SOCIETY OF PETROIWJM ENGINEERS OF AIME

6200 North Central Expressway M%R SPE’ 1773

Dallas, Texas 75206

THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

Sweep Efficiency in Miscible Displacement in -

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By

S. 14.Farouo.Ali and C. D. Stahl, Members AIME, Pennsylvania St-ateU., University Park, Pa.

‘l’his
~aper was prepared Ior the SPE R.)cky!~kmntainRegional Meeting to be held in Casper, L@.,
May 22-23, 196-(. Permission to copy is.restricted to an abstract of not nore than 300 wortis. Illus
trations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by
whom the paper i::presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETRC)LE--M
ENGINEERS JOURNAL is uzually Ursintedupon request to the
Editor of the appropriate jourrm.1provided agreement to give proper credit is made.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three cupies of any discussion should bc sent to the
Society of Petroleua Engineers office. Sucildisclssi.onmay be presented at the abcve meetiti~;
and,
with the paper”,may be considered fur ]Jublicatiocirlone of’IJ]etx~~SPE magazines.

A13STRACT T%e cwrputatiunal %echnique use.~is ..

equally applicable to various other flow pat- .,
A simple technique for calculating the terns.. Moreover, it ])ernrits the inclusion of
cweep”efficiency ill-miscible-displacement in a complicating-features, such-as“s~atial vriria-
five-spot pattern isdescribeti. .’l~&technique tionof f’ormtitiunal permeability. ~ ‘.
. . . . .... .. .. .. .. .. . . ,4. .
utilizes two simplifyingappr~c)achc?.. :.Thefirst” . . . . . ..-. . . . .
of these consists in .tlie division of a fluw’ IiiCR05tiCii6N- “~: ..’
patterriinto channels,”boundedby streamlines, . . . . . . . ..
and the subsequent division of channels into ‘In the past,’considerable attention has
cells of equal volume, as proposed by Higgins been ciirectedtoward miscible,displacement“a~a“
antiLeighton, for waterflood calculations. Tke technique for increasing oil recovery. To a. ““ “
second feature is the use of a “cell model” for lesser extent, alcohol flooding or the dcOhOl-
the simulation of miscible or alcohol displace- slug process has been the subject of several
ment. The combination <as used for predicting investigations,as e process for recovering oil
the sweep efficiency, fluid production behavior from waterflooded reservoirs.l-j mile in
and the distribution of the remaining fluid in miscible dl.cplaceientbasically two miscible
the flow pattern. The computational scheme fluids are involved, in alcohol flooding three
takes into account variations in the viscosities fluids are present, the displacing fluid being
01 multiconrponcntmixtures with composition and miscible with the oil and water in place. The
the equilibrium phase behavior of the fluid displacing fluid can consist Of suralcohol or
system involved. other solvent; The process involving the use of
an alcohol has been found to be economically
The computed results were compared with unattractive. However; certain variations of
“the experimental data obtained in the present the basic process show a great deal of promise
investigation,‘as well as with the experimental for recovering oil from depleted reservoirs,.b
and;fl~ld.~ata-reported-by--varjousinVes_tig-a~ ., --Therefor. ,-the mechaaism..oflt$e. si!0PL2?+3?s..9_
tors. “l%eagreement was good, ”thus indicating alcohol .“loodin’g is’of considerable interest- =.
that”.the.assumptions.
of constant boundary fl~w bo~h from ,theoreticaland practical .. . viewpoints.
. . .....
channels; and negligible material.transport
across,th-echa~els’ constitute gocxlapFroxirna7. The p“iese.nt paper d$scusm~ a te+n:qye.for
tiogs-~o the;’fihysical;
s’ituat~on;
.... ~-: “-z ctilculating .s-weep:efficiehcy. in a fi,v~:Spot.pat
‘tef’ri
dtifinlxmiscible-displacementor alcohol---:
--~ferences arrr,-+-+istrations @-~ad,Of;papep~ flooding. .The.computed.resul.ts .arecompared :-
.--_.
= ..-.—.-. —_.J. . ..___A. _____ -. :.....__:_-
. . ,.. .
. . . . ,--,.’ -.“.””
./. .
 - EFFICIENCY IN MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT IN fl
A FTVI?-SE F’A!ITERN WE-1773

with experimental data, and the agreement is.
found to be good. The computational scheme
Is particularly convenient for alcohol flooding
for which S.mathematica+rnodel is not available
at the present the. In the ca?e of ~isbible
displacement, themetho? described-would be of,
value wbe~’’the reserv~i$ ’permeabi~ty is not
uniform throughout the flow pattern, since uncle
‘such”’circumstances
the “re~of%edmathematical .
‘6
methods would be rather cumbersome.>>
. ----
Alcohol Flooding ad Its Simulation
Several investigators have presented
theories regarding the mechemism of’alcohol
flooding in a porous medium initially con-
taining equilibrium fluid saturations. The MS
plausible of these theories ie that of !l?aber,
Kamath and Reed2, who successfully described
the displacement behavior in terns of the
phase behavior of the alcohol-hydrocarbon-brine
system involved. They ‘foundtk.atthe dis-
placement process is closely related to the
voltunetricphase changes characteristic of the
ternary system used. The two types of dis-
placement mechanisms, as postulated by them,
occur in the isopropyl alcohol-Soltrol-2 percen
CaC12 brine, and t-rtiary butyl alcohol-Soltrol
2 percent CaC12 brine systems, rcspectivcly,
the latter showing the”more favorable behavior
of the two as “faras the oil recovery is con-- ,
ce~ed.’ .’!@se ternary-systems.were ‘employ”ed
in “thepresent investigation.
,-..
The fluid displacement behavior in an
alcohol flood has been successfully simulated
by Farouq Ali and st*17)8-bY means of-a cell cell model”were-ch”osenQ such._away that the.
model; which is used.to represent the “porous !L
medium involved. Such modclfiwere first intro-
duced b’ Aris and Amunds&n9 ad Deans and
Japidubf 0 for’the”stiulation’-o?-miscible d~s- -limitation.
placement in a porous medium. Tbe,basic model
was modified for the present ’investigatiori
alcohol flooding, by taking the stationati
fluid content of each cell as the sum of the
residual oil and the irreducible water s8tU~-
tions characteristic of the porous medi~ in-
volved: with the individual.saturations repre-
senting the respective immovable cell.contents.
.Displacemen%and material transfer are al-lowed
to take’place within each cell of such a model,
as described in dqtail by Farouq AM. 7 me
resulting fluid prcxluction-histoq is in fair
agreement with the,experimentally observed be-
havior. In the c~se of miscible displacement
&he:shs+ionary fluid content
.....-. .. .is.chos$-;:on
. ... the
. ......... .@gcosities;aqd fluid:saturati?qs;,,and,henqe-%b
“bas$s”of”th~rnhying coefficient for %he porous
medium involvedj f’ora given number of cells.
....* .. .. . . ...
...
..-. ...
.. . . ..-’...
“.!L?hecfictit<ons ”fi-,~-~cohol or miscible
“ti~plai%mefit”
.L. stidatioti.a+ C“tii+l.otit ~ri:a;:;;
.fiigLtalcoipu*ek”,‘-cotisequmti y~-~%-is-necemti
toex-p~e$g the ~scos$tyy ~la%lve pq-~eabili$y
,e&@:pb@.s”& bkhatiox.data;by~me~s;of math~mati~i
equations. The three-component viscosity data
and the relative permeability data were ex-
pressed mathematical as described by Cbiao,
Farouq AIi =d **1. L. ,~e, phase behavior,
data were”repre’sentedby the technique repo~ed_
by l’arvuqKL~ and Stahl~12
Sweep Efficiency Calculations .
. .
IIIorder to calculate the sweep e$ficiericY
for alcohol floodi~-ina five~spot or.other”“
pattern, the present computational scheme
utilizes the method used by Higgins and
Leigbton13 for computing the sweep efficiency
in a water flood. R. is assumed that the flov
of the fluids takes place along channels bounde
by streamlines, determined for a unit mobility
ratio. While it is true that a given stream- ,
line pattern would change with changes in the
mobility ratio, Biggins and Leighton found such
changes to be negligible over a very wide range
of mobility ratios. In tbe case of miscible
di~placement, and particularly alcohol flooding
the mobility ratio would vary from point to
point wiLh time. Thus, some error would be
introduced through the assumption of an in-
variant streamline distribution. Moreover,
it is assumed that there is no material ex-
change perpendicular to the direction of’flow.
This is again ti approximation of the actual
si~~ation enco~tergd i-ntwo-dimensional,flow,
.where.radialdispersion is-nearly”..equalto :-’
lorigitudinaldispersiori. Nevertheless,’it wkti
foupd that th~present computational scheme
yields results SAnils.rto-the-experimentally
obe.ervcdbehavior, The basic parameters of the
geometric shape factor-data given’by@ggins,
Boley and.Ieigkton14 could be used. This .wqs
,donemerely.for convenience.and is not.a model
of Computational Scheme
~ calculating the sweep efficiency in
miscible displacement or alcohol flooding in
a five-spot flow.pattern, it is assumed that a
constant”pressuredifferential is maintained
between the injection and production wells.
Under these conditions, the instantae:,us rate,
of flow in any one of the four assumed flow
channels [see-Fig. J-]will be determined by the
resistance of the channel due to the presence
of fluids in it. Tbe geometric “shape factors”
of each cell within the channel, as well as the
i.wspectiverelative permeabilitiesj will deter-
-mine the to$91 resistance“to,<lolW..
..----- .--.. ....-. <. . ‘f@ .. .+.
-
instantaneous flow rate is given by
E-1773 S. M. FAROUQ Al
where qt = in~t&Nmneous flow rate in cu ft/
day
h= reservoir thickness, ft .
K= abe,olutepermeability, md
@P= pressure differential between the
injeetion ead the production
wells, psi
G= shape factor for cell i
k .rw= relative pernieabilityto the aqueou
phase
kro”= relative permeability.to the oleic
phase
%4= viscosity of the aqueous phase, CP
PO = viscosity of the oleic phase, cp
In the case of miscible displacement km = kro
= 1. k injected], for miscible displacement at a
At any given time, the instantaneous flow
rate is calculated, and a cell-type displace-
ment i~ allowed to take place within the channe
under consideration. At each injection step, a
constant volume is displaced, and the time take
is calculated, using the instantaneous flow
rate. This procedure is followed until ’the
desired volume of f’luidis injected. At the
end, the effluent production data.for each
channel is processed by e subroutine to reduce
it to a coumwn time base. The individual pro-
duction histories are then summed up in pro-
portion to the respective channel volumes to
obi,ai’n
the over-all fluid prociuctionsfor the
whole five-spot.
,...
The ‘Fi)retio’ing
cornput~t’icmal
scheme Cz
described in Fig. 2, for the cases of miscible
and alcohol displacements. ‘The computations
were carried out by”use of a lengthy computer-
program qn”an IBM.7074 digital .Comput,er.A
typical run t,ooknearly 1,?00 second,s.-It .-”
should ‘bc noted that the large memory requir&-
ments necessitated -the’use of six tape unit-s)
the operation of:which slowed down-the execu-<
tion of the program considerably.
Particulars of the Experimental
and Computer Runs
The relative permeability data for the
computer run~ were taken from the literatu-re,
and the equations used were the same as given
earlier by Chiao et al.ll For the miscible
displacement runs, a mixing coefficient of 0.1
em was approximately simulated by means of )+0
cells and a stationary fraction of 0.5. The
mtiing coefficient, while rather high for an
~consolidatea pack, was’fairly “representative
of the 150-mesh. glass bead pack used in the
“.e*:rGental rum.: “-~e ’Lucite‘mod&l-u”sed:was--- recovery”for-the’isopropyl .q.nd”%er%ig..ry”:but
6 in. squ&e and 1/4 in. thick. It was ~hus
~.possibleto trace the-displacing fluid front
during an experimental run.
.“. ..” . . . .-:-. “-”
.-
“were r~ridyct-~d”.yafious--shig
.-:. l%e~rnisc’ibl~.a~~placerne~ts
-’using10 percent CaC12 brine to displace 2
percent CaC12 brine. The alcohol displacements
involves the use of Soltrol [a refined oil],
brine, and tertiary butyl and isopropyl
alcohols. Details of the experimental appsa%rim
and procedure may be found in the workg of
various investigators. In the present dis-
placements, a constant pressure aifferenti~~
between the injection and production wells was
mainta”ine
d.
DISCUSSION.OF RESULTS . “,
Fig; 3 shows.the computed.positionsof the
displaci~ fluid front [basis: 2 percent con-
ccntrabion] and the corresponding vciluesof’
sweep efficiency at various times [pore volumes
viscosity ratio of unity. The dashed lines sho
the frontal positions given by Mahaffey, Ruther
ford and Matthews for miscible displacement in
a parallel plate model at the same viscosity
ratio. Their data clearly show the predominant
of Longitudinal dispersion. As they point out,
in spch models transverse dispersion is very
small. Also shown in Fig. > is the average
fluid front at breakthrough for miscible dis-
placement runs at a visco~ity ratia of 1.0. It
is in good agreement with the computed front.
It should be noted that in the experimaital run
there was a transition zone of con?idera(.le
width prcscat et the front. Consequently, thg
computed f.’ontalpositions were basedon a 2
percent alcohol concentration. This is the
reas’onfor-the appaient discrepancy between the
computed hues of the swee”p”eff’tcieucy&d the
pore volumes-injected until+breakthrough,as
given in Fig.”3. The two sets “of values.were
in.agreement”for a frontal concentration of 50
percent. ..Forthis .case the computed value of
6.O,perc~ntsweep efficiency at b5eakthro~ was
in good agreement with the value~of 6b.h percen
given by Mahaffey et al.
. ...
Fig. 4 presents a comparison of the eumula
tive in-place fluid production curve~ with the,,
field test data of Greenkorn et al.~ While
the expertiental and the computed curves are in
fair agreement, the field data deviate consider
ably from the two curves. !l?hisis partly at-
tributed to the fact that the p?esent compu-
tational scheme did not represent the mixing
coefficient for the reservoir rock involved in
the field test. Moreover, the flow pattern in
the said field test was heterogeneous with re-
gard to tne permeability distribution.
Figs. 5 through 7 depict the resuits of
the ‘computationsof sweep efficiency.,qndoil
‘
alcohol systems.
.. .. ..
Fig. 5 shows the variation of the sweep..
,efficgenc~,yiththe,pore:.vol,flgs:i.nject$ci;:,,?
~sizes and con”solidated:.eind.un-
::
consolidated porous media, for the isopropyl
. ... ..
 SWEEP EFFICIENCY IN MISCIIXX DISPLACEMENT IN
4 A FIVE-SPOT PATTERN
alcohol-Soltrol-brine system. Since in alcohol
flooding there is a tra.mition ztinein which the
alcohol concentration varies from zero to some
maxtium value, the sweep efficiencies in Fig, 5
are again based on the leading edge of the
alcohol front [2 percent concentration], as well
as the miscible zone front.. Note that the sweep
efficiency on the former basis resulted in a
single curve for all slug sizes, for a given
type of porousmedium. ‘However, on the basis of -
the miscible zone front, different curves were
obtained.for different slug.sizes. On the other
hand)”for a large enough sh.ugsize [capable of
maintaining miscibility] virtually the same
curve is obtained for both consolidated and un-
cunsolidated porous media, since in this case
the relative permeability effects vanish.
Fig. 6 shows the sweep efficiency behavior
for the TP&Soltrol-brine system for both con-
solidated and unconsolidated porous media. The
above remarks apply:ln this case as well. A
comparison vf Figs.”~ and 6 shows that the
sweep efficiency based OK the leadin{~edge of
the alcohol front is somewhat higher in the
case of the IPA system for a given throughput.
This is because the effective rate of b&spersion
in the case of the LPA system is a little higher
than that for the Ti3Asystmn, as evidenced by
the earlier alcohol breakthrough in experimental
studies conducted in linear cores. The sweep
efi’iciencybehavior for both alcohol systems
is see-nto”.berwarly
.. identicril’wh& thc”mis.c’ible
zone front is.used as the basis. The small
differences are due .tothe three-component
viscosity effects present in the two systems.
For a given slug size,.the sweep.efficiency.is-
seen tobe-,higher:in the case,of”the TBA sy’stem.
Moreover,.for a given system, the recovery is.
greater in the case of the unconsolidated core.
l?liistype of behavior has been reported for
linear flow models by a rmimberof in~es”tigators.
CONCLUSIONS
A relatively simple techniqde is described
for calculating sweep efficiency amd fluid pro-
duction behavior durir-gmiscible displacement
or alcohol flooding in a five-spot flow pattern.
Comparison with the experimental data shows that
tne computed results approxhnately follow the
observed behavior.
The sweep efficiency, on the basis of the
leading edge of the alcohol front, was found to
be greater for the”IPA system than ,forthe ~A
system..,&lso,
“.---. ..,,.for.agiven
. — ..-. system, the sweep
~e”fficiency on thik tiasi~&~s ‘fb-fi-d-t~o””be”’lbwer’ ‘: ‘“a~ceof Wa$’erFloO$~~’~:
in the case of the unconsolidated porous medium
than’for-the consolidated one , ‘due to”lower dis- ~5 * Mti”affey,”J.L., ~ther~o?d, W~M. ’and
perston in the former. For a“given~slug size, .:
.the-o.il recov~~~was “fotliid.to b$:cons~stentl~,. “
hi&erin the.case of”the’T~ system,--’~d”foa. a
given system, recoveq was”hig$er in the uncon-
solidat.qilp’orou”s-,mediuq.-=
..
:-: “j-:-=., = ‘.=: ‘.-
SPE-’177:
REFERENCES
1. Gatlin, C. and Slobod, R. L.$ “The Alcoho
Slug Process for Increasing Oil Recovery”,
Trans., AIME [1960] ~, 46-53.
2. Taber, J. J,, Kamath, 1. S. K. and Reed, .
R. L.: “Mechanism of Alcohol Displacement
of Oil from Porous Y.edia”,SoC. Pet. Eng.
J. [Sept..,1P61.]195-209.
~3,”,’EOl.nI; L.’w.mdcsaszar,:A.’:.: “Oil
Recovery.by Solvents Mutually Soluble in
Oil and Water”, SOC. Pet. Eng. J, [June,
1962] 129,
4. Farouq Ali, S. M.: “Oil Recovery by Sol-
vents”, Mineral Industries, The Pennsyl-
vania State U., University Park, Pa. [Oct.
19651.
5. Peaceman, D. W. ad Rachford, H. H,, Jr.:
“Numerical Calculation of Multidimensional
vincible Displacement”, Sot. Pet. Eng. J.
“ [Me., 1962] 327-j5j9.
6. Garder, A. 0., Jr., Peaceman, D. W.,and
Pozzi, A. L., Jr.: “NuruericulCa.icukitiun
of ].multidimensional Miscible Displacer:ent
by the Method of’Characteristics”, SOC.
Pet. Eng. J. [March, IWII 26-36. —
7 ●
Farouq Ali, S. M.: “Simulation of Alcohol
Displacement in P\,rousMedia by Use of
Digital Computer Program”, Ph.D. Thesisj
The Pennsylvania State U., University Park
Pa. [196)+].
8. Farouq &l.i,S..i~.and St@).lj C. D.: ~’Com-
puter Models for Sirsulatingillcoliol Dis- ,
placement in Porous Media”) sot. Pet. mg.
J. [1965] 89-99”.- .
9. .~is, Rand Amundson, N.R,: “’%rnc Re-
marks on Longitudinal MixinS or Diffusion
i“nFixed”Beds”, AIChE”J; [lysri]~j”280.
10.:Dsans~ H“.A. ‘&d Lapidus~ Leon: ‘.’’A”Compu-
tational-llodelfor Predicting and Corre-
.l.~tingthe..Beha.vio.r ofl’ixed-~ed !leac+.o.r~”
,AIChEJ. [1960] 6, 656.
11. Chiao, Y. C., Fa~ouq Ali, S. M. and Stahl,
C. D.: “Computation of Sweep Efficiency i
Alcohol Flooding”, Prod. Monthly [Jan,,
196(1 3J, 8-15s
i2. Farouq Ali, S. M. and Stahl, C. D.: “ltath
ematical Representation of Ternary Systems
Prod. Monthly [June, 1965] — 29, No. 6, 17--
~
13. Higgins, R. V. and Leighton, A. J.: “A
Computer N&hod to Calculate Two-Phase
Flow in a.riy Irregularly Bounded Porous
Medium”, J. pet. Tech. [June; 1962] 679-
683.
. 14. Higgins, R; V.j.Bo/.ey.’D.W. and Leighton,
_ ,._:__.A2_J.L:.:&“4&:to:F9re_%WQlg thQ-Pez@m->.
“J.pet. Tech;.[Sepi
1964] 1076-1082.
!%th~w?,> .G> 5?;”., ‘.’~ecD. Efj?Jci@cY..@Y. ; ~~
I@scibleDispla.cementinaFi.ve-Spot!~j.:.
.“”” Soc~pet:~g. J.’ [March, 1966] ‘(3-80u-~~
: -::--.:”:
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Fig. 1 - Division of the Octant of a Regular

Five-Spot Pattern Into Channels

. . . . ..
. . . ,., . .. . . ...,, . .
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‘idINME INJECTED, PV

b’ Fig. 4 - Comr,arison of the Computed and

Experimental’ Fluid -Production Cui-ves with
Greenkorn’s Clatq - .
. .! . . . . . .,,
.- ..,. ,..
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_— A:= -———— .. —— -
.~
,. (j.6 . 0.8--”. ..!.0 . 1.2. . .. :,4 . .. . . .. .
 100
90 - TBA-SOLTROL-BRINE
23.4% SLUG
80 -

s 70 “ .+
~
5,60 --”
G
~ ’50 .,. - ., .,..,, .,
I&l 14.1%’ ..“’
& 40 -
W“ -
~ ~Q -
-“.-—— -----5.6%
20 -
—CX)NSOLIDATED SDST
6.5 Vo ----uNCONSOLIDATED SD
2.1%
n
“o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I.0 1.2 1.4
VOLUME INJECTED, W

Fig. 6 - Sweep Efficiency for the

TBA-Soltrol-Brine System

. . .
.. . ., . . ,. . .. .,. ,..
., .
. ., .-
,. 100 ...,
. .. . .. ,..
.. ”.’
.. “ .90
.. . ,..
,. .
. .=,
. . . . .
/
-.

-CONSOLIDATED SOST
--—UNCONSOLIDATED SO
-!
~ 20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
,. .. SLUG SIZE. VOPV ... _.e.---—:---,-,
--