PAPER

B3 SOLID WASTE PROCESSING

ARRANGED BY

Group 3

1. Putri Elisa 1813440007

2. Karina Silele Parampo 1813441007
3. Riswandi 1813442017
4. Maulida Utami 1813442018

ICP CHEMICAL EDUCATION

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES, STATE
UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2021
 CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY

1.1. Background
Environmental management is a joint obligation of various parties, including
the government, industry players, and the wider community. This is even more
important considering that Indonesia is a country with a fairly high industrial
development and currently can be categorized as a semi-industrialized country. As
usual in semi-industrialized countries, the priority target is to increase output
growth, while there is very little attention to the negative externalities of industrial
growth. Several cases of environmental pollution have become hot topics in various
mass media, for example the pollution of Buyat Bay in North Sulawesi which has an
impact on the emergence of various diseases that attack the people living around the
bay.
Industry players sometimes ignore environmental management which
produces various types of waste and waste. Waste for the environment is not good
for health and survival for the general public, solid waste produced by industries is
very detrimental to the general environment if the solid waste produced from the
industry is not treated properly to make it useful, especially waste in the form of
hazardous materials. and toxic (B3)
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

Waste or garbage is waste or dirt produced due to the disposal of garbage or

chemical substances from factories. Waste or garbage is also a material that is
meaningless and worthless, but we do not know that waste can also be something
useful and useful if processed properly and correctly. Waste or garbage can also
mean something that is not useful and is thrown away by most people, they think of
it as something that is useless and if left for too long it will cause disease even
though with proper waste management it can turn this waste into an economic
object.
According to PP No. 18 1999 concerning the management of B3 waste, what
is meant by B3 Waste is the residue of a business and/or activity containing
hazardous and/or toxic substances which due to their nature and/or concentration
and/or amount, either directly or indirectly can pollute and/or damage the
environment and/or endanger the environment, health, survival of humans and other
living creatures.
Hospital waste is all waste in the form of solid or liquid originating from
hospital activities, both medical and non-medical activities, which are likely to
contain microorganisms, toxic chemicals, and radioactivity. All waste generated
from hospital activities is in solid and liquid form.

A. DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE

Solid waste is the result of industrial waste in the form of solids, sludge or
slurry originating from a processing process. Solid waste comes from industrial and
domestic activities. Domestic waste is generally in the form of household solid
waste, solid waste from trading activities, offices, livestock, agriculture and from
public places. Types of solid waste: paper, wood, cloth, rubber/artificial leather,
plastic, metal, glass/glass, organic, bacteria, eggshell, etc.
Sources of solid waste itself include such as sugar mills, pulp, paper, rayon,
plywood, nuclear waste, preservation of fruit, fish, or meat. In general, solid waste
consists of:
1) Flammable solid waste.
2) Combustible solid waste.
3) Solid waste that decomposes easily.
4) Recyclable waste.
5) Radioactive waste.
6) Building demolition.
7) Mud.

B. IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE POLLUTION

Waste will definitely have a negative impact on the environment if there is
no proper and correct treatment, with solid waste in the environment it can cause
pollution such as:
o The generation of toxic gases, such as sulfuric acid (H2S), ammonia (NH3),
methane (CH4), CO2 and so on. This gas will arise when solid waste is piled up
and decomposes due to the presence of microorganisms. With the rainy and dry
seasons, there is a process of breaking down organic matter by destructive
bacteria in an aerobic/anaerobic atmosphere.
o Can cause a decrease in air quality, in the stacked garbage, chemical reactions
such as H2S gas, NH3 and methane will occur which if it exceeds the NAV
(Threshold Value) will be detrimental to humans. 50 ppm H2S gas can cause
motion sickness and dizziness.
o Decrease in water quality, because solid waste is usually discharged
directly into the waters or together with wastewater. This will cause the
water to become cloudy and the taste of the water will change.
o Damage to the ground surface.
From some of the impacts of solid waste above, there are several other waste
impacts which are viewed from different aspects in general. In general, the impact of
waste in terms of impact on health and on the environment is as follows:
1. Impact on Health
The impact is that it can cause or cause disease. The potential health
 hazards that can be caused are as follows:
a) Diarrhea and rat disease, this disease occurs because of a virus that comes
from garbage with improper management.
b) Skin diseases such as scabies and ringworm.
2. Impact on the Environment
The liquid from the wastes that enter the river will contaminate the water
so that it contains disease viruses. Various fish can die so that over time they may
become extinct. Not infrequently humans also consume or use water for daily
activities, so that humans will be affected by waste either directly or indirectly. In
addition to polluting, environmental water also causes flooding because many
people throw their household waste into the river, so that the floodgates are
clogged and during the rainy season the water cannot flow and the water rises to
inundate people's houses, so that it can disturb the residents.
C. SOLID WASTE TREATMENT
Solid waste treatment can be carried out in various ways, which of course can
make the waste not have a bad impact on the environment or health. According to its
nature, solid waste treatment can be divided into two ways, namely the treatment of
solid waste without processing and processing of solid waste by processing.
*Solid waste without processing : Solid waste that does not contain toxic and
hazardous chemical elements can be directly disposed of to a certain place as a TPA
(Final Disposal Site).
*Solid waste by processing:Solid waste containing toxic and hazardous chemical
elements must be treated first before being disposed of in certain places. Waste
treatment can also be carried out in other simple ways, for example, by recycling,
selling to flea markets or junk workers who usually pass in front of houses. This
method can make waste or garbage that was originally nothing so that it can
become an economical item and can generate money. It can also be sold to our
neighbors who are scavengers or scavengers. Items that can be sold include used
 papers, used newspapers, used magazines, used bottles, old tires, old radios, old
TVs and worn bicycles. Can also by burning. This method is the easiest way to do
because it does not require a lot of effort. This method can be done by burning
solid waste such as paper using kerosene and then igniting the fire. The
advantages of this method of burning are that it is easy and does not require hard
work, requires a fairly small place or location and can be used as an energy source
for both hot water steam generation, electricity and metal melting.

The factors that we need to consider before we treat the solid waste are as
follows:
1. Waste Amount
We can easily handle a little ourselves. Many may require special
handling of disposal sites and facilities.
2. Physical and chemical properties of waste
Physical properties influence the choice of disposal site, means of
transportation and choice of treatment. The chemical nature of solid waste will
damage and pollute the environment by forming new compounds.
3. Possible pollution and environmental damage.
Because the environment is sensitive or not sensitive to pollution, we
need to pay attention to the final disposal site (TPA), the elements that will be
affected, and the level of pollution that will arise.
4. The ultimate goal of processing
There is a final goal of processing that is economical and non-economic.
The objective of economical processing is to increase the overall efficiency of the
plant and retrieve materials that are still useful for recycling or other uses.
Meanwhile, the non-economic purpose of processing is to prevent pollution and
environmental damage.
D. SOLID WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS
In processing solid waste there are four processes, namely separation, sizing,
composting, and waste disposal.
a) Separation
Because solid waste consists of different sizes and different material contents,
it must be separated first, so that the processing equipment can last longer. There are
three separation systems, namely:
Ballistic System. Is a separation system to obtain uniformity of size / weight /
volume.
Gravity System. Is a separation system based on gravity, for example, light / floating
goods and heavy / sinking goods.
Magnetic System. Is a separation system based on the nature of the magnet which is
magnetic, will stick directly. For example, to separate a mixture of metals and non-
metals.
b) Size Compilation
The arrangement of sizes is done to obtain a smaller size so that processing
becomes easier.
c) Composting
Composting is carried out on decomposing waste / waste,
municipal waste, animal waste or waste or also on factory
sludge.
For good composting results, solid waste must be separated and equalized in size or
volume.
d) Waste disposal
The final process of solid waste treatment is the disposal of waste which is
divided into two, namely:
e) Disposal In The Sea
Disposal of solid waste at sea, should not be carried out in any place and it should
be noted that not all solid waste can be disposed of into the sea. This is due to :
1. The sea is a place to find fish for fishermen.
2. The sea as a place of recreation and ship traffic.
3. The sea became shallow.
4. Solid waste containing toxic and
dangerous chemical compounds can kill
marine life.
f) Disposal On Land Or Land
For disposal on land, it is necessary to select a location
which must be considered as follows:
1. Influence of climate, temperature and wind.
2. Soil structure.
3. The distance is far from settlements.
4. Influence on other sources, plantations, fisheries, livestock, flora or fauna.
 Choose a location that is really not economical anymore for any purpose.

SOLID WASTE TREATMENT METHOD

Hospital solid waste management refers to Kepmenkes 1204/Menkes/SK/X/2004
concerning Hospital Environmental Health Requirements, regarding solid medical waste
requirements, namely:
a. Waste Minimization
1. Every hospital must carry out waste reduction starting from the source.
2. Each hospital must manage and supervise the use of hazardous and toxic chemicals.
3. Every hospital must manage the stock of chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
4. Every equipment used in the management of medical waste from collection,
transportation, and destruction must be certified by the competent authority.
5. Sorting
a. Waste segregation must be carried out starting from the source that produces the
waste
b. Waste to be reused must be separated from waste that is not reused.
c. Sharps waste must be collected in one container regardless of whether it is
contaminated or not. The container must be leak-proof, puncture-proof and not
easy to open so that unauthorized persons cannot open it.
d. Needles and syringes must be separated so that they cannot be reused.
e. Solid medical waste that will be reused must go through a sterilization process. To
test the effectiveness of heat sterilization, a Bacillus stearothermophilus test must
be carried out and for chemical sterilization a Bacillus subtilis test must be carried
out

b. Sterilization Method For Reused Waste

1. Waste hypodermic needles are not recommended for reuse. If the hospital does not
have disposable needles, the hypodermic needle waste can be reused.
2. Solid medical waste containers must meet the requirements with the use of
containers and labels
3. Recycling cannot be carried out by the hospital except for the recovery of silver
 produced from the X-ray film process

c. Types of Solid Medical Waste Containers and Labels According to Category

1. The cytotoxic waste is collected in a strong, leak-proof container, and is labeled with
the words “cytotoxic waste”.
2. Collection, Transport, and Storage of Solid Media Waste in Hospital Environment
f. Collection of solid medical waste from each waste-generating room using a
special closed trolley.
g. Storage of solid medical waste must be in accordance with the tropical climate,
namely during the rainy season for a maximum of 48 hours and the dry season for
a maximum of 24 hours. 3
d. Collection, Packaging and Transport Out of Hospital
1. Managers must collect and pack in a strong place.
2. Transporting waste out of the hospital using a special vehicle

e. Processing and culling

1. Solid medical waste is not allowed to be disposed of directly into a domestic waste
final disposal site before it is safe for health.
2. The method and technology for processing or destroying solid medical waste is
adjusted to the capacity of the hospital and the type of solid medical waste
available, by heating using an autoclave or by burning using an incinerator.
Hospital solid waste management techniques, including standardization of bags and
containers for waste disposal. Standard uniformity of bags and containers has the following
advantages: reduced costs and staff training time, increased general safety, reduced
production costs of bags and containers. For solid medical waste before being put into the
incinerator, a special plastic bag is needed. The plastic bags used have colors and markings
that are tailored to the category and type of each waste. Non-medical solid waste containers
must be separated from solid medical waste and stored in black plastic bags.
The use of technology in the management and disposal of solid medical waste,
among others, can use a needle crusher and a needle pit used specifically to treat needle
waste. Needle crusher serves to destroy needle waste by using an electric voltage while the
needle pit serves to accommodate the processing results from the needle crusher. Solid waste
that has been wrapped in plastic bags is then processed using a simple incinerator, the reason
for using this incinerator is because it does not require a large area, at a cost that is not too
expensive and in accordance with the conditions and situation of the hospital. Incinerator
technique is a solid waste treatment by burning at a temperature of 10000 C

HOW TO PROCESS SOLID WASTE

Solid waste from hospitals, health centers, or polyclinics consists of sharp waste
(injecting needles), infectious, non-infectious, non-sharp waste in wet/dry form, and PVC.
For waste in the form of needles, the waste is handled using a needle crusher, the result of
this process is discharged into the needle pit. Other handling for syringes is by inserting the
syringe into a safety box and then in a small incinerator using the appropriate temperature or
taken to another incinerator, namely a central or large incinerator, the waste treatment results
are finally disposed of in a local pit or other suitable place.
Waste treatment for infectious, non-infectious, non-sharp waste in wet/dry form
begins by putting these wastes in plastic bags, then burning them in a central or large
incinerator, and the final waste treatment results are disposed of in a local pit or landfill. other
suitable. Especially for infectious waste, the handling needs to be sprayed with disinfectant
(sodium hypochlorite, formaldehyde, phenol and alcohol), this spraying process is carried out
after the waste is put into a biohazard plastic bag. Before being put into the incinerator, the
packaged infectious waste is put in an autoclave at a temperature of 1210 C for 1 hour, and
the final waste treatment is put into the incinerator and then disposed of in a local pit or other
suitable place.
Waste treatment for PVC waste is directly disposed of in the TPA. The incinerator
works with the following mechanism, the waste is placed in an impermeable room, then
injected with fuel that has been mixed with oxygen and burned at a high temperature, the
smoke resulting from the combustion is induced by water molecules so that the smoke that
comes out becomes a hydrocarbon which will burn out at a high temperature. secondary
chamber. Thus the smoke will be clean and environmentally friendly. Combustion is induced
by water molecules so that the smoke that comes out becomes hydrocarbons which will burn
out in the secondary chamber. Thus the smoke will be clean and environmentally friendly.
Hazardous Waste Management (Household Waste)
B3 Waste Management is a series of activities that include reduction, storage,
collection, transportation, utilization, processing, and landfilling of B3 waste. B3 Waste
Management aims to prevent, cope with environmental pollution and damage, restore the
quality of the polluted environment, and improve the capabilities and functions of
environmental quality.
To cope with soil pollution due to the accumulation of garbage, it can be done in
various ways, such as through the 3R program, namely Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
Reduce means to reduce or reduce the waste that will be formed. This can be done
if housewives return to the old pattern of bringing shopping baskets to the market. Thus the
number of plastic bags brought home will be reduced (reduced). In addition, if everyone
reuses handkerchiefs instead of tissue, in addition to reducing waste, by not using tissue, there
can be savings in the raw material for tissue, which is none other than wood from the forest.
If everyone did this several tons of waste would be reduced per month and some forest
products could be saved.
Reuse is a program to reuse waste that has been formed, such as the use of
plastic/used paper materials for souvenirs, used tires for pots or garden chairs, refilled empty
drink bottles and so on.
The Recycle process is somewhat different from the two previous programs. In this
case, the waste before being used needs to be reprocessed first. Materials that can be recycled
or recycled such as used paper or waste, broken glass or glass, scrap metal or metal and
organic waste from the kitchen or market can be recycled into compost (fertilizer). This
recycling process can also convert waste into heat energy, which is known as the incineration
process. Some industries have carried out simple incineration, for example in Jakarta, namely
using solid waste in the form of sludge, the final result of wastewater treatment is not
disposed of to the ground but is used as fuel after drying.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

1. Conclusion
According to PP No. 18 1999 concerning the management of B3 waste, what is meant by
B3 Waste is the residue of a business and/or activity containing hazardous and/or toxic substances
which due to their nature and/or concentration and/or amount, either directly or indirectly can
pollute and/or damaging the environment and/or endangering the environment, health, survival of
humans and other living creatures