Introduction:

Leaders play a vital role in all sorts of movements political, social, economic, and religious.
They mobilise, inspire and guide the people in all the ups and downs of the movement. The role played
by the leaders such as Maulana Abual Kalam Azad (1889-1958), Maulana Shaukat Ali (1873-
1938), Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (1873-1956), Dr. Safuddin Kichlo (1884-1963), Hakim Ajmal
Khan (1863-1927) and especially Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar (1978-1931), in the Khilafat
Movement, is highly commendable in the annals of the Indian Sub-Continent. Khilafat Movement
was launched by the Indian Muslims in 1919 with the objective of preserving the Khilafat
institution and the solidarity and territorial integrity of the Turkish Empire. Earlier, Turkey
was disgracefully treated by the British when she was defeated in the First World War. It was due to
the leadership of the Khilafat Movement that the desperate Indians, particularly the Muslims
rose up for the first time, after the failure of 1857 War of independence. The role of the leadership
enhanced when they were calling upon the people to support the cause of the Ottoman Caliphate
(Khilafat) something, which existed several thousand miles away from their homeland (India).
The call of the Muslim leaders was responded with the same fervour and magnitude in the NWFP as
it was in other parts of India. This area then the North-West Frontier Province did not enjoy
the status of a province like other provinces of India. But all the oppressive rules and
regulations such as 40 F.C.R. could not prevent the people attending the call of their religion.
During this movement local leaders played an important role and rendered incredible sacrifices
for the cause of movement. In fact these local leaders subsequently became national leaders and many
of them were in the fore front of freedom struggle against the British Raj. A biographical profile of
some of the stalwarts of the Khilafat Movement is as follows:
Maulvi Abdul Ghafur:
Maulvi Abdul Ghafur was the son of Hafiz Kamal Kashmiri. He was from Mohallah Howda,
Peshawar City. He went on to Deoband in order to receive his education and spent about 30
years down the country.1 Maulvi Abdul Ghafur took part in the Anti Rawllat Bill agitation in 1919.
In March 1919 a representative meeting of the leading Muslims was held in Islamia Club, Peshawar.
This meeting was organised by Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum and presided by Arbab Dost
Mohammed Khan. Maulana Abdul Ghafur was the principal speaker. He was of the opinion
that it was essential that the spiritual and temporal head of Islam should be one and the same person
i.e. the then Sultan of Turkey.2 In the Khilafat Movement, he again came to the forefront. In March
1920, when a Khilafat meeting was organised in Idgah, Peshawar, he delivered a comprehensive
speech on the Khilafat issue and asked the government that the Holy places of the Muslims should
not be taken from the Sultan's possession and that Turkey should not be partitioned. He
advised the local Ulama to pray for the Sultan's victory at every prayer. The Indian leaders asked
the people to observe National Week from April 6, to April 13, 1920 throughout the country. In
Peshawar, public meetings were held, in which the people touched upon the issue of
Rawlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh incident and Hindu Muslim unity. Maulana Abdul Ghafur and Sayyed
Maqbool Shah were the two main figures who collected funds for the Jallianwala Bagh
Memorial and sent it to the Central Khilafat Committee.3
When the Hijrat Movement was launched in May 1920, Maulana Abdul Ghafur and Haji Jan
Muhammad became the secretaries of the Hijrat Committee, Peshawar. He spared no efforts in
persuading the people to migrate to Afghanistan in order to fulfil their religious obligations. On the
suspension of the Hijrat Movement in August 1920, he attended the All India Khilafat Conference
at Calcutta and advocated the revival of Hijrat in the face of all adversities.4 When the
Khilafat Committee was established in Peshawar, he became one of the active members and
motivated the people to participate in the movement. Unfortunately he died very soon and the
Muslims of the NWFP lost a great scholar and a leader of the time.
Haji Jan Muhammad:
Haji Jan Muhammad was an inhabitant of Muhallah Abdul Razak, Peshawar. He started his career
as a government contractor and was quite successful in his business. He became political
worker during the Hijrat Movement in 1920. Owing to his services, he became the secretary and
treasurer of the Peshawar Hijrat Committee. He hired several sarais (inns) for the Muhajirin
(migrants) coming from India. In one of these sarais he opened Hijrat office and appointed several
workers who were working round the clock for Muhajirin. When the Hijrat Movement subsided
and the Hijrat Committee was converted into a Khilafat Committee, he became Treasurer of
the Khilafat Committee. He financed those students of Islamia College, Peshawar who left
the College far participation in the non-cooperation movement. These students joined Jamia Millia
(National University), Aligarh, founded by Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar. In November
1920, Haji Jan Muhammad was arrested and asked to deposit Rs. 5000 as guarantee, but he refused,
and hence he was imprisoned for three years.5 After his release from jail he continued his struggle for
the Islamic cause, and worked against the British Raj. He donated a monthly profit of one of his serais
to Khilafat Committee that was sixty rupees in those days.6 Several times he sponsored the orphan
students of Idara-i-Talim-ul-Quran Nowshera, and celebrated Eid with them.7 Haji Jan
Muhammad seems to be one of the dominating personalities during the Khilafat Movement
in NWFP. Besides his social and political services, he was a generous person and donated a lot in
cash and kind.
Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan:
Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan was born in 1901, in Chitral, where his father Abdul Hakim was serving
the British Indian government.8 His forefathers are said to have migrated from Kashmir and settled in
Peshawar. Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan got admission in Islamia College Peshawar after his
matriculation. He was a student of B.A. when the Khilafat Movement was started. He was one of the
profounders of the idea of Khilafat Movement in the NWFP. In 1920, he sent a telegram to the Secretary
of State for India, representing the student's community of Islamia College. He protested against the
dismantlement of the Turkish Empire and demanded that holy places should continue under the
direct control of Khilafat.9 He actively participated in student strikes of Islamia College in
1920, in support of the Khilafat Movement. The Central Khilafat Committee adopted a non-co-
operation resolution in 1920, according to which Indian students were asked to leave their British
educational institutions. They stressed upon the establishment of independent schools. Honouring
the demand of the leaders, twenty-five students of Islamia College Peshawar left the college for
the National University Aligarh.10 Abdul Qayyum Khan took a leading part and got admission in
Aligarh. He along with his studies, continued political struggle under the leadership of Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar, who sent him back to activate the Khilafat Movement in NWFP. He
became the Secretary of Peshawar Khilafat Committee in April 1921 but was arrested in December
1921 and sentenced for three years in jail.11 After his release from prison, he went on to England for
further studies, where he qualified for the Bar. On his return from England, he joined the Peshawar Bar
as a lawyer and became the president of the Muslim Association Peshawar Cantt. He
also joined the Khudai Khidmatgars (Servants of God) Movement and became Secretary of
the Provincial Congress Parliamentary Board. In 1937, he was a member of the Central Legislative
Assembly and became the deputy leader of the All India National Congress in the assembly.
In 1945, he joined the All India Muslim League and became its staunch worker. In 1947 he was
imprisoned for a few months because of supporting the Pakistan Movement. After the inception
of Pakistan he became the Chief Minister of the NWFP when the Dr. Khan Sahib's ministry was
dissolved. He remained in office until he was inducted in the federal cabinet in April 1953. In the later
governments he assumed the role of opposition leader.
However, in 1970 he was elected as member of the National Assembly and joined the government
of Pakistan People's Party as an Interior Minister. Abdul Qayyum Khan was an eloquent orator and
a well versed parliamentarian. He wrote a book, namely Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier,
(1945).12 He himself banned this book after having changed loyalties from Congress to Muslim
League.13 His younger brother Abdul Hamid Khan was Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and
Kashmir. He breathed his last in 1981.
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan:
Abdul Ghaffar Khan was born in 1890 in the village Utmanzai, Charssadda. His father
Behram Khan was a landlord. Abdul Ghaffar Khan received his early education in the Mission High
School Peshawar. During his matriculation he wanted to get commission in the British Army. He
applied and stood successful in getting commission in the Guides-(an elite corps and regarded as the
best of all Indian regiments serving on the Frontier).14 But the behaviour and treatment of the British
officers to the native officers changed his mind and he did not take his commission. Abdul Ghaffar
Khan became one of the disciples of Haji Sahib of Turangzai, the great freedom fighter of the
NWFP. He started working under his guidance in the establishment of independent schools in the
province to impart religious as well as contemporary education. He visited Delhi and met with
the Muslim leaders like Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hasan and Maulana Fazal Rabbani.
He entered politics with the participation in the Anti-Rawllatt Bill agitation in 1919. He was arrested
and sentenced for six months. Abdul Ghaffar Khan took prominent part in the Khilafat and
Hijrat Movements. During Hijrat Movement, he along with his friends migrated to Afghanistan.
In Afghanistan he was a member of the Hijrat Committee.15 At the end of August 1920 Hijrat
Movement ended in a fiasco. Coming back to India he participated in the Khilafat Movement
and attended the Khilafat conference held in Rawalpindi. When disputes emerged in the
local Khilafat Committee he was entrusted to lead the committee and was elected as president of the
Peshawar Khilafat Committee. In December 1921, he was arrested and given three years
imprisonment. After his release he acted as vice president of the Khilafat Committee with Maulana
Abdul Hakim as its president. In April 1921, he along with Abdul Akbar Khan, Mian Abdullah
Shah, Khadim Muhammad Akbar and Maulvi Muhammad Israil opened an Azad High School
at Utmanzai.16 They also formed an organisation named, Anjuman-i-Islah-i-Afghania
(Association for the Reformation of the Afghans) and Abdul Ghaffar Khan became its first
president. He attended several meetings of the national leaders down the country. In December 1929,
the All India National Congress held its annual session in Lahore.
Abdul Ghaffar Khan, though he was not a member of the party, attended it along with his other
Khilafat workers. This metering was a very significance, because there he met the Indian leaders
like Mr. Nehru, M.K. Gandhi and Sardar Patel.
He was impressed very much by the discipline of the
volunteers and the enthusiasm of the people about the
freedom movement.17 In 1929, he started the Khudai
Khidmatgars (servants of God) Movement. Its workers and
activists were known as "Surukh Posh" (Red Shirts), as they
wore red uniforms. The British portrayed them as Bolsheviks,
whom the British detested and wanted to discredit them by
comparing them with the Russian Communists. During the
Qissa Khwani occurrence on April 23, 1930, Ghaffar Khan
was arrested at Nahaqi while he was on his way to Peshawar
and was sent to Gujrat jail. The political development around
1930 in India and NWFP brought a great change in his
political perceptions. In the jail he thoroughly studied Hindu's
scripture Gita, Christian’s Bible and Sikh's Granth Sahib.18 He
was much impressed by Mr. Gandhi and his non-violence
creed in political struggle. After his release, he affiliated
Khudai Khidmatgar with the Indian National Congress.19 In
1937, the first Congress government was formed in the
NWFP headed by Dr. Kahn Sahib, Ghaffar Khan's elder
74

brother. Indian National Congress decided to resign from the

ministries in protest against the viceroy's decision of declaring
India's participation in the World War II without any consent
from the Indians. Dr. Khan’s ministry thus ended in 1939. In
the years ahead Ghaffar Khan devoted all his time and
energies to the establishment and organisation of the Khudai
Khidmatgars. He was frequently arrested by the British
authorities and once his entry was also banned in Punjab and
NWFP. In the civil disobedience movement of the Congress
in 1942, he was arrested and released in 1945. When the
British government announced the partition plan for the Sub-
continent, Ghaffar Khan opposed holding of the referendum
in the NWFP but having failed to receive the Congress co-
operation, the Khudai Khidmatgars boycotted the
referendum in the NWFP on the plea that a third option was
not given to the people for the independent status of the
NWFP. The referendum officially resulted in the success of
the Muslim League. After the creation of Pakistan, Ghaffar
Khan was several times arrested for his political and
`unlawful' activities. At last in 1964, he went to Afghanistan
where he lived up to 1973 in self exile. Throughout his long
life he stood for his uncompromising principles. This man of
one word at last died on January 21, 1988, and was buried in
Jalalabad, Afghanistan which he himself had chosen for his
last resting place.
Allah Bakhsh Yousafi:
Allah Bakhsh Yousafi was born on December 25, 1900,
and educated at Peshawar. He joined the Mohmand Malitia in
1918. Due to participation in the Anti Rawlatt Bill agitation,
he was sentenced to six months internment in 1919.20 In
Khilafat Movement, when non co-operation programme was
announced, Allah Bakhsh Yousufi was the first Muslim in the
NWFP, who resigned from his service.21 In Hijrat Movement
75

he was elected as secretary of the Hijrat Committee at

Shabqadar, Charssadda.
Returning to Peshawar, he started taking leading part in
Khilafat Movement. He organised the historic public boycott
of the visit of Prince of Wales to Peshawar in April 1922.
Consequently he was arrested and sentenced for two years
imprisonment in 1922.22 After his release he was elected as
secretary of Peshawar Khilafat Committee. In 1925 he came
close to Hazrat Haji Sahib of Turangzai, who presented him a
300 years old hand written copy of the Holy Quran. It is
noteworthy that Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar took this
copy along with him when he went to England to attend the
first meeting of the Round Table Conference in 1930.23 Allah
Bakhsh Yousafi was in the forefront when agitation was
started against a publisher, Rajpal, who published in March
1927 an infamous booklet against the Holy Prophet (SWS).
In 1927, the government appointed a commission to inquire
about the working of the constitution and to suggest for the
future constitution. The people of NWFP boycotted to extend
their help to the Simon Commission. Allah Bakhsh Yousafi
was one of the leaders who in protest welcomed the
commission with black flags and shouting the slogan, Simon
Go Back.
In 1928-29 due to internal crises, Amanullah Khan,
monarch of Afghanistan, had to leave Kabul for Qandahar.
Peshawar Khilafat Committee termed the overthrow of
Amanullah Khan as conspiracy of the British government.
They send a delegation of the Ulama to pacify the uprising of
the tribals. On the other hand they formed a medical mission
headed by Dr. Khan Sahib to visit Afghanistan but the
government refused and asked the mission to produce a
permission of Amanullah Khan to enter Afghanistan.
Peshawar Committee constituted a committee comprising
76

Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mian Jaffar Shah and Allah Bakhsh

Yousafi to proceed to Qandahar via Baluchistan for obtaining
the permission. The government did not honour their pledge
and sent the delegation back to Peshawar.24
In November 1929, the Government of India passed a
bill, known as Sarda Act, specifying the age of marriage for
girls and boys as fourteen and eighteen years respectively.
Muslims of India resented and considered it interference in
Islam. Allah Bakhsh Yousafi, as member of the Khilafat
Committee, spoke against the bill and defied it in NWFP.25
In 1930, he was appointed as a General Secretary of the
All India Khilafat Committee, where he also took the charge
of the Committee’s organ Khilafat, an Urdu daily published
from Bombay now Mumbay.
He opposed Nehru Report (1928) and supported Ali
Brothers, against the Congress. He was a member of the
council of All India Muslim Conference and All Parties
Convention held at Calcutta in 1928. Maulana Muhammad
Ali Jauhar wanted him to work as his secretary during the
Round Table Conference, but due to the responsibilities of
publications he was unable to accompany his leader. Qissa
Khwani Incident occurred on April 23, 1930, in which several
innocent people were killed.26 Allah Bakhsh Yousufi worked
as president of an Enquiry Committee, formed to enquire into
the high handedness perpetrated by the government forces in
NWFP.27 Consequently he brought out a book named the
‘Frontier Tragedy’ an account of the British atrocities in the
NWFP. The book was even distributed among the members
of the British parliament. He was arrested, prosecuted by the
British and summarily sentenced to transportation for life.28
However on Muhammad Ali's interference and Gandhi-Irwin
Pact the sentence was not implemented.
77
Allah Bakhsh Yousufi remained a true Khilafatist and
kept the Khilafat Committee alive in Peshawar for a long
time. In mid 1934 he organised picketing on brothels in
Peshawar. In the coming days he proved himself active in the
Shahid Ganj Mosque controversy (1936). Even after the
dissolution of the Khilafat in Turkey, the Khilafat
Committee, Peshawar, was active in the politics till the
middle of 1930s. Political workers of the province joined
different political parties. Allah Bakhsh Yousafi joined the All
India Muslim League and played a very important role in the
Muslim politics in NWFP. Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed
his name for All India Muslim League Parliamentary Board
from the NWFP.29 He took active part in organising support
of the Pukhtuns for the creation of an independent Muslim
state, Pakistan.
Besides his political activities, Allah Bakhsh Yousafi was
a journalist and literary figure. He started a monthly, Sarhad,
from Peshawar, which later on became a daily.30 He was
rightly given the title of Baba-i-Sahafat-i-Sarhad. He was a
prolific writer and produced some seventy-two books.31 His
work entitled Sarhad awr Jaddujuhd-i-Azadi (The Frontier
and the Freedom struggle) is considered as one of the best
book on the subject. He died on March 13, 1968, in Karachi.
Barrister Muhammad Jan Khan:
Barrister Muhammad Jan Khan was born in 1889, in
Patan Kot. His father Muhammad Bakhsh was a sub-judge in
the British government. He did his matriculation from
Government High School No.1 Bannu. During student life he
was a member of all India football team. He took his law
degree from Aligarh College, and qualified in the Barrister's
examination from London. Due to compulsory military
service he fought as an officer in the Indian army on the
French border during the First World War. After the war
78

when he was relieved, he left for England to continue his

studies. Besides, qualifying for the Bar, he did seven MAs in
different subjects. He did diplomas in fifteen subjects from
different universities of England and India.32 He started his
practice in Bannu and became President of the Bannu Bar
Council. He was also nominated as a member for the Bannu
Municipality and District Board.33
When Khilafat Movement was started in 1919 and the
non-cooperation programme was prepared, he gave up his
practice in the court.34 He along with Hakim Abdul Rahim
started the Khilafat Movement in Bannu. The increasing
activities of Khilafatists could not be tolerated by the British
and he was arrested and imprisoned for three years.35 Roos
Keppel offered him the post of E.A.C. in writing but he
rejected it.36
During the non-cooperation movement, Khilafat
Committee, Bannu organised the establishment of
independent tribunals. Barrister Jan Muhammad stated that
over 2000 cases were decided in a very short period to the
entire satisfaction of both the parties. He further stated his
firm belief that Indians are fit to rule themselves.37 He took
active part in organising Anjuman-i-Islah-ul Afaghina in
1929, and became its founding member.38 After the Khilafat
Movement, he joined the All India National Congress but
retired from politics after the creation of Pakistan. Mr. Nehru
offered him offices of repute in India but he did not accept
any.39 He died in 1969.
Malik Khuda Bakhsh:
Malik Khuda Bakhsh was born in 1887 in Dera Ismail
Khan. He did his metric, intermediate and B.A. from Punjab
University and obtained his L.L.B. degree from Aligarh
College. He got positions throughout his educational career.40
79

During his stray at Aligarh he was much impressed by

Muhammad Ali Jauhar. Returning to his native town he
started his practice and proved himself as a competent
lawyer. During Khilafat Movement, he gave up his practice
to obey the instructions of the non-co-operators, and took a
leading part in Khilafat Movement. Due to his `unlawful'
activities, he was arrested and imprisoned for three years on
March 30, 1921, in Dera Ismail Khan.41 During his
imprisonment he studied the Holy Quran thoroughly which
influenced his later life.
He was elected as member in the first election for
legislative assembly held in the NWFP in 1932. He became
one of the chief spokesmen of the Independent Party in the
house which was an opposition group in the assembly.42 In
1937 election he defeated Sayyed Qasim Shah, a nominee of
the Khudai Khidmatgars and was elected as member of the
legislative assembly.43 The President-ship of the United
Muslim Nationalist was offered by Sir Sahibzada Abdul
Qayyum but he refused. Indian National Congress offered
him the Speaker-ship. He was not interested in the President-
ship and finally he was unanimously elected as speaker of the
assembly by the house.44 At the same time he was elected as
member of the Executive Council of the Aligarh Muslim
University. After resignation of the Congress government in
1939 he was appointed as Advocate General by George
Conninghum, the then Governor of the NWFP. In 1941,
during World War II, he was appointed as a member of the
Viceroy's National Defence Council. He gave the reasons for
accepting this post that he might do some good for the
Muslims in the council, otherwise he was not interested.45
Malik Khuda Bakhsh accepted neither the party membership
of Congress nor of the Muslim League, because he did not
like the inclination of one to Hindus and the aloofness of the
other from the masses. He died on January 27, 1957.
80

Malik Sahib was a great parliamentarian. The unopposed

election for Speaker-ship in 1937 proved this fact. He
struggled his best to pass the Shariat Bill from the Legislative
Assembly in his first tenure (1932-37). He was a master in
five languages that is English, Persian, Urdu, Pushto and
Arabic.
References and Notes
81

1 F. No. 20 / 11 / 3, Vol. I, B. No.81, Special Branch, Directorate of Archives NWFP, Peshawar, p. 25.
2 C.I.D. Report, date 06-3-1920, F. No. 12/6/1/, Vol. III, Special Branch, Directorate of Archives,
Peshawar, p. 35.
3 Ibid., pp. 103-23.
4 F. No. 20 / 11 / 3, Vol. I, B.No.81, Special Branch, Directorate of Archives, Peshawar, p. 25.
5 Zamindar, Lahore, November 21, 1920.
6 Zamindar, Lahore, December 17, 1923.
7 Zamindar, Lahore, July 12, 1923.
8 Nuzhat Shandana Malik, ‘Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan’ MA. thesis, Pakistan Study Centre,
University of Peshawar,
1986 p. 12.
9 Lal Baha, “Khilafat Movement and NWFP”, Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, University
of Punjab, Vol.
XVI, No. 3, 1979, p. 6.
10 D.P.I and D.C. Peshawar Report, date 18.11.20, Chief Commissioner Office, NWFP., Tribal Affairs
Research Cell,
Peshawar, p. 67.
11 Abdul Rauf, ‘Khilafat Movement in NWFP’ MA thesis, Pakistan Study Centre, University of
Peshawar, 1986-88, p.
46.
12 This book was dedicated to Dr. Khan Sahib. In the book he gave some aspects of the Frontier
Problem, a short
history of the province, its people and leaders. He wrote about the rise of the Khudai Khidmatgars and
depicts it as the
representative organisation of the freedom movement in the province. He also discussed the problem of
Tribal areas.
13 It is possibly, unprecedented in the world history that an author himself banned his book.
14 Ghaffar Khan, pp. 56-57.
15 Afzal Iqbal, Life and Times of Muhammad Ali (Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1974), p. 243.
16 The Azad High School Utmanzai. F.No.25/1/15/, Vol. III, B.No.81, Special Branch,
Directorate of Archives,
Peshawar.
17 Ghaffar Khan, p. 352.
18 Farigh Bukhari, Tahrik-i-Azadi Awr Bacha Khan (Lahore: Fiction House, 1991), pp. 104-5.
19 Farigh Bukhari, Bacha Khan,I(lahore: Naqush Press, 1957), p. 138.
20 Allah Bakhash Yousufi, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar (Karachi: Muhammad Ali Education
Society, 1984), p.
XV.
21 Allah Bakhash Yousufi, Sarhad aur Jaddujuhd-i-Azadi, (Lahore: Markazi Urdu Board, 1968), p.
252.
22 Abdul Rauf, ‘Muslim Politics in NWFP (1919-30) with Special Reference to Pan Islamic Ideas’,
M. Phil. thesis,
National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Qauid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 1992, pp. 53, 78.
23 Yousafi, Sarhad, p. 489.
24 Ibid., pp. 473-74.
25 Who’s Who in NWFP., F. No. 20 / 11 / 2, S.No. 1554, Directorate of Archives, Peshawar.
26 According to Allah Bakhsh Yousafi, the total number of death was 325. Yousafi, Sarhad, op. cit., p.
505.
27 Who’s who in NWFP, F. No. 20 / 11 / 2, S. No. 1554, Directorate of Archives, Peshawar?
28 Tariq Yousuf's (Son of Allah Bakhash Yousufi) letter to the writer dated September 22, 1987.
29 Baha, p. 15.
30 Some of the copies of Sarhad are preserved in Lahore Museum Library, Lahore.
31 Wazir Zada Khan, `Allah Bakhsh Yousafi’, M.A. thesis, Pakistan Study Centre, University of
Peshawar, 1986, p.
iv.
32 Gul Ayyub Saifi, Bannu Aw da Waziristan Tarikh, n.p., n.d., p. 451.

33 Zamindar, Lahore, November 7, 1923.

34 D.C. Bannu to Chief Commissioner, Sir Hamilton Grant, dated January 26, 1921 Tribal Affairs
Research Cell, p.
44.
35 Paisa Akhbar, Lahore, May 17, 1920.
36 Saifi, p. 451.
37 His conversation with a Prosecuting Inspector Police when they were on their way from D. I.
Khan jail to Daria
Khan. In this discussion also give his impression about the issues like jail experience, non-
cooperation movement,
Mahatma Gandhi, Hindu-Muslim Unity, Khilafat and frontier trouble. (S. No. 447, B. No.
29. Special Branch,
Directorate of Archives Peshawar, pp. 69-83).
38 Ghaffar Khan, p. 184.
39 An interview with Amir Latif, E.A.C., grandson of Barrister Jan Muhammad, May 1997.
40 Afghan, Peshawar, August 19, 1912.
41 Paisa Akhbar, Lahore, April 15, 1921.
42 Amit Kumar Gupta, North West Frontier Province Legislative and Freedom Struggle (1932-47)
(New Delhi: Indian
Council of Historical Research, 1976), p. 32.
43 Mir Abdul Smad, Laway Pukhtun (Peshawar: University Book Agency, 1983), p. 351.
44 Malik Khuda Bakhsh letter to Abdul Jalil Usmani Abbottabad dated April 24, 1937 cited in
Dida wa Shanida, p.
362.
45 Ibid., p. 364.