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Explain Renewable and Nonrenewable Sources of Energy and Mention The Advantage of Such Classification.?
Explain Renewable and Nonrenewable Sources of Energy and Mention The Advantage of Such Classification.?
ANS:
* Solar energy, hydel energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. are
renewable sources of energy.
ANS:
* Solar energy, hydel energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. are
renewable sources of energy.
ANS:
* Solar cell is a device that converts solar energy directly into electrical
energy.
* Earlier, it was observed that when solar rays fall on a thin wafer of
selenium, electricity is generated.
* A solar cell made of selenium wafer converts only 0.7% of solar energy
into electrical energy which is a very small output and hence
impracticable for generating electricity.
* The first solar cell made in 1954 could convert about 1% of incident
solar energy into electricity.
* Modern solar cells most commonly made from semimetal silicon can
have efficiency of upto 25%. Silicon is easily available and is eco-friendly.
* ADVANTAGES:
LIMITATIONS:
1. The availability of the special grade silicon required for making solar
cells is very limited.
3. The current produced by solar cells is direct current (DC) and it has to
be converted to alternating current (AC) for some devices. This involves
high cost and loss of efficiency.
* USES:
1. In artificial satellites.
3. In TV transmission.
6. In solar cars.
ANS:
* Sun's energy is the main factor responsible for the movement of air.
Moving air is called wind and it possesses kinetic energy.
* Windmills, invented 250 years ago by Persians, are once again gaining
popularity.
* The height of the windmill, the number of blades and their shape, etc.
are decided on the basis of average wind velocity and local environmental
factors.
* LIMITATIONS
ANS:
* Sun's energy is the main factor responsible for the movement of air.
Moving air is called wind and it possesses kinetic energy.
* Windmills, invented 250 years ago by Persians, are once again gaining
popularity.
* Modern windmills convert wind energy into either mechanical energy or
electrical energy.
* The height of the windmill, the number of blades and their shape, etc.
are decided on the basis of average wind velocity and local environmental
factors.
* LIMITATIONS
ANS:
* The level of water near the seacoast changes twice a day. This
everyday movement of water along the seashore is known as tides. A
high tide occurs on every new moon day and on a full moon day. During
the tide the water level rises by a few meters.
* The energy possessed by the rising and falling water is known as tidal
energy.
* Tides are not uniform and the rise and fall of water is not large enough
to generate electricity on a large scale. Also, there are a very few sites
where we find a narrow opening suitable for a dam.
* The greatest limitation of this method is that the location of turbine and
other equipment is in the sea. They require a lot of maintenance and
replacement. This makes them costlier.
Write a note on Geothermal energy.
ANS:
* Geothermal energy is the energy obtained from the heat of the earth.
* The interior region of the earth below its crust is very hot and it
consists of molten rocks called 'magma'. Magma is in semisolid state.
* Sometimes the steam finds its way through the cracks in the crust and
comes up to the surface in the form of geysers. The steam from such
geysers has the temperature of about 150 -200°C.
* ADVANTAGES:
ANS:
1. Fixed-Dome Type
* The floating gas-holder type plants have been prepared by the Khadi
and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) and are used where biogas is
obtained from the animal dung. It consists of a dome like structure, made
of steel, that floats up as the pressure of biogas evolved increases.
* The fixed-dome type structure has a longer life. Its dome can be made
from bricks. Thus, the cost of the plant is reduced. This type of plant is
more suitable for obtaining biogas from human excreta and other bio-
wastes.
* PROCESS:
o This slurry is fed into the digester which is a closed underground tank
made of bricks.
* ADVANTAGES:
6. The slurry left behind in the digester serves as an excellent manure for
farmers.
ANS:
* There are two categories of nuclear fission: (1) Prompt fission (2)
Delayed fission.
* During nuclear fission, the heavy nucleus obtained after fission has
atomic mass 130 - 149 u and the light nucleus has the atomic mass 85 -
104 u.
* If the nucleus of a heavy element (or its isotope) splits without being
bombarded by any particle, the fission is called 'Spontaneous fission'.
* During nuclear fission, some neutrons are released. For example, in the
fission of 92U235, on an average 2 - 3 neutrons are released.
Here the sum of the atomic masses on the left hand side is
and the sum of the atomic masses on the right hand side is
the difference in the total mass of reactants and products is called 'MASS
DEFECT'. The mass defect in the above example is
This lost mass (mass defect) is converted into energy. According to the
Einstein's mass-energy equation when 1 u mass is converted, 931.48
MeV energy is produced.
ANS:
* During the fission of 92U235, two or three neutrons are released. If the
energy of these neutrons is utilised to cause fission of other nuclei, then
again two or three neutrons are released per nuclei. Thus, the process of
fission continues as chain reaction.
* The reaction mentioned above will go beyond control if all the neutrons
released in one step are utilised to cause fission in the subsequent step.
Because the number of neutrons released will go on increasing, the
amount of energy produced will also go on increasing and reach an
uncontrollable stage.
* The following processes can take place after neutrons are produced in
the fission reaction.:
1. At least one of the neutrons (released during previous step) hits the
other 92U235 to cause fission to release more neutrons ( & energy).
* The fission reaction would stop if the last three processes dominate.
However, the fission reaction will continue if the first process is repeated
at least once.
* Thus, the ideal condition to support the chain reaction will be to lower
the energies of released neutrons to thermal neutron energy range of
0.04 eV.