ENROLLMENT NUMBER: SAP NO: NAME: 500011029 SHYAM KUMAR

D370110012

PROGRAM: POWER MANAGEMENT COURSE NAME/NUMBER: EXECUTIVE MBA ASSIGNMENT CODE: MDSP - 801 PERMANENT ADDRESS: 1542, 1st LEFT STREET, MO.PHOOLGARHI, NEAR TAGASARAI GATE . POST- HAPUR, DISTT.GHAZIABAD (U.P.)-245101 CURRENT ADDRESS: 69-B, TYPE-II, VIDYUT VIHAR COLONY, NEAR SARAI KALE KHAN. NEW DELHI110014. DATE OF ASSIGNMENT: 10.06.2010

Power Generation- MDSP 801

Ans: 1:
(a) Heat Rate: It is a measure of a power plant thermal efficiency and generally expressed as Btu / Kwh or Kj/Kwh. It can be expressed as either gross or net generation . heat rates are generally expressed as Net Heat Rates.

Heat Rate =

Fuel Energy input as heat Net work Output

(b) Plant Load Factor: It is the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a time and its output if it had operated at the full capacity of that time period.

PLF

Gross Generation__ *100 Installed Capacity

(c) Thermal efficiency of a power plant: thermal efficiency ( ) is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy. Because the input heat normally has a real financial cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is Efficiency = Output obtained / Input given Hence Thermal efficiency of a power plant can be expressed as following: Efficiency(%) = 1 KWh * 100 / Heat Rate (in KJ/KWh) (d) Critical Speed: when turbine rotates on such a speed that frequency of shaft become close to its natural frequency, machine causes noise & high vibrations because of resonance due to matching of frequency. Running of Steam "TURBINE" on this speed is avoided & this is called Critical speed. A turbine may have more then one critical speed, which may depend upon number of couplings. (e) Load Duration Curve: The LDC curve shows the capacity utilization requirements for each increment of load. LDC indicates the distribution of certain load throughout the day. The height of each slice is a measure of capacity, and the width of each slice is a measure of the utilization rate or capacity factor. The product of the two is a measure of electrical energy (e.g. kilowatt hours) required during the day. (f) Base Load: It is the minimum demand that always remain and which has to be supplied for all time. A base load plant should run at high load factor.

(g) Peak Load: It is the maximum demand that occurs during the day or a particular period and which should be kept in mind while designing the plant. A peak load occurs for about15-20% of the time and a peak load plant should run at low load factor. (h) Moderator (Nuclear): This is material in the core which slows down the neutrons released from fission so that they cause more fission. It is usually water, but may be heavy water or graphite. (i) Super critical boiler: In Super Critical Boilers the water is pressurized upto critical pr. Up to 221.05 bar with the help of feed pump and then it is heated hence the water directly converts into the steam of 374o C temp without boiling or bubbling action. Hence results in better economy and better heat rate. (j) Tailrace: It is a channel that carries water away from a water wheel or turbine. The tailrace is the downstream part of a dam where the impounded water re-enters the river. During construction, it is usually the lowest point on the project and is used as the collection point for construction debris.

Ans. 2(a):
1. 2. 3. Effect of following factors upon the plant operation / performance: Load Factor: Since it denotes average load over the peak load it has to be as high as possible for the economy of plant so that the plant capacity can be fully utilized. Diversity Factor: Plant capacity factor: For the better performance of power plant, plant capacity factor should be as high as possible so that maximum energy can be extracted from the installed capacity. High plant capacity facor denotes high utilization of installed equipments. Plant Use factor: it is same as plant capacity factor with the only difference that instead of considering whole hours of a year only running hours are considered of the year out of which actual energy produced is calculated. It is also a desirable quantity.

4.

Ans. 2(b):
The Following criteria should be considered while selecting the location of a power plant: 1. Distance from the fuel source: plant should be kept as near as possible to the fuel source so that the expenses incurred in freight and transportation can be kept minimum. 2. A fuel sources should be selected wherein fuel can be available for a long time and non interruptible supply can be provided. 3. location should be selected such that adequate water can be available for water treatment plant, cooling towers, de-ashing purpose etc. 4. Cost of land should meet the budget. 5. Environment aspects: Should be far enough from the resident area and state pollution control committee guidelines must also meet.

6. Type and characteristics of of soil. 7. should be as near as possible to the load demand to minimize transmission losses. 8. good connectivity with the road and railway track. 9. Provision for ash brick plant or any other mode for the disposal of ash. 10. availability of basic amenities and security for the plant personals.

Ans. 2 (c):
T-s Diagram: The T-s diagram is the practical implementation of carnot cycle which is drawn b/w Enthalpy(T) and Entropy (s) as shown below:

Associated processes are: Process 1-2: Reversible Adiabatic Expansion: steam enters at point 1 and then expands isentropically in the turbine. In this process work output is obtained. Process 2-3: Condensation Process: Steam is condensed in the condenser at constant temp. and constant pr. Here heat transfer takes place from steam to cooling water.

Process 3-4: Reversible Adiabatic Pumping Action: work is given here as an input for pumping action work is done to pump saturated liquid to the boiler. Process 4-1: Boiling Process/Steam Formation: Water is boiled at constant pressure and saturated steam is produced.

Ans. 2 (d):
The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into work. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working fluid. The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle as, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition and rejection are isobaric in the Rankine cycle and isothermal in the theoretical Carnot cycle. A pump is used to pressurize liquid instead of gas. This requires a very small fraction of the energy compared to compressing a gas in a compressor (as in the Carnot cycle).

Ans 2 (e):
Superheaters and reheaters in utility boilers increase the temp. of saturated or near saturated steam in order to increase the thermodynamic efficiency of the power cycle. The main difference b/w the superheaters and reheaters is operating pressure. In a typical recirculating drum boiler the outlet pressure of the superheater is 18 MPa while the reheater inlet pressure is only 4 MPa. The volumetric flow rates for the reheater thus will be higher than superheater, though the mass flow rate through the reheater is 10% to 15% less than the superheater because of steam extracted from the high pressure turbine to preheat the feed water.

Ans3.

Ans 4(a)
Advantage of Hydrogen cooling over natural air cooling: Hydrogen is used as a high-performance gaseous coolant. Its thermal conductivity is higher than of all gases, it has high specific heat capacity, and low density and therefore low viscosity, which is an advantage for rotary machines susceptible to windage losses. Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerators are currently the most common electrical generators in large power plants. Air is a common form of a coolant. Air cooling uses either convective airflow (passive cooling), or a forced circulation using fans. Ans 5 (a) Gas Turbine has certain Advantages over Steam Turbine, which are as below: 01)The Gas Turbine Plant is simple in Design and Construction. It has few Reciprocating Parts and is lighter in weight. 02)In Steam Turbine Plant, water is used for cooling purpose, hence there are chances of Freezing in winter nights. There are no likelihood of Freezing in Gas Turbine Plant. 03)The Gas Turbine is quite useful in the regions where due to scarcity it is not possible to supply water in abundance for raising steam.

04)The Gas Turbine has been built to operate at the Inlet Temperature of 800 Degree Centigrade and even more, while the Steam Turbine and Boiler have been built for Temperatures up to about 580 Degree Centigrade. The Efficiency of Gas Turbine is much higher than that of Steam Turbine due to High Inlet Temperature, when other things being equal in both Turbines. 05)The Gas Turbine does not require any Boiler as like in Steam Turbine, hence the weight and space of Gas Turbines are less than those of Steam turbine. For the same output, the Gas Turbine is more compact than a Steam Turbine. The Capital Cost of Gas Turbine is much lower than Steam Turbine.

Ans 5 (b) Open cycle power plant:

Closed Cycle Power Plant:

Ans 5 : Diesel Engine : Working Principle Description: An internal combustion engine in which the fuel is ignited by injecting it into air that has been heated to a high temperature by rapid compression is called Diesel Engine; hence, diesel engines are also called compression ignition engines. Diesel cycle. A repeated succession of operations (or cycle) representing the ideal behavior of the working fluid in the diesel engine form of heat engine. The diesel cycle is described below:

Suction operation at constant pressure along oa in which air is sucked inside the cylinder from atmosphere at nearly atmospheric pressure. Adiabatic compression of the working fluid i.e., air (gas) along a b ; the temperature and pressure are increased. Heat addition along bc at constant pressure; the gas temperature and volume are increased. Adiabatic expansion along c d, work is done by the expanding gas, and, the temperature and pressure decrease. Heat removal (rejection) along d, a at constant volume; the pressure and temperature decrease, and the gas is restored to its initial condition at a. Here cycle is completed. Ans 6 (a): (i) Difference B/w Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission: Sr Nuclear Fusion No. Nuclear Fission

1.

Nuclear fusion involves bombarding hydrogen atoms together to form helium. In the long run, nuclear fusion has greater potential than fission.

Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy atom into two or more parts, releasing huge amounts of energy. The release of energy can be controlled and captured for generating electricity.

2.

Fusion, on the other hand, uses Fission requires an element that can be isotopes of hydrogen atoms, easily split in a particle accelerator, such specifically deuterium and tritium, as uranium or plutonium. that can be obtained from ordinary water. Therefore, nuclear fusion seems to be the better choice. Fusion occurs in stars, such as the Fission reaction does not normally occur sun. in nature. Few radioactive particles are Fission produces produced by fusion reaction, but if a radioactive particles. fission "trigger" is used, radioactive particles will result from that. many highly

3. 4.

5.

The energy released by fusion is The energy released by fission is a three to four times greater than the million times greater than that released in energy released by fission. chemical reactions; but lower than the energy released by nuclear fusion High density, high temperature Critical mass of the substance and highenvironment is required. speed neutrons are required.

6.

(ii) Difference B/w Nuclear Reaction and Chemical Reaction: Sr. Nuclear Reactions No. 1. Protons and neutrons react inside nucleus. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements transmute into other elements.
Isotopes react differently

Chemical Reactions Electrons react outside nucleus. The same number of each kind of Atom appears in the reactants and products. Isotopes react the same. Depend on chemical combination. Energy changes equal 10 - 10^3 kJ/mol. Mass reactants = mass products.

Independent of chemical combinations. Energy changes equal 10^8 kJ. Mass changes are detectable.

Ans 6 (b): Nuclear Power Plant with Heavy Water as a Moderator: Such a plant uses natural uranium oxide as fuel, hence needs a more efficient moderator, in this case heavy water (D2O). In this system the moderator is enriched (ie water) rather than the fuel, - a cost tradeoff. The moderator is in a large tank called a calandria, penetrated by several hundred horizontal pressure tubes which form channels for the fuel, cooled by a flow of heavy water under high pressure in the primary cooling circuit, reaching 290C. As in the PWR, the primary coolant generates steam in a secondary circuit to drive the turbines. The pressure tube design means that the reactor can be refueled progressively without shutting down, by isolating individual pressure tubes from the cooling circuit.

The system fuel assembly consists of a bundle of 37 half metre long fuel rods (ceramic fuel pellets in zircaloy tubes) plus a support structure, with 12 bundles lying end to end in a fuel channel. The heavy water moderator circulating through the body of the calandria vessel also yields some heat . Ans 7 (a): Various kind of Pollutions and Control measures at power plant:Various pollutions are associated with the running of a power plant and for the sake of environment various control methods are adopted viz. 1. Air Pollution: During the coal ignition in steam generators various air pollutants are produced in flue gas like oxides of sulpher, carbon, nitrogen, carbon mono oxide, volatile organic compounds (VDCs), lead, particulate matter (PM) are the major primary pollutants.

Control Method: a. Cyclone separators, scrubbers, ESPs or Fabric Filters can be used to prevent particulates of Flue Gas. b. In ESP a No. of field are provided in series. Performance of ESP can be improved using Ammonia flue gas Conditioning Ststem and suitable micro controllers to keep SPM level as low as 50 mg/ Nm3. c. Use coal of low sulpher content. d. Height of stack should be high enough.

2. Water pollutants: a. Water used to collect ash from the bottom of boiler. b. Water used to collect ash from the bottom of ESP hopper. c. Water discharged/drained from water treatment plant, blow down water from boiler, cooling tower. Control Method: a. The waste water from water treatment plant and Dm plant can be collected in a resorvior and can be treated further for the ash handling from hopper , boiler bottom, dust suppression, gardening. b. Blow down water from boiler can be used as raw water after quenching. c. Waste water can be used for the transportation of ash to brick formation plant and can be used to make bricks. 3. Noise Pollution: Major rotatory equipments produces noise in their operation like motors, fans, pumps, turbine etc. Contributing to noise pollution. Control Methods: a. Fans , pumps should be checked regularly for balancing, vibrations and abnormal sound . If any then should be removed by balancing , vibration preventing mechanisms. b. Silencers, Acoustic enclosures/ insulations can be provided wherever required. c. Periodical preventive methods of motors, safety valves, vents, fans and pumps should be done. Ans 7 (b): India ranks 6th in the world in energy conservation whereas more than 70% of its primary energy needs are met through imports, mainly in the form of crude oil and natural gas. The country encounters peak and energy shortage of 7.7% and 3.3% respectively (upto Aug, 2005). The anticipated demand as per 16th electric Power Survey requires an addition of 1,00,000 MW of power. Therefore the Govt. of India has set a target to install around 46500 MW out of the 1,00,000 MW capacity to be added by the end of XIth 5 year plan.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Following efforts have been taken to reform the power sector. Participation of the private sectors and joint sectors in power industry is being encouraged by the Govt. Generation Transmission and Distribution utilities are being separated to excel themselves in their respective fields. To conserve the conventional raw energy sources, non conventional energy sources are being adopted. State Govt. is focusing upon State Electricity Boards, Reformation and Regulation while central Govt. is focusing upon the area of regulation, transmission, privatization and power trade companies.

Ans 7 Non Conventional Energy Sources: Non Conventional Energy Sources or renewable energy sources capture their energy from the natural processes such as geothermal heat flows, sunshine, wind, flowing water and biological processes. These are described below: Wind Power: Kinetic energy in the wind can be used to run wind turbine but the output power depends upon the wind speed. Turbine generally requires a wind speed in the range 5.5 m/s. it is one of the most cost competitive renewable energy today. Solar Power: The most renewable energy is the Solar energy which is directly collected from the sunlight. This energy comes from sun in the form of Electromagnetic Waves. This energy consists of 8% UV Radiation, 46% Infra Red radiation and 46% visible light. Water Power: Energy in water can be used in the form of motive energy or temp. difference, since water is about thousands time heavier than air hence even a slow flowing stream of water can yield great amount of energy. Geothermal Power: It comes from radioactive decays in the core of the earth which heats the earth from inside and thus power can be extracted due to the temp. difference B/w hot rock in the core of the earth and relatively cool surface air and water. Energy From Waste: This energy is obtained by burning the wastes. Bio Mass Fuel: Plants use photosynthesis to store solar energy in the form of chemical energy. which can be easily obtained by burning the dried up plant. This energy can also be obtsined from Bio fuels and bio gases.