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ACD2501 - Day 8 Aircraft Intruments, Guidance and Navigation PDF
ACD2501 - Day 8 Aircraft Intruments, Guidance and Navigation PDF
ACD2501
Aircraft Instruments
g
Navigation
• Session Topic
– Ai
Aircraft
ft Instruments
I t t
– Guidance and Navigation
• Session objectives is to learn about
- Flight Instruments
- Engine Instruments
- Auxiliary Instruments
• Type
ype 3:: Those
ose wwhich
c relate
e e too ou
our pos
position
o in sp
space
ce
without considering the atmosphere.
Classification Of Instruments
• Flight Instruments
• Engine
i Instruments
• Auxiliary Instruments
Analogue Digital
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
The airspeed
Th i d iindicator
di t shows
h speed
d th
through
h th
the air
i --- nott over
the ground.
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 8
08
PEMP
ACD2501
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
The altimeter measures air pressure outside the airplane and compares it
to air pressure at sea level to determine altitude.
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 10
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PEMP
ACD2501
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
Turn Coordinator
Th turn
The t coordinator
di t showsh if the
th wings
i are level
l l or banked.
b k d The
Th position
iti
of the ball indicates if the airplane is turning properly.
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 11
08
PEMP
ACD2501
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
This airplane
p is heading
g south
at 175 degrees.
The vertical speed indicator uses changes in air pressure to indicate rate
of climb or descent.
descent
Flight Instruments
Aircraft Airspeeds
Calibrated Airspeeds
• Calibrated (CAS)
– Speed corrected for installation and instrument errors.
– At high angle of attack, the pitot tube does not point
straight into the relative wind, this tends to make the
airspeed
p indicate lower than normal at low airspeeds.
p
– Not usually a problem in cruise, usually we only worry
about calibrate airspeed when we are converting to true
airspeed.
p
True Airspeeds
• True
T (TAS)
– The actual speed airplane is moving through undisturbed
air.
– On a standard day, CAS will be equal to TAS.
– As density altitude increases, true airspeed increases for a
ggiven CAS or amount of ppower.
– TAS can be calculated by using CAS with temperature and
pressure
• Equivalent
– Calibrated airspeed corrected for adiabatic compressible
flow at a particular altitude.
– Above 200 kts and 7 km, km air compresses in front the pitot
tube causing abnormally high airspeeds. Many flight
computers are designed to compensate.
Altimeter
A barometer that
measures the absolute
pressure of the air.
Altimeter
• Measures how
h f the
fast h static
i pressure increases
i or decreases
d
• Correlates as Rate of climb or descent (1000ft/min )
• Trend will show immediate indication of an increase in the
airplanes rate of climb or descent
• Rate shows a stabilized change in altitude
• Blocked Static
– Zero
Z I di i
Indication
• Lags: should not be relied upon to give
instantaneo s information
instantaneous
– Don’t “chase the needle”
Altimeter Operation
Wafers expand
p
9 01
8 2
7 3
6 54
Air moves in
9 01
8 2
7 3
6 54
Wafers contract
Types of Altitude
• Indicated
– What you read on the altimeter when it is
correctly adjusted to show approximate height
above mean sea level
• Calibrated
C lib d
– Indicated altitude corrected to compensate for
instrument error
• Pressure
– Displayed
p y when altimeter is set to standard sea
level (29.92).
– Vertical distance above the standard datum
plane
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 30
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PEMP
ACD2501
Types of Altitude
• Density
– Pressure altitude corrected for non – standard
temperature
– Used to determine aircraft performance, when
hi h (temp
high ( above
b standard),
d d) performance
f will
ill
be worse.
• True
– Actual height above mean sea level
– Sectional charts
• Absolute
– Actual height of aircraft above the earths
surface.
f
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 31
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ACD2501
Altimeter Errors
Gyroscope
• Rigidity In Space – Once a gyroscope is spinning, it
tends to remain in a fixed position in space and resist
external forces applied to it.
Gyroscope
• Precession – The
tilting or turning of a
gyro in response to
pressure.
pressure
• The reaction to this
force occurs in the
direction of rotation,
– approximately 90°
ahead of the point
where the force was
applied.
Gyroscope
Gyroscope
Gyroscope
• Vacuum powered instrument which senses pitching
and rolling movements about the airplanes lateral and
longitudinal axes.
Gyroscope
Gyroscope
Gyroscope
• Vacuum powered
instrument which
senses yaw
movement of the
airplane about the
vertical
ti l axis.
i
• Horizontal card
di ti l gyro
directional
Gyroscope
Vertical card directional gyro
Attitude Indicator
• The same pendulous vanes will cause the gyro to try to line
upp with the g – forces of a turn.
Heading Indicator
Turn Indicators
• Turn Coordinator:
– Rate and Roll
• Slip and Skid
– Rate ONLY – older aircraft
• What is the inclinometer?
– Slip? Rate of turn is too slow
for the angle of bank, ball
moves inside
– Skid? Rate of turn is too
great for the angle of bank.
• S d d Turn?
Standard T ?
Compass
Compass Errors
Compass Errors
• Deviation: Compass error due to disturbances in magnetic
field de to metals and electrical accessories in the airplane.
Use deviation
d i i cardd ini airplane
i l to correct.
Compass Errors
Compass Errors
Compass Errors
Aeronautical Navigation
• Navis—ship
• Agere—to direct
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 57
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ACD2501
• Plot a course
– What’s
h a course?
• path of intended motion
• Steer a heading
– What’s a heading?
• the direction the aircraft is pointed
p
• Make a good track
– What’s a track?
• the aircraft’s path over the ground
Roadmap
• Terrestrial coordinates
– Chart
Ch t projections
j ti
• Concepts of position
• Pil ti & dead
Piloting d d reckoning
k i
• Radio navigation systems
• Other electronic navigation systems
• Celestial navigation
Longitude/Latitude
•Parallels of latitude are small circles (with the
exception
p of the equator)
q )
•Meridians of longitude are great circles
08 M.SRamaiah
M.S. Ramaiah School
School ofofAdvanced
Advanced Studies,
StudiesBengaluru
- Bangalore 63
PEMP
ADF/NDB
NDB
ADF
Summary
Thank you !