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Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers PDF
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers PDF
Prof. Ming C. Wu
wu@eecs.berkeley.edu
511 Sutardja Dai Hall (SDH)
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 1
gm RL RL
AV ,t = − AV ,t = AV ,t = gm RL ß
1+ gm RE 1
+ RL
gm 1
Ri = rπ + (β +1)RE Ri =
Ri = rπ + (β +1)RL gm
Ro = "#ro (1+ gm RE )$%
rπ + Rth 1 Rth Ro = !"ro (1+ gm RE )#$
AI,t = β Ro = ≈ +
1+ β gm β AI,t ≈ 1
AI,t = β +1
Without degeneration:
Simply set RE = 0
For the gain, Ri, Ro of the whole amplifier, you need to include voltage/
current dividers at input and output stages
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 2
1
Terminal Gain and I/O Resistances of MOS Amplifiers
gm RL RL AV ,t = gm RL
AV ,t = − AV ,t =
1+ gm RS 1
+ RL
Ri = ∞ gm 1
Ri = ∞ Ri =
Ro = #$ro (1+ gm RE )%& gm
1
AI,t = ∞ Ro = Ro = !"ro (1+ gm RE )#$
gm
AI,t ≈ 1
AI,t = ∞
Without degeneration:
Simply set RS = 0
For the gain, Ri, Ro of the whole amplifier, you need to include voltage/
current dividers at input and output stages
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 3
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 4
2
Need for Multistage Amplifiers
• Typical spec for a general purpose operational amplifier
– Input resistance ~ 1MΩ
– Output resistance ~ 100Ω
– Voltage gain ~ 100,000
• No single transistor amplifier can satisfy the spec
• Cascading multiple stages of amplifiers to meet the spec
• Usually
– An input stage to provide required input resistance
– A middle stage(s) to provide gain
– An output stage to provide required output resistance
• It is important to note that the input resistance of the follow
-on stage becomes the load of the previous stage
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 5
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 6
3
A 3-Stage ac-coupled Amplifier Circuit
• Input and output of overall amplifier is ac-coupled through capacitors C1 and C6.
• Bypass capacitors C2 and C4 are used to get maximum voltage gain from the two
inverting amplifiers.
• Interstage coupling capacitors C3 and C5 transfer ac signals between amplifiers but
provide isolation at dc and prevent Q-points of the transistors from being affected.
• In the ac equivalent circuit, bias resistors are replaced by RB2 = R1||R2 and RB3 = R3||R4
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 7
dc Equivalent Circuit
Transistor Parameters
M1 : Kn = 10 mA/V 2 , VTN = −2 V , λ = 0.02V −1
Q2 : β F = 150, VA = 80V , VBE = 0.7V
Q3 : β F = 80, VA = 60V , VBE = 0.7V
Q - Points
M1 : (5.00 mA, 10.9 V)
Q2 : (1.57 mA, 5.09 V)
Q3 : (1.99 mA, 8.36 V)
At dc, the capacitors isolate each
individual transistor stage from the Small - Signal Parameters
others. Thus, the bias point for each M1 : g m1 = 10.0 mS, ro1 = 12.2 kΩ
transistor may be found using the Q2 : g m2 = 62.8 mS, rπ 2 = 2.39 kΩ,
single transistor analysis methods ro2 = 54.2 kΩ
already discussed. Q3 : g m3 = 79.6 mS, rπ 3 = 1.00 kΩ,
ro3 = 34.4 kΩ
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 8 €
4
ac and Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits
ac Equivalent
Small-signal Equivalent
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 9
v2
Avt1 = = −g m1 RL1 = −0.01S (0.478kΩ) = −4.78
v1
Rin 1MΩ
v1 = vi = vi = 0.990vi
RI + Rin 10kΩ + 1MΩ
RL2 = RI 2 Rin3 = RI 2 [r + (β
π3 o3 ]
+ 1) RL3 =3.54kΩ
RI1 = 620Ω 17.2kΩ = 598Ω v3
Avt2 = = −g m2 RL2 = −62.8S (3.54kΩ) = −222
RI 2 = 4.7kΩ 51.8Ω = 4.31kΩ v2
RI 3 = 3.3kΩ 250Ω = 232Ω
RL1 = RI1 Rin2 = 598Ω rπ 2 =598Ω 2390Ω = 478Ω Avt3 =
vo
=
(β o3 + 1) RL3 = 0.950
v3 rπ 3 + (β o3 + 1) RL3
Rin = RG = 1MΩ
RG
Av = Avt3 Avt2 Avt1 = +998
RI + RG
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 10
5
Output Resistance
rπ + Rth 1 Rth
Ro3 = ≈ +
1+ β gm β
Rth = RI 2 || ro2 = 4.31kΩ || 54.2kΩ = 4kΩ
1 4kΩ
Ro3 = + = 12.6Ω + 50Ω = 62.6Ω
79.6mS 80
Rout = RE 3 || Ro3 = 3.3kΩ || 62.6Ω = 61.3Ω
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 11
io
The input signal current delivered to the amplifier Current Gain: Ai = = 4.03x10 6 (132 dB)
ii
from source vi is
vi
ii = = 9.90x10 −7 vi Voltage Gain: Av =
vo
= 9.98x10 2 (60 dB)
RI + Rin vi
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 12
6
Input and Output Signal Range
0.2 (−1+ 2 ) V
For the first stage: v1 ≤ 0.2 (VGS −VTN ) → vi ≤ = 0.202 V
0.99
For the second stage: vbe2 = v2 = Av1v1 ≤ 5mV
5mV 5mV 1.05mV
v1 ≤ = = 1.05mV → vi ≤ = 1.06 mV
Av1 4.78 0.99
v3 A A ( 0.990vi )
For the third stage: vbe3 ≅ = v1 v2 ≤ 5mV
1+ gm3 RL3 1+ gm3 RL3
1+ gm3 RL3
vi ≤ 5mV = 92.7 µV
Av1 Av2 ( 0.990 )
Overall: vi ≤ min ( 202mV,1.06mV, 92.7µV ) = 92.7µV
vo ≤ Av ( 92.7µV ) = 998 ( 92.7µV ) = 92.5 mV
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 13
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 14
7
SPICE Simulation Results
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 15
vin = 100 µV
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 16
8
SPICE Simulation Results
vin = 750 µV
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 17
1 n 1
fL ≅ ∑
2π i=1 RiS Ci
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 18
9
Short-Circuit Time Constant Estimate for fL
1 1 1 1 1
fL ≅ [ + + +
2π 1.01MΩ ( 22µ F ) 66.7Ω ( 22µ F ) 2.72kΩ ( 22µ F ) 19.2Ω ( 22µ F )
1 1
+ + ] = 511 Hz
18.9kΩ ( 22µ F ) 315Ω ( 22µ F )
fL fH
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 20
10