San Carlos de Guatemala University

English Department
Technical English 2
Soraya Martinez

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Presentation / 10
Index / 10
Introduction / 10
Objectives / 10
Investigation / 20
Conclusions / 20
Bibliography / 10
Annexes / 10
TOTAL / 100

Name ID
Mario Alfonso Rojas Carranza 201800946
Edvin Estuardo Ortíz Jiménez 201807077
Ligia Carolina del Rosario Sierra Alvarez 201804262
Marco Alfonso Asturias Rodríguez 201801529
Dylan Samuel Ruiz Mayen 201310283

Guatemala February 12th, 2019

 Index

A
I
Annexes, 6
Introduction, 2

C
O
Classification of hazardous waste, 4
Classification of solid and hazardous waste, Objectives, 3
4 Origin of solid and hazardous waste, 3
Conclusion, 6
R
E
Risks to the environment, 5
Effects of solid and hazardous waste, 5
Effects of solid waste, 5 S
E-graphy, 6
Solid waste, 4
Some solid and hazardous waste, 5
H

Hazardous waste, 4 W
Hazardous waste effects, 5
What is a residue?, 3
Which are solid and hazardous waste, 3

Introduction
Wastes (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any
substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of
no use. A by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic
value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource
through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.
Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse),
hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes
(feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.
Toxic wastes can harm people, animals and plants, whether they end up
in the ground, in streams or even in the air. Some toxins, such as mercury and
lead, persist in the environment for many years and accumulate over time.
Humans or wildlife often absorb these toxic substances when they eat fish or
other prey.
 Objectives
General
Describe the types of wastes that are harming the environment.
Specifics
How to determine if a material will be classified as a hazardous waste.
Identify the type and characteristic hazardous wastes.
Provide information about classification of hazardous waste.
Know how the human threat hazardous wastes.
Provide information about the effects of solid and hazardous waste.
Which are solid and hazardous waste
Hazardous wastes threaten human health or the environment if they are
thrown carelessly, thrown on the ground or handled improperly. Hazardous
wastes are affected as garbage. It refers to general garbage created by a
community, including household waste, as well as to waste generated by
companies, schools and institutions.
Hazardous solid wastes: The term includes hazardous wastes derived
from all toxic chemicals, radioactive materials, biological and infectious
particles.
These materials threaten workers through exposure in their jobs.
Moreover, it is a danger to the general public in their homes, communities and
the environment. Exposure to this waste may occur near the place of origin of
the waste production, or along the path of its transportation, and near its final
disposal sites. Most hazardous waste is the result of industrial processes that
produce by-products, defective products, or spilled materials in the
environment.
What is a residue?
Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation,
separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may
also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction.
Origin of solid and hazardous waste
Solid and dangerous waste originated since man started to be developed
as most of these are generated in the industry and in similar spaces. In the
past, many hazardous wastes were only freely regulated, allowing substantial
contamination of communities and the environment. In the United States, toxic
wastes have been supervised by the federal environmental protection agency
(EPA) since 1976, as well as by state environmental protection departments.
The EPA now requires that hazardous wastes be handled with special
precautions and disposed of at designated facilities. Many cities have special
days for collecting household hazardous waste.
Classification of hazardous waste
The classification of hazardous waste is not unitary. Therefore, according
to the regulations taken as a reference, one type of classification or another can
be found. However, in most cases, they will be equivalent classifications to each
other.
Solid waste can be classified in two categories: organic and inorganic.
And these in turn in flammable waste and not flammable; as well as recyclable
and non-recyclable waste.
Classification of solid and hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous corrosive wastes: these are hazardous wastes that present
a risk of corroding any surface with which they come into contact. In general,
these are residues composed mainly of acids.
Hazardous waste by chemical reactivity: In this case, they are
hazardous waste because they can corrode the surface with which they contact,
or even become explosive.
Explosive hazardous wastes: these are residues that, as the name
implies, can explode if not properly managed.
Hazardous flammable wastes: these are especially heat-sensitive
wastes, so they could burn easily.
Toxic hazardous waste: these are residues whose danger derives from
toxicity to health; they can be organic or inorganic.
Hazardous radioactive waste: in this case, it is waste whose danger is
derived from emitting radiation.
Solid waste
Organic waste: They are formed by living matter or that was alive. So
more general include chemical compounds based primarily on the element
carbon, except carbon dioxide. Examples: food waste, garden, paper, wood.
Inorganic wastes. They are formed by chemical compounds that are not
based on the carbon element; for example: minerals ().
Flammable and non-flammable waste: Waste similar to organic
material; the burning or combustion process can be used to thermally degrade
such materials. In the case of non-flammable there are two types of waste:
bulky materials that do not fit in the incinerator (such as mattresses), and
collected waste that cannot be burned (Defies, 1994).
 Recyclable and non-recyclable waste: They are materials that after
serving their original purpose, they still have useful physical or chemical
properties and that so. Therefore, they can be reused or converted into raw
material for the manufacture of new products. Example: paper, plastic, glass,
wood, etc. The rest are non-recyclable that they do not cover the characteristics
to be recycled.
Effects of solid and hazardous waste
Effects of solid waste
Direct effects: these refer to the occasional direct contact with the
garbage, which sometimes contains human excrement, of animals and remains
of other agents that can be a source of disease transmission.
Effect on the environment: Alteration of the water system, Alteration of
the edaphological system, Alteration of the air.
Hazardous waste effects
The effects of contact with toxic residues on health depend mainly on two
factors: The nature of the waste residues and the time of exposure and contact.
Brief contact with toxic residues that are not excessively dangerous can
cause general malaise, migraines, allergic reactions, nausea and vomiting.
However, other toxic residues cause, even with reduced exposures,
cancer diseases, tumors, respiratory and heart problems, genetic alterations in
the fetus in case of pregnant women, etc.
Long exposure to very toxic waste can have an irreversible effect on
health or even cause death.
Risks to the environment
Toxic waste, if not transported and stored properly, can cause seepage
into the environment and contaminate water, subsoil and even air. Depending
on the amount and concentration of the toxic chemicals filtered in the medium,
they can make it even impossible to rehabilitate.
Likewise, the contact of the environment with these residues can cause
genetic mutations in living organisms, which can jeopardize the natural balance
of the environment.
Some solid and hazardous waste
Examples of solid waste: waste paper, a plastic or glass bottle or a
cardboard container. On the other hand, residues such as the oil of a vehicle or
the smoke of a chimney are not classified as solid waste.
Examples of hazardous waste: Batteries and batteries, urban
wastewater, nuclear plant waste, biological waste, industrial wastewater, iron
filings, paint and solvent residues, oil and related, used fuel oils, strong bases.
 Conclusion
Wastes are not only dangerous to the environment, also it is to us, so we
must find ways to minimize its impact to the world and know how to dispose of
them correctly.
E-graphy
https://www.ecologiaverde.com/que-son-los-residuos-solidos-y-como-se-
clasifican-1537.html
https://www.ejemplos.co/15-ejemplos-de-residuos-peligrosos/
https://sites.google.com/site/manejodedesechossolidosenbp/about-us
http://www.rdsanjuan.com/riesgos-residuos-toxicos/
http://ecologiaverde.com/residuos-peligrosos-clasificacion-ejemplos-y-manejo-
1782.html

http://ecologiaverde.com/residuos-peligrosos-clasificacion-ejemplos-y-manejo-
1782.html
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/toxic-waste/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue
https://bizfluent.com/about-6114402-difference-hazardous-waste-solid-waste-
.html
https://desechos-solidos.com/peligrosos/
Annexes

Image 2: Oil spill

Image 1:Landfill
Image 3: Kinds of Hazardous Waste

Image 4: Container used to deposit hospital waste

Image 5: A company in charge of taking care of hazardous materials.