 to 1.5
20)What are the methods used to estimate the depreciation cost of equipments in power plants?
Ans: (i) Straight line method
(ii) Diminishing value method
(iii) Sinking fund method

(i) Straight line method: In this method, a constant depreciation charge is made every year on the basis of
total depreciation and the useful life of the property.Obviously, annual depreciation charge will be equal
to the total depreciation divided by the useful life of the property.

(ii) Diminishing value method: In this method, depreciation charge is made every year at a fixed rate on
the diminished value of the equipment.In other words, depreciation charge is first applied to the initial
cost of equipment and then to its diminished value.As an example, suppose the initial cost of equipment is
Rs 10,000 and its scrap value after the useful life is zero.If the annual rate of depreciation is 10%, then
depreciation charge for the first year will be 0·1 × 10,000 = Rs 1,000.

The value of the equipment is diminished by Rs 1,000 and becomes Rs 9,000.For the second year,
the depreciation charge will be made on the diminished value (i.e. Rs 9,000) and becomes 0·1 × 9,000 =
Rs 900.The value of the equipment now becomes 9000 − 900 = Rs 8100.For the third year, the
depreciation charge will be 0·1 × 8100 = Rs 810 and so on.

(iii) Sinking fund method: In this method, a fixed depreciation charge is made every year and interest
compounded on it annually.The constant depreciation charge is such that total of annual instalments plus
the interest accumulations equal to the cost of replacement of equipment after its useful life.
21)Name some necessary factors effecting power plant design.
Ans: The most important conditions affecting the design of a power plant are: (1) The site; (2) the cost of
coal; (3) water supply; (4) character of load; (5) capacity of the station.
22)A moderator generally used in nuclear power plants is?
Ans: Heavy water is used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor.
23)Reactors for propulsion applications are designed by
Ans: Enriched uranium
24)Considering load profile, the diesel plants are mainly used both as
Ans: eak load as well as stand-by power plants.
25)Mention the fuels used for closed cycle gas turbine plant?
Ans: The fuels of gas turbines can be classified as liquid or gaseous. Common liquid fuels are kerosene,
diesel, crude oil and heavy oil; gaseous fuels include natural gas, liquid natural gas, hydrogen, refinery
gas and biomass gasification (synthesis) gas.
26)Which kind of load operation, a gas turbine power plant usually suits for?
Ans: peak loads.
27)Which method of depreciation charge estimation gives the heaviest charges during early years of
plant life?
Ans: Double Declining Balance Depreciation Method
28)For the same plant size, initial cost of which plant is the highest?
Ans: Nuclear Power Plant
29)What is the usual practice to handle the load shedding?
Ans: Load shedding is common practice to manage potential downtime on networks where there are
multiple servers or equipment clusters that need protection.
30)Which type of power plants will take least time in starting from cold conditions to full load
Operation?
Ans: hydroelectric power plant
31)Hydrogen is used for cooling of large size generators, because
Ans: . Its thermal conductivity is higher than all other gases. It has high specific heat capacity, low
density, and therefore low viscosity, which is an advantage for rotary machines susceptible to windage
losses.
32)What are the requirements of good coal handling plant? State and explain the characteristics of
a good ash handling plant.
ANS: It should supply coal continuously as per the demand of power plant. It should have minimum wear
in running the equipment due to abrasive action of coal particles.

Characteristics of a good ash handling plant:

● Instrument air pressure not low.
● Conveying pressure not low.
● Silo level not high.

33)Draw a layout diagram of a modern steam power plant and explain the components used in the
said diagrambriefly.
Ans: LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT:
The layout of steam power plant has the following circuits:

1. Fuel (Coal) and ash circuit

2. Air and flue gas circuit

3. Feed water and steam flow circuit

4. Cooling water flow circuit.

Coal and Ash Circuit:

 • Coal from mines is delivered by ships, rails or trucks to the power station.

• Coal received at coal yard.

•

• Coal is sized by crushers, breakers etc.,

• The sized coal is stored in coal storage.

AIR AND FLUE GAS CIRCUIT:

• Air is taken from the atmosphere by the action of FD fan.

• It is passed through an air pre heater

• The air is preheated by the flue gases in the pre heater.

• This preheated air is supplied to the furnace to aid the combustion of fuel.

Water and Steam Circuit:

• The water is preheated by the flue gases in the economiser.

• This preheated water is then supplied to the boiler drum.

• Heat is transferred to the water by the burning of the coal.

• Due to this, water is con verted into the steam.

COOLING WATER CIRCUIT:

• The exhaust steam from t he turbine is condensed in the condenser.

• In the condenser, the cold water is circulated to condense the steam into water.

• The steam is condensed b y losing its latent heat to the circulating the col d water.

• Hence the cold water get s heated.

34)What is two-part tariff? Explain sinking fund method for computation of depreciation amount
for power stationequipments.
Ans: A two-part tariff is a form of price discrimination wherein the price of a product or service is
composed of two parts – a lump-sum fee as well as a per-unit charge. In general, such a pricing technique
only occurs in partially or fully monopolistic markets.
Sinking Fund Method of Depreciation
In the sinking fund method of depreciation, a fixed depreciation charge is made every year and the
interest is compounded on it annually. The constant depreciation charge is such that the sum of annual
investment and the interest accumulations is equal to the cost of replacement of equipment after its
useful life.

Explanation

Let,

​ X = Initial Value of Equipment

​ S = Scrap value after useful life
​ n = Useful life of equipement in years
​ r = Annual interest rate

Therefore, the cost of replacement of the equipment is,

Cost Of Replacement=X−S

Let an amount of p is set aside as depreciation charge every year and interest compounded on it so that
an amount of (X-S), i.e. cost of replacement is available after n years. Therefore, the amount p at annual
interest rate of r at the end of n years is given by,

At the end of first year,

Amount=p+rp=p(1+r)

At the end of second year,

Amount=(p+rp)+r(p+rp)=p(1+r)2

Similarly, at the end of n years,

amount=p(1+r)n

Now, the amount p deposited at the end of first year will earn compound interest for (n-1) years and it
becomes,

Amount p Deposited At the endoffirstyear=p(1+r)n−1

And the amount p deposited at the end of second year becomes,

Amount P Deposited At The End Of Second Year=p(1+r)n−2

Similarly, amount p deposited at the end of (n-1) year becomes,

Amountpdepositedattheendof(n−1)year=p(1+r)n(n−1) =p(1+r)

Therefore, the total fund after n years is given by,

Totalfundafternyears=p(1+r)n−1+p(1+r)n−2+...+p(1+r)

⇒Totalfundafter years=p[(1+r)n−1(1+r)n−2+...+(1+r)]

As it is a geometric progression series and its sum is given by,

Totalfundafter n years=p(1+r)n−1/r

This total fund must be equal to the cost of replacement of the equipment, i.e.,

X−S=p(1+r)n−1/r

Therefore, the amount of sinking fund is,

Sinkingfund,p=(X−S)[r/(1+r)n−1

Where,

Sinking Fund Factor=[r/(1+r)n−1]

35)Determine the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant and its coal bill per annum using the
following data.
Maximum demand = 24000 kW, Load factor = 40%, Boiler efficiency = 90%, Turbine
efficiency =92%, Coal consumption = 0.87 kg/Unit, Price of coal =Rs. 280 per tonne.
Ans:
Given:

Maximum demand = 24000 kW

Load factor = 40%
Boiler efficiency = 90%
Turbine efficiency = 92%
Coal consumption = 0.87 kg/Unit
Price of coal = Rs. 280 per tonne
We can use the following formula to find the thermal efficiency of the steam power plant:

Thermal efficiency = (Electricity generated / Heat input) * 100%

where,

Electricity generated = Maximum demand * Load factor * Hours in a year

Heat input = Coal consumption * Price of coal * (1000 / calorific value) * (1 / Boiler efficiency) * (1 /
Turbine efficiency)
We know that 1 tonne of coal has a calorific value of approximately 7000 kWh.

Let's calculate each of these values step by step.

Electricity generated
Electricity generated = Maximum demand * Load factor * Hours in a year
Electricity generated = 24000 kW * 0.40 * 8760 hours
Electricity generated = 84,096,000 kWh

Heat input
Heat input = Coal consumption * Price of coal * (1000 / calorific value) * (1 / Boiler efficiency) * (1 /
Turbine efficiency)

Since 1 tonne = 1000 kg, we can calculate the heat input per kg of coal as follows:
Heat input per kg of coal = 280 / 1000 * (1000 / 7000) * (1 / 0.90) * (1 / 0.92)
Heat input per kg of coal = 0.045 kWh/kg

Now, we can calculate the total heat input per year:

Total heat input = Coal consumption * Heat input per kg of coal * Electricity generated
Total heat input = 0.87 kg/Unit * 0.045 kWh/kg * 84,096,000 kWh
Total heat input = 3,331,540 kWh

Thermal efficiency
Thermal efficiency = (Electricity generated / Heat input) * 100%
Thermal efficiency = (84,096,000 kWh / 3,331,540 kWh) * 100%
Thermal efficiency = 25.23%

Coal bill per annum

Coal bill per annum = Coal consumption * Price of coal * Electricity generated / calorific value
Coal bill per annum = 0.87 kg/Unit * Rs. 280 / tonne * 84,096,000 kWh / 7000 kWh/tonne
Coal bill per annum = Rs. 108,986,286.00
Therefore, the thermal efficiency of the steam power plant is 25.23%, and its coal bill per annum is Rs.
108,986,286.00.
36) In a steam power plant the capital cost of power generation equipment is Rs. 25x10^5
The useful life of the plant is 30 years and salvage value of the plant to Rs.1x10^5. Determine by
sinking fund method the amount to be saved annually for replacement if the rateof annual
compound interest is 6%.
Ans:

37) A diesel power station has fuel consumption 0.2 kg per kWh. If the calorific value of the oil is
11,000 kcal perkg. Determine the overall efficiency of the power station.
Ans:

38) A steam power station has an installed capacity of 120 MW and a maximum demand of 100
MW. The coal consumption is 0.4 kg per kWh and cost of coal is Rs.80 per tonne. The annual
expenses on salary bill of staff and other overhead charges excluding cost of coal are Rs.50 ×
10^5. The power station works at a load factor of 0.5 and the capital cost of the power station is
Rs. 4 × 10^5. If the rate of interest and depreciation is 10% , determine the cost of generatingper
kWh.
Ans:

39)Any undertaking consumes 6x10^6 kWh per year and its maximum demand is 2000 kW. It has
offered two tariffs. (a) Rs. 80 per kW of maximum demand plus 3 paise per kWh, (b) A flat rate of 6
paise per kWh. Calculate the annual cost of energy.
Ans:
40) What are the principal factors involved in fixing of a tariff? Mention atleast five different types
of tariff usedin billing settlement.
Ans: In such an analysis, the revenue requirement is allocated to classes of service to fix tariff based on
various allocation factors. The factors can be the contribution of classes to the peak demand, the energy
purchased by each class as a percentage of total sales, the number of consumers in the class etc.

Most Favored Nation (MFN) Tariff is one that WTO member countries promise to impose all of their
trading partners who are also WTO members, unless the country is part of a preferential trade agreement
(such as a free trade area or customs union). This means that, in practice, MFN rates are the highest (most
restrictive) tariffs that WTO members charge one another.
A Preferential Tariff is one that falls under a preferential trade agreement. Basically, countries make a deal
in which they agree to charge a lower rate than the MFN rate. Details of various Preferential Tariffs are
available in the Global Preferential Trade Agreement Database (GPTAD), which contains the original text
of preferential trade agreements (PTA). It is indexed using classification consistent with WTO criteria.
Bound Tariffs are specific commitments made by individual WTO member governments. The bound tariff
is the maximum MFN tariff level for a given commodity line. When countries join the WTO or when
WTO members negotiate tariff levels with each other during trade rounds, they make agreements about
bound tariff rates, rather than actually applied rates.Bound tariffs are not necessarily the rate that a WTO
member applies in practice to other WTO members' products. Members have the flexibility increase or
decrease their tariffs (on a non-discriminatory basis) so long as they didn't raise them above their bound
levels. If one WTO member raises applied tariffs above their bound level, other WTO members can take
the country to dispute settlement.

41) Mention atleast five effective ideas to reduce the cost of power generation or to improve power
generation economics.
Ans:
There are several effective ideas that can be implemented to reduce the cost of power generation or to
improve power generation economics. Here are five ideas:

1. Increase the use of renewable energy sources: Renewable energy sources such
as solar, wind, and hydro power have become increasingly competitive with
traditional fossil fuels. By increasing the use of these sources, power
generation costs can be reduced significantly.
2. Upgrade existing power plants: By upgrading and modernizing existing power
plants, efficiency can be improved and maintenance costs can be reduced. This
can help to lower the overall cost of power generation.
 3. Implement demand response programs: Demand response programs incentivize
customers to reduce their energy usage during periods of peak demand. This
can help to reduce the need for expensive peaking power plants and reduce
overall power generation costs.
4. Use energy storage technologies: Energy storage technologies such as
batteries can be used to store excess energy during periods of low demand and
discharge it during periods of high demand. This can help to reduce the need for
expensive peaking power plants and improve the economics of power
generation.
5. Implement energy efficiency measures: By implementing energy efficiency
measures, such as upgrading insulation or installing energy-efficient lighting,
the overall energy usage can be reduced. This can help to lower the cost of
power generation and improve the economics of power generation.

42)Discuss the effect of variable load on power plant equipments and their operation.
Ans: The variable load on an electric power station introduces many obstacles in its operation. Some of
the important effects of load variation on a power station are as follows −

Requirement of Additional Equipment

The variable load on a power station necessitates to have additional equipment for proper operation of the
station.For example, consider a thermal power station. Coal, air and water are the raw materials for the
power generation from this station.But in order to produce variable power to meet the load demand, the
supply of these materials will be required to be varied correspondingly.If the load demand on the power
station is increased, it must be followed by the increased supply of coal, air and water to the boiler in
order to meet the increased load demand. Thus, to accomplish this job, additional equipment are
required.In modern power stations, various equipment are used to adjust the supply of raw materials in
accordance with the power demand made on the power station.

43)Name all the essential equipments used in steam power plants.

Ans:
Boiler.
Boiler Furnace.
Superheater.
Reheater.
Economizer.
Air Pre-Heater
44)Why steam condensing system is required in steam power plants? Name all the components used
in steam condensing system.
Ans: The use of condensers in thermal power plant or steam power plant improves the efficiency of the
power plant by decreasing the exhaust pressure of the steam below the atmosphere.
Condenser. The condenser is a closed vessel in which steam is condensed
Condensate Pump. It is a pump, which removes condensate (i.e. condensed steam) from a condenser to a
hot well.
Hot Well
Boiler Feed Pump
Air Extraction Pump
Cooling Tower
Cooling Water Pump

45)Prepare a flow chart showing the steps followed during coal handling.
Ans:
Coal delivery equipment is one of the major components of plant cost. The various steps involved in coal
handling are as follows: (Fig)

(i) Coal delivery

(ii) Unloading

(iii) Preparation

(iv) Transfer

(v) Outdoor storage

(vi) Covered storage

(vii) In plant handling

(viii) Weighing and measuring

(ix) Feeding the coal into furnace.

Steps in Coal Handling

Coal Delivery: The coal from supply points is delivered by ships or boats to power stations situated near
to sea or river whereas coal is supplied by rail or trucks to the power stations which are situated away
from sea or river. The transportation of coal by trucks is used if the railway facilities are not available.
Unloading. The type of equipment to be used for unloading the coal received at the power station depends
on how coal is received at the power station.
Belt conveyor: It consists of an endless belt. Moving over a pair of end drums (rollers). At some distance
a supporting roller is provided at the centre. The belt is made, up of rubber or canvas. Belt conveyor is
suitable for the transfer of coal over long distances. It is used in medium and large power plants
Bucket elevator: It consists of buckets fixed to a chain . The chain moves over two wheels. The coal is
carried by the buckets from bottom and discharged at the top.

Grab bucket elevator: It lifts and transfers coal on a single rail or track from one point to the other. The
coal lifted by grab buckets is transferred to overhead bunker or storage. This system requires less power
for operation and requires minimum maintenance. The grab bucket conveyor can be used with crane or
tower . Although the initial cost of this system is high but operating cost is less.

Skip hoist: It consists of a vertical or inclined hoist way a bucket or a car guided by a frame and a cable
for hoisting the bucket. The bucket is held in upright position. It is simple and compact method of
elevating coal or ash. Fig. shows a skip hoist.

Flight conveyor: It consists of one or two strands of chain to which steel scraper or flights are attached
which scrap the coal through a trough having identical shape. This coal is discharged in the bottom of
trough. It is low in first cost but has large energy consumption.

46)Show a system having automatic combustion control using block diagram representation.
Ans:
Here is a block diagram representation of a system with automatic combustion control:
+------------+
| Temperature|
| Sensor |
+------------+
|
v
+----------------+
| Control |
| Algorithm |
+----------------+
|
v
+----------------------------+
| Combustion Air Flow Rate |
| Controller |
+----------------------------+
|
v
+------------------------+
| Fuel Flow Rate Control |
| System |
+------------------------+
 |
v
+---------+
| Burner |
+---------+
The temperature sensor measures the temperature of the combustion process, and sends the information to
the control algorithm. The control algorithm determines the optimal combustion conditions based on the
measured temperature and other factors, and sends signals to the combustion air flow rate controller and
fuel flow rate control system to adjust the amount of air and fuel being supplied to the burner. The burner
then combusts the fuel and air mixture, and the process continues in a closed loop feedback system to
maintain optimal combustion conditions.
47)Why coal is pulverized? What are the various types of pulverizing mills used in steam power
plant? Discuss Briefly about their operation.
Ans: Pulverized coal firing ensures complete combustion of coal, thus ensuring higher efficiency of steam
generators. It is predominantly adopted in large coal-fired utility boilers. The finer the grinding of coal,
the more efficient its combustion.

Types Of Coal Pulveriser

1.Slow speed mills like ball mill
2.Medium speed mills like bowl mill
3.High speed impact mill
In bowl mill pulveriser raw coal coming from feeder gets ground between the grinding rolls and bull ring
segments installed on the revolving Bowl.Bowl is made to rotate at medium speed for proper
pulverization of coal. Springs exert necessary pressure on rolls for grinding. Hot air through the mill
besides removing coal moisture, picks up the lighter particles and takes them through the classifier and
drop down the higher size particles for further grinding.Fine coal air mixture leaves the mill and enters the
fuel piping system. Tramp iron pieces which are not required to grind, leave the Bowl due to centrifugal
force and are removed through the mill reject handling system.The Ball mill pulveriser is basically
horizontal cylindrical tube rotating at low speed on its axis, whose length is slightly more to its diameter.
The inside of the Cylinder shell is fitted with heavy cast liners and is filled with cast or forged balls for
grinding, to approximately 1/3 of the diameter.Raw coal to be ground is fed from the feed end and the
product is discharged through to the discharge end.

48)What are the essential functions of pulverizing mills ?

Ans: Pulverizers (coal pulverizer) are used to pulverize pieces of coal into fine particles (100μm) before
placing into a boiler, to ensure efficient combustion. Pulverizers have three functions, pulverization,
drying and classification.
49)Distinguish between water-tube and fire-tube boilers and state under what circumstances each
type would be desirable.
Ans:
Water-tube boilers and fire-tube boilers are two common types of boilers used in various industries. The
main difference between the two types is the way in which hot gases and combustion products flow
through the boiler tubes.

In a fire-tube boiler, hot gases generated by the combustion of fuel pass through the inside of cylindrical
tubes surrounded by water. The heat from the hot gases is transferred to the water surrounding the tubes,
heating it and generating steam. Fire-tube boilers are typically used for low-pressure steam and hot water
applications, with a maximum operating pressure of around 250 psi. They are generally less expensive
and easier to maintain than water-tube boilers, but they have a lower efficiency and can be less reliable.

In a water-tube boiler, water flows through tubes that are surrounded by hot gases generated by the
combustion of fuel. The heat from the hot gases is transferred to the water flowing through the tubes,
generating steam. Water-tube boilers can operate at much higher pressures than fire-tube boilers, typically
up to 5,000 psi. They are generally more expensive and complex to construct than fire-tube boilers, but
they have a higher efficiency and are more reliable.

The choice between water-tube and fire-tube boilers depends on the specific requirements of the
application. Water-tube boilers are typically used for high-pressure steam applications and large-scale
industrial applications where high efficiency and reliability are critical. Fire-tube boilers are typically
used for low-pressure steam and hot water applications, such as heating buildings, small-scale industrial
applications, and mobile applications. They are also commonly used as auxiliary boilers on ships and
other marine vessels.
50)What are the considerations which would guide you in selecting the type of boiler to be adopted
for a specific purpose ?
Ans: The selection of a boiler for your business or institutional need is not as simple as picking a boiler
manufacturer or boiler type. The proper selection of a boiler should take into account the full system
requirements including process needs, heating needs, operator qualifications, distribution needs,
environmental permitting, existing systems, and overall system lifecycle costs. A fire tube boiler system
may be the short-term lowest capital cost system, but in the long run may be more expensive over the
lifecycle due to shorter expected life and increased maintenance requirements. Likewise, the selection of a
water tube boiler for a short duration heating season or hot water generation system may increase upfront
capital costs that cannot be recovered over the lifecycle of the boiler.

51)Mention the chief advantages and disadvantages of fire tube boilers over water tube boilers.
Ans:
Advantages:
Fire tube boilers are a lower cost alternative to water tube boilers and are often used for smaller industrial
facilities with lower operating pressures. The main advantages of a fire tube boiler are its simple
construction, compact size and the ability to easily meet rapid fluctuations in steam demand.
Disadvantages:
The fluctuation of load cannot be easily handled.The rate of steam generation is low.
A Fire boiler is used in small power plants.
The maximum working pressure is up to 20 bar which is a less comparatively water tube boiler.
Overall efficiency is up to 75% only.

52)Why the superheater tubes are flooded with water at the starting of the boilers ?
Ans:
Superheater segments follow steam separator in the drums and I don’t see how they can be flooded
without flooding all the drums and their internals. Again, steam traps ensure only dry steam enter SH
tubes. Only precaution taken is to see the tubes are ventilated (with steam)even with MSV closed shut.

53)Describe, giving neat sketches, the construction and working of a Lancashire boiler. Show the
positions ofdifferent mountings and accessories.
Ans:

Basic Principle of Lancashire Boiler:

This boiler consists of a horizontal cylindrical shell filled with water. It uses to surround by two large fire
tubes. Heat exchanging is the basic working principle of this boiler. It is has a shell and tube type heat
exchanging system. Generally, the flue gases pass through the fire tubes and water flows through the
shell. In this way, the heat is transfer from flue gases to the water. It is a low pressure, internally fired,
natural water circulation boiler. That’s means this boiler uses the natural current to flow the water inside
the boiler during its operation.

Construction:
Generally, this boiler consists of a large drum. Its diameter can be up to 4-6m and length can be up to
9-10m. Normally this drum consists of two fire tube and its diameter is up to 40 percent of the diameter of
the shell. For this boiler, the water drum is placed over the brick’s works. Where three spaces are created
between the drum and the bricks wall. The first one is at the bottom and the second one is insides. When
the boiler is operational, then the flue gases pass through the fire tubes and side and bottom space.The
great thing for this boiler is that water level inside the drum is always above the side channels of flue
gases. For this reason, more heat can transfer to the water. But the water drum is not completely filled
with water. Boiler water drum usually half filled with water from the bottom section of drum and the
upper half space is for generated steam. Generally, the Furnace of this boiler is located at one end of fire
tubes which is inside the boiler.
54)Describe with a neat sketch the working of Cochran boiler. Show the position of different
mountings and explain the function of each.
Ans:

1. Shell:
It has a vertical axis cylindrical drum with a hemispherical dome-type shell at the top.

2. Grate:
It is the platform on which the solid fuel is burnt.

3. Combustion Chamber:
The burning of fuel takes place in the combustion chamber.

4. Fire Tubes:
Cochran boiler has multi-tubular fire tubes. The hot flue gases from the combustion chamber travels to the
smokebox through these fire tubes. The fire tubes helps in the exchange of heat from the hot flue gases to
the water.

5. Fire Hole:
It is the hole provided to fire the fuel inside the furnace.
6. Furnace:
It lies at the bottom of the boiler. Furnace is the place where all the fuel is burnt. Without furnace, the
working of this boiler is not possible.

7. Chimney:
The chimney is attached to the smokebox. It transfer smoke to the environment. The size of the chimney
is small as compared with other boiler.

8. Fire Brick Lining.

The fire brick lining is present in the combustion chamber and helps in the combustion of the fuel.

9. Manhole:
A manhole is provided for the cleaning and inspecting of the boiler from inside.

10. Flue Pipe:

It is a small passage connecting the firebox and combustion chamber. The hot gases enter into the
combustion chamber through the flue pipe.

Working of Cochran Boiler:

In Cochran boiler first the fuel is inserted into the firebox and placed on the grate. The fuel is ignited
through the fire hole provided at the right bottom of the boiler. The fuel is burnt in the firebox, and due to
the burning of the fuel, smoke and hot flue gases emerge out. The hot flue gases enter into the combustion
chamber through flue pipes.From the combustion chamber, hot gases enter into the fire tubes. The fire
tubes are surrounded by water. The hot flue gases inside the tubes exchange the heat from the hot gases to
the water. Due to the exchange of heat, the temperature of the water starts increasing and it gets converted
into steam. The steam produced rises upward and collected at top of the boiler in the hemispherical dome.
An anti-priming pipe is installed at top of the boiler which separates the water from the steam and makes
it dry steam. This dry steam is then transferred to the turbines through the steam stop valve. The hot flue
gases and smoke after exchanging heat moves to the smokebox. From the smokebox, the burnt gases and
smoke is discharged to the atmosphere through the chimney.Burnt fuel is transferred to the ash pit. Blow
off Valve is preset at left bottom of the boiler and is used to blow off the impurities, mud, and sediment
from the boiler water. A fusible plug is also provided at the top of the combustion chamber. When the
temperature of the combustion chamber crosses the permissible level, the fusible plug melts and the water
through the combustion chamber enters into the furnace of the boiler and stops the fire. In this way, a big
fire accident can be prevented to take place and also protects the boiler from damage. Various boiler
mounting and accessories are attached to the boiler for its efficient working.

55)What are the different methods of firing coal ? Discuss the advantages of mechanical methods of
firing coal.State the principle water tube boilers with diagrams.
Ans:
Different methods of firing coal: by hand, by mechanical stoker, and by pulverization.

Advantages of pulverized coal firing:

By using a pulverized coal the work can do effortlessly. This type of process can help to burn low-grade
coal easily. By using the pulverized coal the surface area can be increased for burning. This type of coal
can increases the combustion rate.

Working Principle of Water Tube Boiler:

The working principle of water tube boiler is thermal siphoning (circulation of natural water). Basically,
this type of boiler includes two drums namely steam, lower or mud drum.

The water tube boiler diagram is shown below, and these two drums are associated via two tubes such as
downcomer and riser. At first, the water is supplied into the steam type drum with the help of a water
pump. Whenever the fuel is burned, then hot gases will be generated that are permitted to supply in the
shell part of the boiler. The hot gases which are produced by the fuel will replace heat by the water; the
water gets changed into steam. Because, the water temperature increases, the concentration will increase
automatically.

56)Explain the methods used to increase thermal efficiency of a steam power plant.
Ans:
There are several methods used to increase the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant:
1. Increasing the steam temperature and pressure: By increasing the steam temperature and pressure,
the thermal efficiency of the steam turbine can be increased. This can be achieved by using more efficient
materials for the boiler, such as superalloys, and by improving the design of the turbine.

2. Reheat and regeneration: In reheat, the steam is expanded in the turbine and then reheated before
being expanded again. This reduces the temperature drop across the turbine, improving efficiency. In
regeneration, some of the steam leaving the turbine is used to preheat the feed water, reducing the amount
of fuel needed to heat the water in the boiler.

3. Improving boiler efficiency: The efficiency of the boiler can be improved by using more efficient
combustion processes, such as staged combustion, and by using more efficient burners. Boiler efficiency
can also be improved by using air preheaters and economizers to recover waste heat.
4. Using combined cycle technology: A combined cycle power plant uses a gas turbine to generate
electricity and then uses the waste heat to generate steam to power a steam turbine. This increases the
overall efficiency of the power plant.

5. Cogeneration: Cogeneration involves using the waste heat from the power plant for other purposes,
such as heating buildings or providing process heat. This can improve the overall efficiency of the power
plant.

Overall, improving the efficiency of a steam power plant can lead to significant cost savings and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

57)What is a steam trap ? Where it is located Describe Ball Float steam trap.
Ans: A steam trap is a device used to discharge condensates and non-condensable gases with a negligible
consumption or loss of live steam. Steam traps are nothing more than automatic valves. They open, close
or modulate automatically.
Ball float steam trap:The ball float type trap operates by sensing the difference in density between steam
and condensate. In the case of the trap shown in Figure 11.3.1, condensate reaching the trap will cause the
ball float to rise, lifting the valve off its seat and releasing condensate. As can be seen, the valve is always
flooded and neither steam nor air will pass through it, so early traps of this kind were vented using a
manually operated cock at the top of the body. Modern traps use a thermostatic air vent. This allows the
initial air to pass whilst the trap is also handling condensate.The automatic air vent uses the same
balanced pressure capsule element as a thermostatic steam trap, and is located in the steam space above
the condensate level. After releasing the initial air, it remains closed until air or other non-condensable
gases accumulate during normal running and cause it to open by reducing the temperature of the air/steam
mixture. The thermostatic air vent offers the added benefit of significantly increasing condensate capacity
on cold start-up.
58)Name the different types of chimneys used. State the advantages of steel chimney. Derive an
expression forthe height of chimney.
Ans: Types of Chimneys:
Factory-Built / Prefabricated.
Masonry Brick or Stone.
Freestanding Stoves.
Advantages: A stainless steel chimney liner will protect your chimney from corrosive combustion
products. The liner is sealed from top to bottom so that the smoke, creosote, water and carbon dioxide
from burning fuel are carried outside without contacting the masonry chimney structure.

59)Name various draught systems. Describe the operation of a balanced draught system.
Ans: Artificial Draught. If the draught is produced by steam jet or fan it is known as artificial draught.
Steam jet Draught: It employs steam to produce the draught.
Mechanical draught. It employs fan or blowers to produce the draught.
Induced draught. ...
Forced draught.
Balance draught: It is always preferable to use a combination of forced draught and induced draught
instead of forced or induced draught alone.If the forced draught is used alone, then the furnace cannot be
opened either for firing or inspection because the high pressure air inside the furnace will try to blow out
suddenly and there is every chance of blowing out the fire completely and furnace stops.If the induced
draught is used alone, then also furnace cannot be opened either for firing or inspection because the cold
air will try to rush into the furnace as the pressure inside the furnace is below atmospheric pressure. This
reduces the effective draught and dilutes the combustion.To overcome both the difficulties mentioned
above either using forced draught or induced draught alone, a balanced draught is always preferred. The
balanced draught is a combination of forced and induced draught. The forced draught overcomes the
resistance of the fuel bed there fore sufficient air is supplied to the fuel bed for proper and complete
combustion. The induced draught fan removes the gases from the furnace maintaining the pressure in the
furnace just below atmosphere. This helps to prevent the blow –off of flames when the doors are opened
as the leakage of air is inwards.
60)What are the different methods of firing coal ? Discuss the advantages of mechanical methods of
firing coal.
By using a pulverized coal the work can do effortlessly. This type of process can help to burn low-grade
coal easily. By using the pulverized coal the surface area can be increased for burning. This type of coal
can increases the combustion rate.
Ans: (i) Unit system (or) Direct System (ii) Bin (or) Central system (iii)Semi direct firing system.
61)Find some features for special types of boiler operating at supercritical pressures and use forced
circulation of waters. Mention some high pressure supercritical boilers.
Ans:
Supercritical boilers are designed to operate at pressures above the critical pressure of water (221.2 bar at
373.946°C). At supercritical pressures, water and steam exist as a single-phase, and there is no clear
distinction between liquid and vapor phases. Some of the features of special types of boilers operating at
supercritical pressures are:

1. Forced Circulation: Supercritical boilers use forced circulation to increase heat transfer rates and ensure
uniform heating of the water. The high-pressure water is pumped through the boiler tubes, which are
arranged in a spiral pattern, allowing for maximum heat transfer.

2. Once-Through Design: Supercritical boilers typically use a once-through design, where water enters the
boiler at one end and steam exits at the other end. This eliminates the need for a steam drum, which
reduces the size and weight of the boiler.

3. High Efficiency: Supercritical boilers operate at higher temperatures and pressures, resulting in higher
thermal efficiencies. This means that more of the fuel energy is converted into useful work, resulting in
lower fuel consumption and emissions.

Some examples of high-pressure supercritical boilers are:

1. Benson Boiler: The Benson boiler is a supercritical, once-through, forced-circulation boiler that can
operate at ultra-supercritical pressures up to 310 bar and temperatures up to 630°C. It has a unique
vertical tube arrangement that allows for maximum heat transfer and thermal efficiency.
2. Supercritical Sliding Pressure Operation Boiler: This boiler operates at supercritical pressures up to
300 bar and features a sliding pressure operation that allows for higher efficiency and flexibility in load
changes.

3. Ultra-Supercritical Boiler: These boilers operate at pressures up to 350 bar and temperatures up to
700°C, resulting in even higher thermal efficiencies and lower emissions. They are typically used in
large-scale power plants.
62)Design bin or central system structure for pulverized coal firing and state the operation of each
components used in the system.
Ans:
A typical bin or central system structure for pulverized coal firing includes the following components:

1. Coal storage and handling: Coal is stored in large silos or bunkers, and is transported to the
pulverizer through conveyors or feeders.

2. Pulverizer: The coal is pulverized into a fine powder in the pulverizer, which is then blown into the
furnace.

3. Burners: The pulverized coal is mixed with air and blown into the furnace through the burners, where
it is ignited and burned.

4. Air preheater: The air used for combustion is preheated by the exhaust gases, which increases the
efficiency of the combustion process.

5. Boiler: The heat generated by the combustion of coal is used to produce steam in the boiler.

6. Steam turbine: The steam produced in the boiler is used to drive the steam turbine, which in turn
drives the generator to produce electricity.

7. Electrostatic precipitator: The flue gases produced during combustion are cleaned of ash and other
pollutants using an electrostatic precipitator.

8. Flue gas desulfurization system: This system removes sulfur dioxide from the flue gases to reduce air
pollution.

High pressure supercritical boilers are used in modern power plants for their high efficiency and reduced
emissions. Some examples include:

1. Babcock & Wilcox's Spiral-Finned Tube Superheater (SFTS) boiler

2. Mitsubishi's Super Critical and Ultra Super Critical Boilers
3. Alstom's Once-Through Supercritical and Ultra-Supercritical Boilers
4. Siemens' Benson Boilers.
63)State how electrostatic precipitators works in reduction of air pollution.
Ans:
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are commonly used in power plants and other industrial applications to
reduce the emission of particulate matter (such as dust, smoke, and ash) into the atmosphere.

ESP works by creating an electrostatic field between charged plates or wires and a grounded collection
surface. The polluted gas is passed through the electrostatic field, where the particulate matter in the gas
stream is ionized, or charged. The charged particles then move toward the oppositely charged collection
surface, where they are collected and removed from the gas stream.

The process involves three main stages: charging, migration, and collection. During the charging stage,
the gas passes through a high voltage electrode that gives the particles a negative charge. In the migration
stage, the negatively charged particles move toward the positively charged collection surface. Finally, in
the collection stage, the charged particles are attracted to and deposited onto the collection surface.

The collected particles are periodically removed from the collection surface by rapping or shaking the
surface, and the particles are then conveyed to a hopper for disposal.

The use of ESP can significantly reduce the amount of particulate matter emitted into the atmosphere,
improving air quality and reducing the negative health and environmental impacts associated with air
pollution.
64)Make a neat sketch of ball and Race mill and explain its working.
Ans:
In ball and race mill the coal passes between the rotating elements again and again until it is pulverized to
the desired degree of fineness. The coal is crushed between two moving surfaces namely balls and races.
A worm and gear drove the upper stationary race, and the lower rotating race holds the balls between
them. The raw coal supplied falls on the inner side of the races. The moving balls and races catch coal
between them to crush it into a fine powder. For crushing of coal, the force needed is applied with the
help of springs. The hot air supplied picks up the coal dust as it flows between the balls and races; then
enters the classifier. Oversized coal particles are returned for grinding. The coal particles of required
dimension are discharged from the top of the classifier.
65)What is a Fluidised Bed Combustion system ? Sketch and describe a Fluidised Bed Combustion
(FBC)system. State the advantages of FBC system.
Ans: “Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used to burn solid fuels.” A bed of
solid particles is said to be fluidized when the pressurized fluid (liquid or gas) is passed through the
medium and causes the solid particles to behave like a fluid under certain conditions.
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) can be in 2 variants, namely:

1. Vertical type FBC: These are generally used in smaller plant, and has the capacity to
produce steam of up to 6 tonnes per hour only. Their vertical shape reduces the overall
dimension of the steam boiler, and is extremely efficient in plants, where space provision
is limited.
2. Horizontal type FBC: There are almost 10 times in capacity when compared to vertical
type fluidized bed combustion. They can produce as much as 60 tonnes of steam per hour,
and are placed horizontally with respect to the boiler tubes. The high capacity of the
horizontal type Fluidized boilers coupled with their high efficiency, makes them an
extremely desirable choice for the coal fired thermal power generating station.
● High thermal efficiency.
● Easy ash removal system, to be transferred for made cement.
● Short commissioning and erection period.
● Fully automated and thus ensures safe operation, even at extreme temperatures.
● Efficient operation at temperatures down to 150oC (i.e. well below the ash fusion temperature).
● Reduced coal crushing etc. (pulverised coal is not a necessity here).
● The system can respond rapidly to changes in load demand, due to quick establishment of thermal
equilibrium between air and fuel particles in the bed.

66)State the significance of depreciation

Ans: Depreciation allows for companies to recover the cost of an asset when it was purchased. The
process allows for companies to cover the total cost of an asset over it's lifespan instead of immediately
recovering the purchase cost. This allows companies to replace future assets using the appropriate amount
of revenue.
67)Two methods of depreciation are...............................and ............................
Ans: straight line, diminishing
68)What items are included in the initial cost of a power plant?
Ans: Fixed costs are the cost of equipment, land, financing, project management, grid connection, and
construction of the power plant. These are usually expressed per unit of installed capacity (per kW or per
MW).
69)What is the principal objective of Depreciation?
Ans: The main objective of providing depreciation is to calculate the true profit and provide funds for
replacement of fixed assets.
70)What is the reason behind making a provision for depreciation in accounts?
Ans:The purpose of providing depreciation on fixed asset is to ascertain true value of an asset, to replace
asset, to ascertain correct profit or loss on sale of asset and to compute correct tax liability, etc.
71)The Depreciation remains constant according to which method?
Ans:Straight line method is a method of calculating depreciation in which the cost of the asset is spread
uniformly over the life years by writing off a fixed amount every year. The amount of depreciation will
remain constant every year when straight line method is followed.
72)What is Depreciable Value?
Ans: The depreciable value of the asset is the combined cost of purchase and installation of an asset that
can be depreciated minus its salvage value.
73)What is Scrap Value?
Ans:Scrap value is the worth of a physical asset's individual components when the asset itself is deemed
no longer usable. After a long-term asset—such as machinery, vehicle, or furniture—has gone through its
useful life, it may be disposed of. Scrap value is also known as residual value, salvage value, or break-up
value.
74)What is Salvage Value?
Ans: Salvage value is the estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful life. It represents the amount
that a company could sell the asset for after it has been fully depreciated.
75)What is the Straight-Line Method?
Ans: Straight line method is a method of calculating depreciation in which the cost of the asset is spread
uniformly over the life years by writing off a fixed amount every year. The amount of depreciation will
remain constant every year when straight line method is followed.
76)Depreciation under Diminishing Balance Method is calculated on what basis?
Ans:Under diminishing balance method, depreciation is calculated on Book Value.
77)State any two values on which the annual depreciation reserve depends.
Ans:
Capital cost only.
Salvage value only
78)In reducing balance method of depreciation, the calculation of depreciation in any year is a fixed
proportion of the cost at the..........................
Ans: book value of the assets
79)What is flash point of a transformer?
Ans:The Flash-point of transformer oil is the temperature at which oil gives enough vapors to produce a
flammable mixture with air. In general, it is more than 140°C.
80)The components of greenhouse gas are............................
Ans:The main greenhouse gases whose concentrations are rising are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and ozone in the lower
atmosphere.
81)What is acid rain?
Ans: rain that has harmful chemicals in it from factories, etc. that causes damage to trees, crops, buildings
and rivers.
82)What is the main function of moderator in a nuclear power plant?
Ans: moderator is a material used in a nuclear reactor to slow down the neutrons produced from fission.
By slowing the neutrons down the probability of a neutron interacting with 235U nuclei is greatly
increased thereby maintaining the chain reaction.
83)Which material is used as moderator in a nuclear power plant?
Ans:For efficient slowing down of these neutrons, the atoms of moderator material need to have a size
close to neutrons and thus the clear choice is H2O since hydrogen has the smallest atomic size. Other
popular moderators are graphite, heavy water, sodium, and CO2.
84)Which is the most essential requirement of control rod material in a nuclear power plant?
Ans: The function of control rod is to control the rate of nuclear reaction by absorption extra release
neutrons.
85)...................... can be used as both as coolant and moderator in a in a nuclear power plant.
Ans: fuel rods are immersed in water
86)Enlist the applications of a load curve.
Ans: Load curve decides the installed capacity of a power station. It is helpful in choosing the most
economical sizes of the various generating units.The load curve estimates the generating cost.It decides
the operating schedules of the power station, i.e., the sequence in which the different generating units
should run.
87)What is spinning reserve?
Ans: The spinning reserve is the amount of unused capacity in online energy assets which can
compensate for power shortages or frequency drops within a given period of time. Traditionally, the
spinning reserve is a concept for large synchronous generators
88)State the various costs associated with a power plant.
Ans:Operating costs for power plants include fuel, labor, and maintenance costs. Unlike capital costs,
which are "fixed" (don't vary with the level of output), a plant's total operating cost depends on how much
electricity the plant produces
89)What is load factor of a power plant?
Ans:Load Factor It is defined as the ratio of the average load to the peak load during a certain prescribed
period of time. The load factor of a power plant should be high so that the total capacity of the plant is
utilized for the maximum period that will result in lower cost of the electricity being generated.
90)What is the difference between demand factor and diversity factor?
Ans:Diversity factors are used by utilities for distribution transformer sizing and load predictions.
Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC for service and feeder sizing. Demand
factors and diversity factors are used in design
91)How ‘load duration curve’ is obtained from ‘load’ curve?
Ans:Load Duration Curve: When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of
descending magnitudes, the curve thus obtained is called a load duration curve. The load duration curve is
the plot between load and tim
92)What is solar cell technologies?
Ans: Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity. Photovoltaics
(often shortened as PV) gets its name from the process of converting light (photons) to electricity
(voltage), which is called the photovoltaic effect
93)What is Wind energy?
Ans:Wind power or wind energy describes the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical
power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.
94)What is utility factor of a power plant?
Ans:It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to the rated capacity of the power station.
Utilization factor = maximum demand / rated capacity.
95)State any two factor affecting power plant design.
Ans: (1) The site; (2) the cost of coal; (3) water supply; (4) character of load; (5) capacity of the station.
96)A transformer costing Rs 90,000 has a useful life of 20 years. Determine the annual depreciation
charge usingstraight line method. Assume salvage to be 15,000.
Ans:
The depreciable cost of the transformer = Cost of the transformer - Salvage value
Depreciable cost = Rs. 90,000 - Rs. 15,000 = Rs. 75,000
The annual depreciation charge using straight-line method is calculated as follows:
Depreciation = (Depreciable cost) / (Useful life)
Depreciation = Rs. 75,000 / 20 = Rs. 3,750 per year.
Therefore, the annual depreciation charge using straight-line method for the transformer is Rs. 3,750.
97)Differentiate between simple cooling and mixed cooling of a transformer.
Ans:
Simple cooling and mixed cooling are two methods used for cooling of transformers.

Simple cooling involves the use of natural cooling through the transformer tank and the surrounding air.
The transformer is designed to dissipate the heat generated during operation through the tank surface area.
This method is used for small transformers with a capacity of up to 50 kVA.

Mixed cooling, on the other hand, uses both natural and forced cooling methods. The transformer is fitted
with cooling fins or radiators that increase the surface area available for cooling. The radiators are
connected to an oil pump that circulates oil through the fins, increasing the rate of heat dissipation. This
method is used for transformers with a capacity of more than 50 kVA.

In summary, simple cooling is a passive cooling method that relies on the natural heat dissipation of the
transformer, while mixed cooling is an active cooling method that uses both natural and forced cooling to
dissipate heat more efficiently.
98)Draw a schematic diagram of natural oil cooling of a transformer and briefly explain the various
components.
Ans:

A natural oil cooling system for a transformer typically consists of the following components:

1. Transformer tank: This is a large container that houses the transformer core and windings. The
transformer tank is usually made of steel and is filled with insulating oil.

2. Radiators: These are external cooling devices that are mounted on the transformer tank. The radiators
are typically made of copper or aluminum and are designed to dissipate heat from the transformer oil.
3. Oil pumps: These are used to circulate the oil through the transformer and the radiators. The oil pumps
can either be driven by an electric motor or by the transformer itself.
4. Oil coolers: These are heat exchangers that are used to cool the oil before it is circulated back into the
transformer. The oil coolers can be either air-cooled or water-cooled.
5. Expansion tank: This is a separate container that is connected to the transformer tank. The expansion
tank is used to compensate for changes in the volume of the oil due to changes in temperature.

In a natural oil cooling system, the transformer oil is circulated through the radiators by natural
convection. The heat generated by the transformer core and windings is transferred to the oil, which is
then cooled by the radiators. The cooled oil is then circulated back into the transformer through the oil
pumps and the oil coolers. The expansion tank allows for the expansion and contraction of the oil due to
temperature changes.
99)Enlist the main sources of pollution due to power generation.
Ans:The environmental problems directly related to energy production and consumption include air
pollution, climate change, water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid waste disposal. The emission of air
pollutants from fossil fuel combustion is the major cause of urban air pollution
100)Enlist the harmful effects of greenhouse gases.
Ans:
Thawing of glacial masses. ...
Flooding of islands and coastal cities. ...
Hurricanes will be more devastating. ...
Migration of species. ...
Desertification of fertile areas. ...
Impact on agriculture and livestock.

101)Write short notes on stratospheric ozone depletion, acid fog.

Ans: Ozone Depletion: When chlorine and bromine atoms come into contact with ozone in the
stratosphere, they destroy ozone molecules. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules
before it is removed from the stratosphere. Ozone can be destroyed more quickly than it is naturally
created.
Acid fog: Occurrence of fog or haze in which considerable amounts of acidic material have been taken up
from the gas phase, resulting in pH values less than approximately 3 in the liquid phase. Copyright 2022
American Meteorological Society (AMS)
102)What do you understand by liquid fuel pollution?
Ans: Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create
mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their container. It is
the fumes of liquid fuels that are flammable instead of the fluid.
103)Explain the pollution due to nuclear power plant.
Ans: Nuclear power plants produce electricity by using the heat generated from nuclear reactions. While
nuclear power is a relatively clean energy source compared to fossil fuels, it does produce radioactive
waste, which can pose a threat to both human health and the environment if not handled properly.

One of the major sources of pollution from nuclear power plants is the radioactive waste that is produced.
This waste can take thousands of years to break down, and it must be stored and disposed of in a way that
minimizes the risk of contamination. Nuclear power plants also release small amounts of radioactive
materials into the environment during normal operation, although these amounts are typically small and
not harmful to human health.

Another potential source of pollution from nuclear power plants is accidents or incidents that can release
larger amounts of radioactive materials into the environment. Examples of such incidents include the
Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine in 1986 and the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011. These incidents can
have severe consequences for human health and the environment, and they underscore the importance of
strict safety regulations and procedures for nuclear power plants.

Overall, while nuclear power can be a relatively clean source of energy, it does pose certain risks and
challenges in terms of managing and disposing of radioactive waste and preventing accidents and
incidents that could release radioactive materials into the environment.
104)In a steam power plant the capital cost of power generation equipment is Rs. 25 ×10^5. The
usefullife of the plant is 30 years and salvage value of the plant to Rs. 1 × 10^5. Determine by
sinking fund method the amount to be saved annually for replacement if the rateof annual
compound interest is 6%.
Ans:
105)Determine the annual cost of a feed water softener from the following data: Cost = Rs. 80,000;
Salvagevalue = 5%, Life = 10 years; Annual repair and maintenance cost = Rs. 2500; Annual cost of
chemicals = Rs. 5000; Labour cost per month = Its.300; Interest on sinking fund= 5%.
Ans:
To determine the annual cost of a feed water softener, we need to consider the following expenses:

1. Initial cost = Rs. 80,000

2. Salvage value = 5% of initial cost = Rs. 4,000
3. Life of the softener = 10 years
4. Annual repair and maintenance cost = Rs. 2500
5. Annual cost of chemicals = Rs. 5000
6. Labour cost per month = Rs. 300 x 12 = Rs. 3600
7. Interest on sinking fund = 5%

Using the sinking fund method, we can calculate the annual amount to be saved to replace the softener at
the end of its life. The sinking fund factor can be calculated as follows:

i = 5%
n = 10 years
Sinking fund factor = (1 + i)^n - 1 / i(1 + i)^n = 0.1629

The annual amount to be saved for replacement is given by:

Annual amount = (Initial cost - Salvage value) x sinking fund factor = (Rs. 80,000 - Rs. 4,000) x 0.1629 =
Rs. 12,954.00
Therefore, the annual cost of the feed water softener is:
Annual cost = Annual repair and maintenance cost + Annual cost of chemicals + Labour cost per month x
12 + Annual amount for replacement = Rs. 2500 + Rs. 5000 + Rs. 3600 + Rs. 12,954.00 = Rs. 23,054.00
106)What are the parts of a nuclear reactor?
Ans: Components of a nuclear reactor
Fuel. ...
Moderator. ...
Control rods or blades. ...
Coolant. ...
Pressure vessel or pressure tubes. ...
Steam generator. ...
Containment.
107)Compare between nuclear and steam power plant.
Ans:
Nuclear and steam power plants are both used to generate electricity, but they differ in the way they
generate heat and produce energy.

Nuclear power plants generate electricity by using nuclear reactions to produce heat. This heat is used to
produce steam, which drives a turbine to generate electricity. The nuclear reactions take place in a nuclear
reactor, where uranium atoms are split in a process called nuclear fission. Nuclear power plants have the
advantage of producing large amounts of energy with relatively low fuel consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions. However, they also have safety concerns associated with the handling and storage of nuclear
materials, as well as the potential for catastrophic accidents.

Steam power plants generate electricity by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas to heat
water and produce steam. This steam drives a turbine to generate electricity. Steam power plants are
widely used because they are relatively inexpensive to build and operate. However, they produce
greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants that can harm the environment and public health.

In summary, nuclear power plants offer the advantage of producing large amounts of energy with low fuel
consumption, while steam power plants are relatively inexpensive to build and operate. However, both
types of power plants have their own unique safety and environmental concerns that must be addressed.
108)What is the mathematical formulation of multiplication factor in context with nuclear power
Plant?
Ans:
The multiplication factor, denoted by k, is a dimensionless quantity that represents the rate of neutron
production in a nuclear reactor. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

k = (nu * Sigma_f * phi) / (Sigma_a * phi)

where:
- nu is the average number of neutrons produced per fission event
- Sigma_f is the fission cross-section (probability of fission) of the fuel
- Sigma_a is the absorption cross-section (probability of absorption) of all materials present in the reactor
- phi is the neutron flux (number of neutrons passing through a unit area per unit time)

The multiplication factor is a critical parameter in nuclear power plant operation as it indicates whether
the reactor is in a state of criticality (k=1) or not (k<1 or k>1). When k=1, the reactor is producing as
many neutrons as it is losing, and the chain reaction is sustained at a constant level.
109)Enlist the safety measures to be taken in nuclear power plant.
Ans: Safety measures in nuclear power plants are of utmost importance to prevent any accidents or
disasters. Some of the important safety measures are:
1. Radiation protection: Workers in nuclear power plants are exposed to radiation, and it is essential to
provide them with proper shielding and protective gear.
2. Emergency preparedness: Nuclear power plants must have emergency plans and procedures in place
to deal with any accidents or incidents.
3. Reactor control: Proper reactor control is essential to prevent accidents. The reactor must be kept in a
stable and safe state at all times.
4. Containment systems: Nuclear power plants have multiple containment systems to prevent the release
of radioactive materials into the environment in case of an accident.
5. Maintenance and inspection: Regular maintenance and inspection of equipment are essential to
prevent equipment failures that can lead to accidents.
6. Training: Proper training of plant personnel is necessary to ensure that they are aware of the potential
hazards and know how to deal with them.
7. Safety culture: A strong safety culture in the nuclear power plant is necessary to ensure that all
personnel are committed to safety and follow established safety procedures.
110)What is a Homogeneous Reactor? Describe a Homogeneous Aqueous Reactor (H.A.R.).
Ans: Aqueous homogeneous reactors are a type of nuclear reactor in which soluble nuclear salts are
dissolved in water. The fuel is mixed with the coolant and the moderator, thus the name "homogeneous".
The water can be either heavy water or ordinary water, both of which need to be very pure.
For a homogeneous reactor, it is characteristic that just one phase, usually a gas or a liquid phase, is
present. Chemical reactions thus take place in this phase. This chapter examines three reactors most
commonly used industrially for homogeneous reactions: a batch reactor (BR), a tube reactor, and a tank
reactor.
111)State the properties of control rods.
Ans: Control rods have three primary functions: reactivity compensation during the operating cycle,
start-and-stop control for normal operation, and rapid shutdown during abnormal conditions.
112)Write a note on lubrication system of diesel power plant.
113)State the applications of a diesel power plant?
Ans: Applications of Diesel Electric Power Plant:
● Central Power Stations: ...
● Standby Power Stations: ...
● Peak Load Plants: ...
● Emergency Plants: ...
● Private Power Plant For Small Industries: ...
● Power Plants for Sparsely Populated Areas: ...
● Nursery Power Plants: ...
● Mobile Plants:
114)Write a note on cooling system of diesel power plant.
Ans: The cooling system of a diesel power plant is an important aspect that plays a crucial role in the
efficient operation and maintenance of the plant. Diesel engines generate a lot of heat during their
operation due to the combustion of fuel in the cylinders. This heat needs to be removed continuously to
prevent the engine from overheating and sustaining damage.

The cooling system of a diesel power plant consists of various components, including the radiator, water
pump, thermostat, hoses, and coolant. The coolant is circulated through the engine block and absorbs the
heat generated by the engine. The heated coolant is then circulated to the radiator, where the heat is
dissipated to the atmosphere through the cooling fins of the radiator.

The water pump circulates the coolant throughout the system, while the thermostat controls the flow of
coolant to maintain the optimal operating temperature of the engine. The hoses connect the various
components of the cooling system and ensure the proper flow of coolant.

It is essential to maintain the cooling system of a diesel power plant to ensure its efficient operation and
longevity. Regular maintenance and inspection of the components, including the coolant level, hoses, and
radiator, are necessary to prevent any leaks or damage. It is also important to use the correct coolant
recommended by the manufacturer to prevent any damage to the engine and maintain the optimal
operating temperature.

In summary, the cooling system of a diesel power plant plays a critical role in maintaining the engine's
operating temperature and preventing damage due to overheating. Proper maintenance and inspection are
necessary to ensure its efficient operation and longevity.
115) The annual peak load on a 30 mW power station is 25 mW. The power station supplies load
having maximum demands of 10 mW, 8.5 mW, 5 mW and 4.5 mW. The annual load factor is 0.45.
Find:(i) Diversity factor (ii) Demand factor.
Ans: The total maximum demand of the loads supplied by the power station is:
10 MW + 8.5 MW + 5 MW + 4.5 MW = 28 MW
(i) Diversity Factor:
The diversity factor is defined as the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum
demand on the power station. Mathematically,
Diversity Factor = (Sum of individual maximum demands) / (Maximum demand on power station)
Diversity Factor = 28 MW / 25 MW = 1.12

(ii) Demand Factor:

The demand factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum demand of a power station to the total
connected load. Mathematically,

Demand Factor = (Maximum demand on power station) / (Total connected load)

The total connected load is the sum of individual maximum demands, which is 28 MW. Thus,
Demand Factor = 25 MW / 28 MW = 0.8929
Note that the annual load factor is not used in the calculation of diversity factor or demand factor.

116) A power station has a maximum demand of 15 MW, a load factor of 0.7, a plant capacity factor
of 0.525 and aplant use factor of 0.85. Find:
(i) The daily energy produced. (ii) The reserve capacity of the plant
Ans: Given:
Maximum demand = 15 MW
Load factor = 0.7
Plant capacity factor = 0.525
Plant use factor = 0.85

(i) Daily energy produced:

Daily energy = Maximum demand x 24 hours x Load factor
Daily energy = 15 MW x 24 hours x 0.7
Daily energy = 252 MWh

(ii) Reserve capacity of the plant:

Reserve capacity = Plant capacity factor x Plant use factor x Maximum demand
Reserve capacity = 0.525 x 0.85 x 15 MW
Reserve capacity = 6.31875 MW

Therefore, the power station can produce 252 MWh of energy per day, and has a reserve capacity of
6.31875 MW.
117)The following data is available for a steam power station:
Maximum demand = 25,000 kW; Load factor = 0.4; Coal consumption = 0.86 kg/kWh; Boiler
efficiency = 85%; Turbine efficiency = 90%; Price of coal = Rs. 55per tonne. Determine the
following:
(i) Thermal efficiency of the station. (ii) Coal bill of the plant for one year.
Ans: Given,
Maximum demand = 25,000 kW
Load factor = 0.4
Coal consumption = 0.86 kg/kWh
Boiler efficiency = 85%
Turbine efficiency = 90%
Price of coal = Rs. 55 per tonne

(i) Thermal efficiency of the station:

Thermal efficiency = Electrical energy output / Heat energy input
Electrical energy output = Maximum demand * Load factor = 25,000 kW * 0.4 = 10,000 kW
Heat energy input = Electrical energy output / Turbine efficiency = 10,000 kW / 0.90 = 11,111.11 kW
Coal consumption per hour = Coal consumption * Electrical energy output = 0.86 kg/kWh * 10,000 kW =
8,600 kg/h
Heat energy produced per hour = Coal consumption per hour * calorific value of coal
Assuming the calorific value of coal as 7000 kcal/kg, heat energy produced per hour = 8,600 kg/h * 7000
kcal/kg = 60,200,000 kcal/h
Heat energy produced per year = 60,200,000 kcal/h * 24 h/day * 365 days/year = 5.28 × 10^11 kcal/year

Therefore, thermal efficiency = Electrical energy output / Heat energy input = 10,000 kW / (5.28 × 10^11
kcal/year / 0.85) = 0.0016 = 0.16%
(ii) Coal bill of the plant for one year:
Coal consumption per year = Coal consumption per hour * 24 h/day * 365 days/year = 8,600 kg/h * 24 *
365 = 75,024,000 kg/year
Coal bill = Coal consumption per year * Price of coal = 75,024,000 kg/year * Rs. 55/tonne = Rs.
4,12,632,000/year or Rs. 4.13 crores/year (approx)

118)Explain the various methods of cooling of a transformer.

Ans: Oil and air are the primary cooling materials used in a transformer.

Dry-type transformers, are normally cooled by air. The following two transformer cooling methods are
adopted in dry-type transformers.

● Air Natural (AN) cooling – Cooled by surrounding air. Heat transfer by natural air convection.
● Air Force (AF) cooling – Forced air circulation using fans and blowers.

Oil-type transformers are cooled using oil-air cooling or oil-water cooling method. There is a wider range
of cooling methods for oil-type transformers.

● (Mineral) Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) – The core and coils are cooled by surrounding in
oil. Heat transfer of oil by natural air convection.
● (Non-Mineral) Oil Natural Air Natural (KNAN) – The core and coils are cooled by
surrounding in synthetic oil. Heat transfer of oil by natural air convection.
● Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF) – Cooled by surrounding in oil. Forced air circulation using
pumps, fans and blowers.
● Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF) – Forced oil and air circulation using fans and blowers.
● Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF) – Cooled by surrounding in oil. Forced water circulation
using heat exchanges.
● Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF) – Forced oil and water circulation using oil-to-water heat
exchanges.
119)Discuss the factors to be considered while deciding the suitability of a transformer.
Ans: Voltages Both Primary and Secondary
Primary voltages are all the voltages supplied on the input side of any given transformer, while the
secondary voltage is the voltage output by the transformer.
If the supply voltage available is 414 V three-phase and the output required is 240 V single-phase, you
must go for a transformer rated 415 V at the input and 240 V at the output.

KVA Rating

Calculating the KVA during the selection and sizing of transformers is crucial. This represents the
maximum apparent power that a transformer can handle. KVA depends on power factor, voltage, and
current. Below are the formulas for KVA calculations:

● Single-phase transformers

kVA = (load voltage x load current)/(1000 x load power factor)

● Three-phase transformers

kVA = (1.723 x load voltage x load current)/(1000 x load power factor)

Operational Frequency

A transformer operates at a specific frequency. The magnetic current, rated current, and kVA are directly
proportional to the transformer frequency. Therefore, the transformer should operate at a rated frequency.
The rated frequency of the transformer should always be equal to the input power supply and the load’s
operating frequency.

Winding Connections

For single-phase transformers, the winding connection is not something to worry about, but the winding
connection is a significant parameter for three-phase transformers. Below are several examples of
windings configured in a three-phase transformer connection.
Apart from the above-listed parameters, other parameters such as the power factor, transformer type,
cooling arrangements, operating temperatures, impulse withstanding capacity, voltage regulation, and
mounting arrangements are also considered when selecting a transformer.
120)Describe the various generator-cooling methods.
Ans: 1. Air Cooling Generator:
These are available in two combinations.

i. Open Ventilated Air Cooled:

In the open-vent system, atmospheric air is drawn directly through filters passes through the generator and

the exhaust is released back into the atmosphere. In this method of cooling, an exhaust system is used

which helps to receive the cool air from the atmosphere and released the hot air back into the atmosphere.

The cool air helps to cool the entire system. During this process, the air becomes very hot so it is released

back into the atmosphere.

ii. Totally Enclosed Water to Air Cooled-TEWAC:

In the TEWAC design, the air is circulated within the generator, passing through frame-mounted air to

water heat exchangers.

It is an enclosed system, the air is re-circulated inside to cool the internal parts of the generator. The air is

enclosed in the system and just keeps re-circulating in the internal parts of the generator. The hot air is

cooled by using water heat exchangers. Which helps to maintain the temperature of the machine. In this

method, the same air is used again and again for cooling the circuit.

2. Water Cooling Generator:

Generators with more than 400 MVA ratings require a more efficient cooling method. For this

Hydrogen-Water Cooling System is used.

Water Cooled Stator:

The Stator windings are directly cooled by deionized water, supplied by a closed-loop auxiliary system,

which flows through hallow copper strands located in the stator windings.
Stator Cooling Water System is a closed-loop auxiliary system that supplies high purity water to the

generator windings to remove heat generated by electrical losses. It also maintains the temperature of the

cooling water.

Hydrogen Cooled Rotor:

The Rotor is cooled with Hydrogen gas that passes diagonally through the holes machined in rotor copper

to the bottom of the coil. Then the hydrogen travels up the field coil diagonally to the rotor surface where

it is discharged into the gas gap. The cooling path provided by the fans is mounted at each end of the

generator rotor.

The above diagonal flow cooling method is used for two-pole generators. For four-pole generators, the

radial flow cooling method is used.

3. Hydrogen Cooling Generator:

The advantage of using Hydrogen as a cooling media is that it provides efficient cooling due to its low

density and high thermal conductivity.

A hydrogen cooled generator has greater efficiency and smaller size compared with an air-cooled

generator of an equal rating.

Hydrogen cooled generators use the following two auxiliary systems to maintain the gas at the required

pressure and avoid gas leakage.

Gas Control System:

It has the dual function of supplying hydrogen to the generators at a selected pressure and supplying

Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen to the generator for purging and filling operations.

The above figure shows the Hydrogen and Carbon dioxide gas arrangement system.
Hydrogen Seal Oil System:

The purpose of the Shaft sealing system is to provide a means of sealing hydrogen gas with the generator

casing. Seals are required at each end of the generator rotor. Oil is supplied to the seal casing at a pressure

higher than the hydrogen gas in the generator casing.

This oil flows bi-directionally between the seal rings and along the shaft through the annular clearances

between the rings and the shaft to form a seal.

121)Explain the derogatory effects of pollution due to combustion of fuel.

Ans:
● Carbon fuels release unburnt carbon particles and cause asthma.
● Incomplete combustion forms carbon monoxide which is a poisonous gas.
● Combustion of fuels releases carbon dioxide which causes global warming.
● Increased use of fuel causes acid rain which harms crops, buildings and soil.

122)What do you understand by thermal pollution and explain the bad effects of thermal pollution.
Ans: Thermal pollution is any deviation from the natural temperature in a habitat and can range from
elevated temperatures associated with industrial cooling activities to discharges of cold water into streams
below large impoundments.
1. Decrease in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) Levels: The warm temperature reduces the levels of
DO (Dissolved Oxygen) in the water. The warm water holds relatively less oxygen
than cold water due to it being incapable. The decrease in DO can create
suffocation for plants and animals such as fish, amphibians, and copepods, which
may give rise to anaerobic conditions.

Warmer water allows algae to flourish on the surface of the water, and over the long term, growing algae
can decrease oxygen levels in the water.

2. Increase in Toxins: With the constant flow of high-temperature discharge from industries, there is a
huge increase in toxins that are being regurgitated into the natural body of water. These toxins may
contain chemicals or radiation that may have a harsh impact on the local ecology and make them
susceptible to various diseases.

3. Loss of Biodiversity: A dent in the biological activity in the water may cause a significant loss of
biodiversity. Changes in the environment may cause certain species of organisms to shift their base to
some other place, while there could be a significant number of species that may shift in because of
warmer waters.
Organisms that can adapt easily may have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer
temperatures.

4. Ecological Impact: A sudden thermal shock can result in the mass killing of fish, insects, plants, or
amphibians. Hotter water may prove favorable for some species, while it could be lethal for other species.
Small water temperature increase the level of activity, while higher temperatures decrease the level of
activity.Many aquatic species are sensitive to small temperature changes such as one degree Celsius that
can cause significant changes in organism metabolism and other adverse cellular biology effects.

5. Affects Reproductive Systems: A significant halt in the reproduction of marine wildlife (although this
may be true, reproduction can still occur between fish – but the likelihood of defects in newborns is
significantly higher) can happen due to increasing temperatures, as reproduction can happen within a
certain range of temperatures. Excessive temperatures can cause the release of immature eggs or can
prevent the normal development of certain eggs.

6. Increases Metabolic Rate: Thermal pollution increases the metabolic rate of organisms as increasing
enzyme activity occurs, which causes organisms to consume more food than what is normally required if
their environment were not changed. It disrupts the stability of the food chain and alters the balance of
species composition.

7. Migration: The warm water can also cause particular species of organisms to migrate to a suitable
environment that would cater to their requirements for survival. This can result in a loss for those species
that depend on them for their daily food as their food chain is interrupted.

123)A hydro power plant is to be used as peak load plant at an annual load factor of 30%. The
electrical energy obtained during the year is 750 × 10^5 kWh. Determinethe maximum demand. If
the plant capacity factor is 24% find reserve capacity of the plant.
ans:
124)A steam power station has an installed capacity of 120 MW and a maximum demand of 100
MW.The coal consumption is 0.4 kg per kWh and cost of coal is Rs.80 per tonne. The annual
expensesnon salary bill of staff and other overhead charges excluding cost of coal are Rs.50 × 10^5.
The power station works at a load factor of 0.5 and the capital cost of the power station is Rs. 4 ×
10^5. If the rate of interest and depreciation is 10% determine the cost of generating per kWh.
Ans:
125) A new factory having a minimum demand of 100 kW and a load factor of 25% is comparing
two powersupply agencies.
(a) Public supply tariff is Rs. 40 per kW of maximumdemand plus 2 paise per kWh.
Capital cost = Rs. 70,000. Interest and depreciation =10%
(b) Private oil engine generating station. Capital Cost = Rs. 250,000, Fuel consumption = 0.3 kgper
kWh, cost of fuel = Rs. 70 per tonne, wages = 0.4 paise per kWh maintenance cost = 0.3 paise per
kWh, interest and depreciation = 15%.
Ans:
126) Estimate the generating cost per unit supplied from a power plant having the following data :
Plant capacity = 120 MW, capital cost = Rs. 600 × 106,annual load factor = 40%, annual cost of
fuel, taxation, oil and salaries = Rs. 600,000 Interest and depreciation
= 10%
Ans:
Given:

Plant capacity = 120 MW

Capital cost = Rs. 600 × 10^6
Annual load factor = 40%
Annual cost of fuel, taxation, oil, and salaries = Rs. 600,000
Interest and depreciation = 10%
To estimate the generating cost per unit supplied, we need to calculate the total annual cost of the power
plant and divide it by the total units supplied.

Total annual cost:

(a) Operating cost = Annual cost of fuel, taxation, oil, and salaries = Rs. 600,000
(b) Depreciation = Capital cost x Interest and depreciation = Rs. 600 × 10^6 x 0.1 = Rs. 60 × 10^6
(c) Interest = Capital cost x Interest and depreciation x (1 + 1/2) = Rs. 600 × 10^6 x 0.1 x 1.5 = Rs. 90 ×
10^6
Total annual cost = Operating cost + Depreciation + Interest
Total annual cost = Rs. 600,000 + Rs. 60 × 10^6 + Rs. 90 × 10^6 = Rs. 150 × 10^6

Total units supplied:

Maximum demand = Plant capacity x Annual load factor = 120 MW x 0.4 = 48 MW
Units supplied = Maximum demand x Hours in a year
Hours in a year = 365 x 24 = 8760 hours
Units supplied = 48 MW x 8760 hours = 421,440,000 kWh

Generating cost per unit supplied:

Generating cost per unit supplied = Total annual cost / Units supplied
Generating cost per unit supplied = Rs. 150 × 10^6 / 421,440,000 kWh = Rs. 0.356 per kWh
Therefore, the estimated generating cost per unit supplied from the power plant is Rs. 0.356 per kWh.
127)A diesel engine develops 200 H.P. to overcome friction and delivers 1000 BHP. Air
consumption is 90 kg per minute. The air fuel ratio is.15 to 1. Find the following:
(a) IHP, (b) Mechanical efficiency, (c) Specific fuel consumption.
Ans:
128)Draw the layout of diesel power plant and explain its working.
Ans:

Fuel oil from the tank is passed through the filter, where the oil gets filtered and the clean oil is injected
into the diesel engine through the fuel pump and fuel injector. The mixture of the compressed air and
spray of fuel oil are ignited in the engine and the combustion takes place. The released heat energy is
utilized for driving the generator, which produces power.

1. Fuel supply system

2. Air intake and exhaust system
3. Lubricating system
4. Starting system
5. Cooling system

1. Fuel supply system

This system consists of a fuel tank for the storage of fuel, fuel filters, and pumps to transfer and inject the
fuel. The fuel oil may be supplied at the plant site by trucks, road, rail, tank, etc.

2. Air Intake and exhaust system

This consists of a compressor, a filter for the supply of air, and pipes for exhaust gases. Filters are
provided to remove dust, dirt, etc., from the incoming air. In the exhaust system, a silencer is provided to
reduce the noise.

Followings are the functions of the air intake system:

1. To clean the intake air supply.

 2. Is to silence the intake air.
3. To supply the air for supercharging.

3. Lubricating system

Lubrication is essential to reduce friction and wear of the moving parts. It includes a lubricating oil tank,
pumps, filters, and lubricating oil.

4. Starting system

For starting the engine initially, the various things used are compressed air, battery, a self-starter, or
electric motor.

5. Cooling system

This system provides proper control of water circulation all around the diesel engines to keep the engine
temperature reasonably at a low level. The hot water from the jacket is cooled in cooling ponds and is
re-circulated again.

129)Draw the schematic layout of a gas turbine power plant and explain its working in detail.

Ans:

The main components of a gas turbine power plant are the

1. compressor,
2. regenerator,
 3. combustion chamber,
4. gas turbine,
5. alternator, and
6. starting motor.

Compressor

Air compressor used in a gas turbine power plant is mainly of the rotary type. The air filter is attached at
the inlet of the compressor where air gets filtered from dust. The rotary blades attached to the shaft push
the air between stationary blocks, and consequently, the pressure of the air is increased. High pressure air
is available at the outlet of the compressor.

Regenerator

There is always some heat presents in the exhaust gases in a gas turbine power plant. A portion of this
heat is utilized in the regenerator. In regenerator, there is a net of fine tubes. The compressed air is passed
through these fine tubes. The whole arrangement is enclosed in a vessel through which hot exhaust gases
from turbine pass. During passing through the fine tubes, compressed air gets a portion of heat carried by
exhaust gases. In this way, a significant portion of the heat of exhaust gases raises the temperature of the
compressed air before it enters into the combustion chamber.

Combustion Chamber

After passing through the regenerator, the hot compressed air enters into the combustion chamber. In the
combustion chamber, there are burners through which fuel oil is injected in the form of oil spray. Due to
combustion of this hot oil spray inside the combustion chamber, the air attends a very high temperature.
The temperature is about 3000oF. The compressed air mixed with combustion gases then cooled down to
1500oF to 1300oF before it is being delivered to the turbine for doing mechanical work there.

Alternator

The rotor of an alternator is attached to the same shaft of the turbine hence the alternator rotates along
with the turbine and produces electrical energy.

Starting Motor

In gas turbine power plant the compressor, alternator, and turbine are attached to the same shaft. For
starting the system, the compressor has to deliver pre-compressed air at starting. The shaft has to rotate to
produce required compressed air for starting purpose. Hence, an alternative arrangement is required to run
the compressor before the system is being started. This is done by a starting motor connected to the same
shaft. A motor coupled with the main shaft supplies the required mechanical power for compressing air
before starting.

Turbine
The compressed air mixed with combustion gases then enters in the turbine through nozzles. Here, the
mixture of gases is suddenly expanded and it gains required kinetic energy to do mechanical work to
rotate the turbine shaft (main shaft). In the turbine the temperature of the gases comes down to 900oF.

130)Explain the lubrication process followed in gas turbine power plant.

Ans: Gas turbine lubrication

The lubrication system for a gas turbine contains a tank, pumps, coolers, filters, valves and various
control and protection devices. Shown below, it furnishes normal lubrication protection while also
removing heat from the load of the gas turbine.

Typical gas turbines operate at a rotation speed of approximately 3600 rotations per minute (RPM), with
exhaust temperatures often in excess of 625°C and at pressure ratios to atmospheric exceeding 18.7:1.
The bearings may see operating temperatures near 120°C. This means the oil, in addition to having the
correct viscosity, must also contain additives to address oxidation, varnish formation, foam stability,
filterability for long oil life, multi bearing metal compatibility and finally protection against wear.
A twist in gas turbine lubrication is the development of the combined-cycle turbine system. In this
system, the exhaust from a gas turbine is extracted and used to produce steam for a steam
turbine/generator combination. The schematic for this provided below.

In the combined cycle arrangement, there is often only one “shared” lubrication system, so the oil must be
able to lubricate both steam and gas turbine bearings. This means that in addition to the qualities
mentioned above, the oil must have the ability to remove and shed water.131)Enlist and explain the
different types of loads on power system.

Ans: 1. Domestic load: Domestic load consists of lights, fans, refrigerators, heaters, television, small
motors for pumping water etc. Most of the residential load occurs only for some hours during the day
(i.e., 24 hours) g., lighting load occurs during night time and domestic appliance load occurs for only a
few hours. For this reason, the load factor is low (10% to 12%).
2. Commercial load: Another Types of Load in Power System is Commercial load consists of
lighting for shops, fans and electric appliances used in restaurants etc. This class of load occurs
for more hours dining the day as compared to the domestic load. The commercial load has
seasonal variations due to the extensive use of air-conditioners and space heaters.
3. Industrial load: Industrial load consists of load demand by industries. The magnitude of
industrial load depends upon the type of industry. Thus small scale industry requires load upto 25
kW, medium scale industry between 25kW and 100 kW and large-scale industry requires load
above 500 kW. Industrial loads are generally not weather dependent.

4. Municipal load: Municipal load consists of street lighting, power required for water supply and
drainage purposes. Street lighting load is practically constant throughout the hours of the night.
For water supply, water is pumped to overhead tanks by pumps driven by electric motors.
Pumping is carried out during the off-peak period, usually occurring during the night. This helps
to improve the load factor of the power system.

5. Irrigation load: This Types of Load in Power System is the electric power needed for pumps
driven by motors to supply water to fields. Generally this type of load is supplied for 12 hours
during night.

6. Traction load: This Types of Load in Power System includes train cars, trolley buses, railways
etc. This class of load has wide variation. During the morning hour, it reaches peak value
because people have to go to their work place. After morning hours, the load starts decreasing
and again rises during evening since the people start coming to their homes.

132)The amount of electrical energy that can be generated by a hydroelectric power plant depends
upon the quantity of water that would be most appropriate.Establish the statement.
Ans:
133)The maximum demand of a power station is 100 kW.The capacity factor is 0.6 and the
utilization factor is 0.8. Find:(a) load factor (b) plant capacity (c) reserve capacity (d) annual energy
production
Ans: Given,
Maximum demand = 100 kW
Capacity factor = 0.6
Utilization factor = 0.8

(a) Load factor = Capacity factor x Utilization factor

= 0.6 x 0.8
= 0.48
(b) Plant capacity = Maximum demand / Capacity factor
= 100 / 0.6
= 166.67 kW
(c) Reserve capacity = Plant capacity - Maximum demand
= 166.67 - 100
= 66.67 kW
(d) Annual energy production = Maximum demand x 24 x 365 x Capacity factor
= 100 x 24 x 365 x 0.6
= 525,600 kWh

134)What is the base load and peak load power plant? Give three examples for each of the power
plants.
Ans: Base load is the minimum level of electricity demand required over a period of 24 hours. It is
needed to provide power to components that keep running at all times (also referred as continuous load).
Peak load is the time of high demand. These peaking demands are often for only shorter durations.
The examples of base load power plants are: thermal power plant, nuclear power plant, large-scale
hydroelectric power plants geothermal power plants, etc
The examples of peak load power plants are gas turbine power plant, diesel power plant, small-scale
hydroelectric power plant, wind turbines, solar power plant, pumped storage hydro power plant, etc.